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import fnmatch 

import functools 

import io 

import ntpath 

import os 

import posixpath 

import re 

import sys 

from _collections_abc import Sequence 

from errno import EINVAL, ENOENT, ENOTDIR, EBADF, ELOOP 

from operator import attrgetter 

from stat import S_ISDIR, S_ISLNK, S_ISREG, S_ISSOCK, S_ISBLK, S_ISCHR, S_ISFIFO 

from urllib.parse import quote_from_bytes as urlquote_from_bytes 

 

 

supports_symlinks = True 

if os.name == 'nt': 

import nt 

if sys.getwindowsversion()[:2] >= (6, 0): 

from nt import _getfinalpathname 

else: 

supports_symlinks = False 

_getfinalpathname = None 

else: 

nt = None 

 

 

__all__ = [ 

"PurePath", "PurePosixPath", "PureWindowsPath", 

"Path", "PosixPath", "WindowsPath", 

] 

 

# 

# Internals 

# 

 

# EBADF - guard against macOS `stat` throwing EBADF 

_IGNORED_ERROS = (ENOENT, ENOTDIR, EBADF, ELOOP) 

 

_IGNORED_WINERRORS = ( 

21, # ERROR_NOT_READY - drive exists but is not accessible 

1921, # ERROR_CANT_RESOLVE_FILENAME - fix for broken symlink pointing to itself 

) 

 

def _ignore_error(exception): 

return (getattr(exception, 'errno', None) in _IGNORED_ERROS or 

getattr(exception, 'winerror', None) in _IGNORED_WINERRORS) 

 

 

def _is_wildcard_pattern(pat): 

# Whether this pattern needs actual matching using fnmatch, or can 

# be looked up directly as a file. 

return "*" in pat or "?" in pat or "[" in pat 

 

 

class _Flavour(object): 

"""A flavour implements a particular (platform-specific) set of path 

semantics.""" 

 

def __init__(self): 

self.join = self.sep.join 

 

def parse_parts(self, parts): 

parsed = [] 

sep = self.sep 

altsep = self.altsep 

drv = root = '' 

it = reversed(parts) 

for part in it: 

if not part: 

continue 

if altsep: 

part = part.replace(altsep, sep) 

drv, root, rel = self.splitroot(part) 

if sep in rel: 

for x in reversed(rel.split(sep)): 

if x and x != '.': 

parsed.append(sys.intern(x)) 

else: 

if rel and rel != '.': 

parsed.append(sys.intern(rel)) 

if drv or root: 

if not drv: 

# If no drive is present, try to find one in the previous 

# parts. This makes the result of parsing e.g. 

# ("C:", "/", "a") reasonably intuitive. 

for part in it: 

if not part: 

continue 

if altsep: 

part = part.replace(altsep, sep) 

drv = self.splitroot(part)[0] 

if drv: 

break 

break 

if drv or root: 

parsed.append(drv + root) 

parsed.reverse() 

return drv, root, parsed 

 

def join_parsed_parts(self, drv, root, parts, drv2, root2, parts2): 

""" 

Join the two paths represented by the respective 

(drive, root, parts) tuples. Return a new (drive, root, parts) tuple. 

""" 

if root2: 

if not drv2 and drv: 

return drv, root2, [drv + root2] + parts2[1:] 

elif drv2: 

if drv2 == drv or self.casefold(drv2) == self.casefold(drv): 

# Same drive => second path is relative to the first 

return drv, root, parts + parts2[1:] 

else: 

# Second path is non-anchored (common case) 

return drv, root, parts + parts2 

return drv2, root2, parts2 

 

 

class _WindowsFlavour(_Flavour): 

# Reference for Windows paths can be found at 

# http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/aa365247%28v=vs.85%29.aspx 

 

sep = '\\' 

altsep = '/' 

has_drv = True 

pathmod = ntpath 

 

is_supported = (os.name == 'nt') 

 

drive_letters = set('abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ') 

ext_namespace_prefix = '\\\\?\\' 

 

reserved_names = ( 

{'CON', 'PRN', 'AUX', 'NUL'} | 

{'COM%d' % i for i in range(1, 10)} | 

{'LPT%d' % i for i in range(1, 10)} 

) 

 

# Interesting findings about extended paths: 

# - '\\?\c:\a', '//?/c:\a' and '//?/c:/a' are all supported 

# but '\\?\c:/a' is not 

# - extended paths are always absolute; "relative" extended paths will 

# fail. 

 

def splitroot(self, part, sep=sep): 

first = part[0:1] 

second = part[1:2] 

if (second == sep and first == sep): 

# XXX extended paths should also disable the collapsing of "." 

# components (according to MSDN docs). 

prefix, part = self._split_extended_path(part) 

first = part[0:1] 

second = part[1:2] 

else: 

prefix = '' 

third = part[2:3] 

if (second == sep and first == sep and third != sep): 

# is a UNC path: 

# vvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvv root 

# \\machine\mountpoint\directory\etc\... 

# directory ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ 

index = part.find(sep, 2) 

if index != -1: 

index2 = part.find(sep, index + 1) 

# a UNC path can't have two slashes in a row 

# (after the initial two) 

if index2 != index + 1: 

if index2 == -1: 

index2 = len(part) 

if prefix: 

return prefix + part[1:index2], sep, part[index2+1:] 

else: 

return part[:index2], sep, part[index2+1:] 

drv = root = '' 

if second == ':' and first in self.drive_letters: 

drv = part[:2] 

part = part[2:] 

first = third 

if first == sep: 

root = first 

part = part.lstrip(sep) 

return prefix + drv, root, part 

 

def casefold(self, s): 

return s.lower() 

 

def casefold_parts(self, parts): 

return [p.lower() for p in parts] 

 

def resolve(self, path, strict=False): 

s = str(path) 

if not s: 

return os.getcwd() 

previous_s = None 

if _getfinalpathname is not None: 

if strict: 

return self._ext_to_normal(_getfinalpathname(s)) 

else: 

tail_parts = [] # End of the path after the first one not found 

while True: 

try: 

s = self._ext_to_normal(_getfinalpathname(s)) 

except FileNotFoundError: 

previous_s = s 

s, tail = os.path.split(s) 

tail_parts.append(tail) 

if previous_s == s: 

return path 

else: 

return os.path.join(s, *reversed(tail_parts)) 

# Means fallback on absolute 

return None 

 

def _split_extended_path(self, s, ext_prefix=ext_namespace_prefix): 

prefix = '' 

if s.startswith(ext_prefix): 

prefix = s[:4] 

s = s[4:] 

if s.startswith('UNC\\'): 

prefix += s[:3] 

s = '\\' + s[3:] 

return prefix, s 

 

def _ext_to_normal(self, s): 

# Turn back an extended path into a normal DOS-like path 

return self._split_extended_path(s)[1] 

 

def is_reserved(self, parts): 

# NOTE: the rules for reserved names seem somewhat complicated 

# (e.g. r"..\NUL" is reserved but not r"foo\NUL"). 

# We err on the side of caution and return True for paths which are 

# not considered reserved by Windows. 

if not parts: 

return False 

if parts[0].startswith('\\\\'): 

# UNC paths are never reserved 

return False 

return parts[-1].partition('.')[0].upper() in self.reserved_names 

 

def make_uri(self, path): 

# Under Windows, file URIs use the UTF-8 encoding. 

drive = path.drive 

if len(drive) == 2 and drive[1] == ':': 

# It's a path on a local drive => 'file:///c:/a/b' 

rest = path.as_posix()[2:].lstrip('/') 

return 'file:///%s/%s' % ( 

drive, urlquote_from_bytes(rest.encode('utf-8'))) 

else: 

# It's a path on a network drive => 'file://host/share/a/b' 

return 'file:' + urlquote_from_bytes(path.as_posix().encode('utf-8')) 

 

def gethomedir(self, username): 

if 'HOME' in os.environ: 

userhome = os.environ['HOME'] 

elif 'USERPROFILE' in os.environ: 

userhome = os.environ['USERPROFILE'] 

elif 'HOMEPATH' in os.environ: 

try: 

drv = os.environ['HOMEDRIVE'] 

except KeyError: 

drv = '' 

userhome = drv + os.environ['HOMEPATH'] 

else: 

raise RuntimeError("Can't determine home directory") 

 

if username: 

# Try to guess user home directory. By default all users 

# directories are located in the same place and are named by 

# corresponding usernames. If current user home directory points 

# to nonstandard place, this guess is likely wrong. 

if os.environ['USERNAME'] != username: 

drv, root, parts = self.parse_parts((userhome,)) 

if parts[-1] != os.environ['USERNAME']: 

raise RuntimeError("Can't determine home directory " 

"for %r" % username) 

parts[-1] = username 

if drv or root: 

userhome = drv + root + self.join(parts[1:]) 

else: 

userhome = self.join(parts) 

return userhome 

 

class _PosixFlavour(_Flavour): 

sep = '/' 

altsep = '' 

has_drv = False 

pathmod = posixpath 

 

is_supported = (os.name != 'nt') 

 

def splitroot(self, part, sep=sep): 

if part and part[0] == sep: 

stripped_part = part.lstrip(sep) 

# According to POSIX path resolution: 

# http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/009695399/basedefs/xbd_chap04.html#tag_04_11 

# "A pathname that begins with two successive slashes may be 

# interpreted in an implementation-defined manner, although more 

# than two leading slashes shall be treated as a single slash". 

if len(part) - len(stripped_part) == 2: 

return '', sep * 2, stripped_part 

else: 

return '', sep, stripped_part 

else: 

return '', '', part 

 

def casefold(self, s): 

return s 

 

def casefold_parts(self, parts): 

return parts 

 

def resolve(self, path, strict=False): 

sep = self.sep 

accessor = path._accessor 

seen = {} 

def _resolve(path, rest): 

if rest.startswith(sep): 

path = '' 

 

for name in rest.split(sep): 

if not name or name == '.': 

# current dir 

continue 

if name == '..': 

# parent dir 

path, _, _ = path.rpartition(sep) 

continue 

newpath = path + sep + name 

if newpath in seen: 

# Already seen this path 

path = seen[newpath] 

if path is not None: 

# use cached value 

continue 

# The symlink is not resolved, so we must have a symlink loop. 

raise RuntimeError("Symlink loop from %r" % newpath) 

# Resolve the symbolic link 

try: 

target = accessor.readlink(newpath) 

except OSError as e: 

if e.errno != EINVAL and strict: 

raise 

# Not a symlink, or non-strict mode. We just leave the path 

# untouched. 

path = newpath 

else: 

seen[newpath] = None # not resolved symlink 

path = _resolve(path, target) 

seen[newpath] = path # resolved symlink 

 

return path 

# NOTE: according to POSIX, getcwd() cannot contain path components 

# which are symlinks. 

base = '' if path.is_absolute() else os.getcwd() 

return _resolve(base, str(path)) or sep 

 

def is_reserved(self, parts): 

return False 

 

def make_uri(self, path): 

# We represent the path using the local filesystem encoding, 

# for portability to other applications. 

bpath = bytes(path) 

return 'file://' + urlquote_from_bytes(bpath) 

 

def gethomedir(self, username): 

if not username: 

try: 

return os.environ['HOME'] 

except KeyError: 

import pwd 

return pwd.getpwuid(os.getuid()).pw_dir 

else: 

import pwd 

try: 

return pwd.getpwnam(username).pw_dir 

except KeyError: 

raise RuntimeError("Can't determine home directory " 

"for %r" % username) 

 

 

_windows_flavour = _WindowsFlavour() 

_posix_flavour = _PosixFlavour() 

 

 

class _Accessor: 

"""An accessor implements a particular (system-specific or not) way of 

accessing paths on the filesystem.""" 

 

 

class _NormalAccessor(_Accessor): 

 

stat = os.stat 

 

lstat = os.lstat 

 

open = os.open 

 

listdir = os.listdir 

 

scandir = os.scandir 

 

chmod = os.chmod 

 

if hasattr(os, "lchmod"): 

lchmod = os.lchmod 

else: 

def lchmod(self, pathobj, mode): 

raise NotImplementedError("lchmod() not available on this system") 

 

mkdir = os.mkdir 

 

unlink = os.unlink 

 

rmdir = os.rmdir 

 

rename = os.rename 

 

replace = os.replace 

 

if nt: 

if supports_symlinks: 

symlink = os.symlink 

else: 

def symlink(a, b, target_is_directory): 

raise NotImplementedError("symlink() not available on this system") 

else: 

# Under POSIX, os.symlink() takes two args 

@staticmethod 

def symlink(a, b, target_is_directory): 

return os.symlink(a, b) 

 

utime = os.utime 

 

# Helper for resolve() 

def readlink(self, path): 

return os.readlink(path) 

 

 

_normal_accessor = _NormalAccessor() 

 

 

# 

# Globbing helpers 

# 

 

def _make_selector(pattern_parts): 

pat = pattern_parts[0] 

child_parts = pattern_parts[1:] 

if pat == '**': 

cls = _RecursiveWildcardSelector 

elif '**' in pat: 

raise ValueError("Invalid pattern: '**' can only be an entire path component") 

elif _is_wildcard_pattern(pat): 

cls = _WildcardSelector 

else: 

cls = _PreciseSelector 

return cls(pat, child_parts) 

 

if hasattr(functools, "lru_cache"): 

_make_selector = functools.lru_cache()(_make_selector) 

 

 

class _Selector: 

"""A selector matches a specific glob pattern part against the children 

of a given path.""" 

 

def __init__(self, child_parts): 

self.child_parts = child_parts 

if child_parts: 

self.successor = _make_selector(child_parts) 

self.dironly = True 

else: 

self.successor = _TerminatingSelector() 

self.dironly = False 

 

def select_from(self, parent_path): 

"""Iterate over all child paths of `parent_path` matched by this 

selector. This can contain parent_path itself.""" 

path_cls = type(parent_path) 

is_dir = path_cls.is_dir 

exists = path_cls.exists 

scandir = parent_path._accessor.scandir 

if not is_dir(parent_path): 

return iter([]) 

return self._select_from(parent_path, is_dir, exists, scandir) 

 

 

class _TerminatingSelector: 

 

def _select_from(self, parent_path, is_dir, exists, scandir): 

yield parent_path 

 

 

class _PreciseSelector(_Selector): 

 

def __init__(self, name, child_parts): 

self.name = name 

_Selector.__init__(self, child_parts) 

 

def _select_from(self, parent_path, is_dir, exists, scandir): 

try: 

path = parent_path._make_child_relpath(self.name) 

if (is_dir if self.dironly else exists)(path): 

for p in self.successor._select_from(path, is_dir, exists, scandir): 

yield p 

except PermissionError: 

return 

 

 

class _WildcardSelector(_Selector): 

 

def __init__(self, pat, child_parts): 

self.pat = re.compile(fnmatch.translate(pat)) 

_Selector.__init__(self, child_parts) 

 

def _select_from(self, parent_path, is_dir, exists, scandir): 

try: 

cf = parent_path._flavour.casefold 

entries = list(scandir(parent_path)) 

for entry in entries: 

entry_is_dir = False 

try: 

entry_is_dir = entry.is_dir() 

except OSError as e: 

if not _ignore_error(e): 

raise 

if not self.dironly or entry_is_dir: 

name = entry.name 

casefolded = cf(name) 

if self.pat.match(casefolded): 

path = parent_path._make_child_relpath(name) 

for p in self.successor._select_from(path, is_dir, exists, scandir): 

yield p 

except PermissionError: 

return 

 

 

 

class _RecursiveWildcardSelector(_Selector): 

 

def __init__(self, pat, child_parts): 

_Selector.__init__(self, child_parts) 

 

def _iterate_directories(self, parent_path, is_dir, scandir): 

yield parent_path 

try: 

entries = list(scandir(parent_path)) 

for entry in entries: 

entry_is_dir = False 

try: 

entry_is_dir = entry.is_dir() 

except OSError as e: 

if not _ignore_error(e): 

raise 

if entry_is_dir and not entry.is_symlink(): 

path = parent_path._make_child_relpath(entry.name) 

for p in self._iterate_directories(path, is_dir, scandir): 

yield p 

except PermissionError: 

return 

 

def _select_from(self, parent_path, is_dir, exists, scandir): 

try: 

yielded = set() 

try: 

successor_select = self.successor._select_from 

for starting_point in self._iterate_directories(parent_path, is_dir, scandir): 

for p in successor_select(starting_point, is_dir, exists, scandir): 

if p not in yielded: 

yield p 

yielded.add(p) 

finally: 

yielded.clear() 

except PermissionError: 

return 

 

 

# 

# Public API 

# 

 

class _PathParents(Sequence): 

"""This object provides sequence-like access to the logical ancestors 

of a path. Don't try to construct it yourself.""" 

__slots__ = ('_pathcls', '_drv', '_root', '_parts') 

 

def __init__(self, path): 

# We don't store the instance to avoid reference cycles 

self._pathcls = type(path) 

self._drv = path._drv 

self._root = path._root 

self._parts = path._parts 

 

def __len__(self): 

if self._drv or self._root: 

return len(self._parts) - 1 

else: 

return len(self._parts) 

 

def __getitem__(self, idx): 

if idx < 0 or idx >= len(self): 

raise IndexError(idx) 

return self._pathcls._from_parsed_parts(self._drv, self._root, 

self._parts[:-idx - 1]) 

 

def __repr__(self): 

return "<{}.parents>".format(self._pathcls.__name__) 

 

 

class PurePath(object): 

"""Base class for manipulating paths without I/O. 

 

PurePath represents a filesystem path and offers operations which 

don't imply any actual filesystem I/O. Depending on your system, 

instantiating a PurePath will return either a PurePosixPath or a 

PureWindowsPath object. You can also instantiate either of these classes 

directly, regardless of your system. 

""" 

__slots__ = ( 

'_drv', '_root', '_parts', 

'_str', '_hash', '_pparts', '_cached_cparts', 

) 

 

def __new__(cls, *args): 

"""Construct a PurePath from one or several strings and or existing 

PurePath objects. The strings and path objects are combined so as 

to yield a canonicalized path, which is incorporated into the 

new PurePath object. 

""" 

if cls is PurePath: 

cls = PureWindowsPath if os.name == 'nt' else PurePosixPath 

return cls._from_parts(args) 

 

def __reduce__(self): 

# Using the parts tuple helps share interned path parts 

# when pickling related paths. 

return (self.__class__, tuple(self._parts)) 

 

@classmethod 

def _parse_args(cls, args): 

# This is useful when you don't want to create an instance, just 

# canonicalize some constructor arguments. 

parts = [] 

for a in args: 

if isinstance(a, PurePath): 

parts += a._parts 

else: 

a = os.fspath(a) 

if isinstance(a, str): 

# Force-cast str subclasses to str (issue #21127) 

parts.append(str(a)) 

else: 

raise TypeError( 

"argument should be a str object or an os.PathLike " 

"object returning str, not %r" 

% type(a)) 

return cls._flavour.parse_parts(parts) 

 

@classmethod 

def _from_parts(cls, args, init=True): 

# We need to call _parse_args on the instance, so as to get the 

# right flavour. 

self = object.__new__(cls) 

drv, root, parts = self._parse_args(args) 

self._drv = drv 

self._root = root 

self._parts = parts 

if init: 

self._init() 

return self 

 

@classmethod 

def _from_parsed_parts(cls, drv, root, parts, init=True): 

self = object.__new__(cls) 

self._drv = drv 

self._root = root 

self._parts = parts 

if init: 

self._init() 

return self 

 

@classmethod 

def _format_parsed_parts(cls, drv, root, parts): 

if drv or root: 

return drv + root + cls._flavour.join(parts[1:]) 

else: 

return cls._flavour.join(parts) 

 

def _init(self): 

# Overridden in concrete Path 

pass 

 

def _make_child(self, args): 

drv, root, parts = self._parse_args(args) 

drv, root, parts = self._flavour.join_parsed_parts( 

self._drv, self._root, self._parts, drv, root, parts) 

return self._from_parsed_parts(drv, root, parts) 

 

def __str__(self): 

"""Return the string representation of the path, suitable for 

passing to system calls.""" 

try: 

return self._str 

except AttributeError: 

self._str = self._format_parsed_parts(self._drv, self._root, 

self._parts) or '.' 

return self._str 

 

def __fspath__(self): 

return str(self) 

 

def as_posix(self): 

"""Return the string representation of the path with forward (/) 

slashes.""" 

f = self._flavour 

return str(self).replace(f.sep, '/') 

 

def __bytes__(self): 

"""Return the bytes representation of the path. This is only 

recommended to use under Unix.""" 

return os.fsencode(self) 

 

def __repr__(self): 

return "{}({!r})".format(self.__class__.__name__, self.as_posix()) 

 

def as_uri(self): 

"""Return the path as a 'file' URI.""" 

if not self.is_absolute(): 

raise ValueError("relative path can't be expressed as a file URI") 

return self._flavour.make_uri(self) 

 

@property 

def _cparts(self): 

# Cached casefolded parts, for hashing and comparison 

try: 

return self._cached_cparts 

except AttributeError: 

self._cached_cparts = self._flavour.casefold_parts(self._parts) 

return self._cached_cparts 

 

def __eq__(self, other): 

if not isinstance(other, PurePath): 

return NotImplemented 

return self._cparts == other._cparts and self._flavour is other._flavour 

 

def __hash__(self): 

try: 

return self._hash 

except AttributeError: 

self._hash = hash(tuple(self._cparts)) 

return self._hash 

 

def __lt__(self, other): 

if not isinstance(other, PurePath) or self._flavour is not other._flavour: 

return NotImplemented 

return self._cparts < other._cparts 

 

def __le__(self, other): 

if not isinstance(other, PurePath) or self._flavour is not other._flavour: 

return NotImplemented 

return self._cparts <= other._cparts 

 

def __gt__(self, other): 

if not isinstance(other, PurePath) or self._flavour is not other._flavour: 

return NotImplemented 

return self._cparts > other._cparts 

 

def __ge__(self, other): 

if not isinstance(other, PurePath) or self._flavour is not other._flavour: 

return NotImplemented 

return self._cparts >= other._cparts 

 

drive = property(attrgetter('_drv'), 

doc="""The drive prefix (letter or UNC path), if any.""") 

 

root = property(attrgetter('_root'), 

doc="""The root of the path, if any.""") 

 

@property 

def anchor(self): 

"""The concatenation of the drive and root, or ''.""" 

anchor = self._drv + self._root 

return anchor 

 

@property 

def name(self): 

"""The final path component, if any.""" 

parts = self._parts 

if len(parts) == (1 if (self._drv or self._root) else 0): 

return '' 

return parts[-1] 

 

@property 

def suffix(self): 

"""The final component's last suffix, if any.""" 

name = self.name 

i = name.rfind('.') 

if 0 < i < len(name) - 1: 

return name[i:] 

else: 

return '' 

 

@property 

def suffixes(self): 

"""A list of the final component's suffixes, if any.""" 

name = self.name 

if name.endswith('.'): 

return [] 

name = name.lstrip('.') 

return ['.' + suffix for suffix in name.split('.')[1:]] 

 

@property 

def stem(self): 

"""The final path component, minus its last suffix.""" 

name = self.name 

i = name.rfind('.') 

if 0 < i < len(name) - 1: 

return name[:i] 

else: 

return name 

 

def with_name(self, name): 

"""Return a new path with the file name changed.""" 

if not self.name: 

raise ValueError("%r has an empty name" % (self,)) 

drv, root, parts = self._flavour.parse_parts((name,)) 

if (not name or name[-1] in [self._flavour.sep, self._flavour.altsep] 

or drv or root or len(parts) != 1): 

raise ValueError("Invalid name %r" % (name)) 

return self._from_parsed_parts(self._drv, self._root, 

self._parts[:-1] + [name]) 

 

def with_suffix(self, suffix): 

"""Return a new path with the file suffix changed. If the path 

has no suffix, add given suffix. If the given suffix is an empty 

string, remove the suffix from the path. 

""" 

f = self._flavour 

if f.sep in suffix or f.altsep and f.altsep in suffix: 

raise ValueError("Invalid suffix %r" % (suffix,)) 

if suffix and not suffix.startswith('.') or suffix == '.': 

raise ValueError("Invalid suffix %r" % (suffix)) 

name = self.name 

if not name: 

raise ValueError("%r has an empty name" % (self,)) 

old_suffix = self.suffix 

if not old_suffix: 

name = name + suffix 

else: 

name = name[:-len(old_suffix)] + suffix 

return self._from_parsed_parts(self._drv, self._root, 

self._parts[:-1] + [name]) 

 

def relative_to(self, *other): 

"""Return the relative path to another path identified by the passed 

arguments. If the operation is not possible (because this is not 

a subpath of the other path), raise ValueError. 

""" 

# For the purpose of this method, drive and root are considered 

# separate parts, i.e.: 

# Path('c:/').relative_to('c:') gives Path('/') 

# Path('c:/').relative_to('/') raise ValueError 

if not other: 

raise TypeError("need at least one argument") 

parts = self._parts 

drv = self._drv 

root = self._root 

if root: 

abs_parts = [drv, root] + parts[1:] 

else: 

abs_parts = parts 

to_drv, to_root, to_parts = self._parse_args(other) 

if to_root: 

to_abs_parts = [to_drv, to_root] + to_parts[1:] 

else: 

to_abs_parts = to_parts 

n = len(to_abs_parts) 

cf = self._flavour.casefold_parts 

if (root or drv) if n == 0 else cf(abs_parts[:n]) != cf(to_abs_parts): 

formatted = self._format_parsed_parts(to_drv, to_root, to_parts) 

raise ValueError("{!r} does not start with {!r}" 

.format(str(self), str(formatted))) 

return self._from_parsed_parts('', root if n == 1 else '', 

abs_parts[n:]) 

 

@property 

def parts(self): 

"""An object providing sequence-like access to the 

components in the filesystem path.""" 

# We cache the tuple to avoid building a new one each time .parts 

# is accessed. XXX is this necessary? 

try: 

return self._pparts 

except AttributeError: 

self._pparts = tuple(self._parts) 

return self._pparts 

 

def joinpath(self, *args): 

"""Combine this path with one or several arguments, and return a 

new path representing either a subpath (if all arguments are relative 

paths) or a totally different path (if one of the arguments is 

anchored). 

""" 

return self._make_child(args) 

 

def __truediv__(self, key): 

return self._make_child((key,)) 

 

def __rtruediv__(self, key): 

return self._from_parts([key] + self._parts) 

 

@property 

def parent(self): 

"""The logical parent of the path.""" 

drv = self._drv 

root = self._root 

parts = self._parts 

if len(parts) == 1 and (drv or root): 

return self 

return self._from_parsed_parts(drv, root, parts[:-1]) 

 

@property 

def parents(self): 

"""A sequence of this path's logical parents.""" 

return _PathParents(self) 

 

def is_absolute(self): 

"""True if the path is absolute (has both a root and, if applicable, 

a drive).""" 

if not self._root: 

return False 

return not self._flavour.has_drv or bool(self._drv) 

 

def is_reserved(self): 

"""Return True if the path contains one of the special names reserved 

by the system, if any.""" 

return self._flavour.is_reserved(self._parts) 

 

def match(self, path_pattern): 

""" 

Return True if this path matches the given pattern. 

""" 

cf = self._flavour.casefold 

path_pattern = cf(path_pattern) 

drv, root, pat_parts = self._flavour.parse_parts((path_pattern,)) 

if not pat_parts: 

raise ValueError("empty pattern") 

if drv and drv != cf(self._drv): 

return False 

if root and root != cf(self._root): 

return False 

parts = self._cparts 

if drv or root: 

if len(pat_parts) != len(parts): 

return False 

pat_parts = pat_parts[1:] 

elif len(pat_parts) > len(parts): 

return False 

for part, pat in zip(reversed(parts), reversed(pat_parts)): 

if not fnmatch.fnmatchcase(part, pat): 

return False 

return True 

 

# Can't subclass os.PathLike from PurePath and keep the constructor 

# optimizations in PurePath._parse_args(). 

os.PathLike.register(PurePath) 

 

 

class PurePosixPath(PurePath): 

"""PurePath subclass for non-Windows systems. 

 

On a POSIX system, instantiating a PurePath should return this object. 

However, you can also instantiate it directly on any system. 

""" 

_flavour = _posix_flavour 

__slots__ = () 

 

 

class PureWindowsPath(PurePath): 

"""PurePath subclass for Windows systems. 

 

On a Windows system, instantiating a PurePath should return this object. 

However, you can also instantiate it directly on any system. 

""" 

_flavour = _windows_flavour 

__slots__ = () 

 

 

# Filesystem-accessing classes 

 

 

class Path(PurePath): 

"""PurePath subclass that can make system calls. 

 

Path represents a filesystem path but unlike PurePath, also offers 

methods to do system calls on path objects. Depending on your system, 

instantiating a Path will return either a PosixPath or a WindowsPath 

object. You can also instantiate a PosixPath or WindowsPath directly, 

but cannot instantiate a WindowsPath on a POSIX system or vice versa. 

""" 

__slots__ = ( 

'_accessor', 

'_closed', 

) 

 

def __new__(cls, *args, **kwargs): 

if cls is Path: 

cls = WindowsPath if os.name == 'nt' else PosixPath 

self = cls._from_parts(args, init=False) 

if not self._flavour.is_supported: 

raise NotImplementedError("cannot instantiate %r on your system" 

% (cls.__name__,)) 

self._init() 

return self 

 

def _init(self, 

# Private non-constructor arguments 

template=None, 

): 

self._closed = False 

if template is not None: 

self._accessor = template._accessor 

else: 

self._accessor = _normal_accessor 

 

def _make_child_relpath(self, part): 

# This is an optimization used for dir walking. `part` must be 

# a single part relative to this path. 

parts = self._parts + [part] 

return self._from_parsed_parts(self._drv, self._root, parts) 

 

def __enter__(self): 

if self._closed: 

self._raise_closed() 

return self 

 

def __exit__(self, t, v, tb): 

self._closed = True 

 

def _raise_closed(self): 

raise ValueError("I/O operation on closed path") 

 

def _opener(self, name, flags, mode=0o666): 

# A stub for the opener argument to built-in open() 

return self._accessor.open(self, flags, mode) 

 

def _raw_open(self, flags, mode=0o777): 

""" 

Open the file pointed by this path and return a file descriptor, 

as os.open() does. 

""" 

if self._closed: 

self._raise_closed() 

return self._accessor.open(self, flags, mode) 

 

# Public API 

 

@classmethod 

def cwd(cls): 

"""Return a new path pointing to the current working directory 

(as returned by os.getcwd()). 

""" 

return cls(os.getcwd()) 

 

@classmethod 

def home(cls): 

"""Return a new path pointing to the user's home directory (as 

returned by os.path.expanduser('~')). 

""" 

return cls(cls()._flavour.gethomedir(None)) 

 

def samefile(self, other_path): 

"""Return whether other_path is the same or not as this file 

(as returned by os.path.samefile()). 

""" 

st = self.stat() 

try: 

other_st = other_path.stat() 

except AttributeError: 

other_st = os.stat(other_path) 

return os.path.samestat(st, other_st) 

 

def iterdir(self): 

"""Iterate over the files in this directory. Does not yield any 

result for the special paths '.' and '..'. 

""" 

if self._closed: 

self._raise_closed() 

for name in self._accessor.listdir(self): 

if name in {'.', '..'}: 

# Yielding a path object for these makes little sense 

continue 

yield self._make_child_relpath(name) 

if self._closed: 

self._raise_closed() 

 

def glob(self, pattern): 

"""Iterate over this subtree and yield all existing files (of any 

kind, including directories) matching the given relative pattern. 

""" 

if not pattern: 

raise ValueError("Unacceptable pattern: {!r}".format(pattern)) 

pattern = self._flavour.casefold(pattern) 

drv, root, pattern_parts = self._flavour.parse_parts((pattern,)) 

if drv or root: 

raise NotImplementedError("Non-relative patterns are unsupported") 

selector = _make_selector(tuple(pattern_parts)) 

for p in selector.select_from(self): 

yield p 

 

def rglob(self, pattern): 

"""Recursively yield all existing files (of any kind, including 

directories) matching the given relative pattern, anywhere in 

this subtree. 

""" 

pattern = self._flavour.casefold(pattern) 

drv, root, pattern_parts = self._flavour.parse_parts((pattern,)) 

if drv or root: 

raise NotImplementedError("Non-relative patterns are unsupported") 

selector = _make_selector(("**",) + tuple(pattern_parts)) 

for p in selector.select_from(self): 

yield p 

 

def absolute(self): 

"""Return an absolute version of this path. This function works 

even if the path doesn't point to anything. 

 

No normalization is done, i.e. all '.' and '..' will be kept along. 

Use resolve() to get the canonical path to a file. 

""" 

# XXX untested yet! 

if self._closed: 

self._raise_closed() 

if self.is_absolute(): 

return self 

# FIXME this must defer to the specific flavour (and, under Windows, 

# use nt._getfullpathname()) 

obj = self._from_parts([os.getcwd()] + self._parts, init=False) 

obj._init(template=self) 

return obj 

 

def resolve(self, strict=False): 

""" 

Make the path absolute, resolving all symlinks on the way and also 

normalizing it (for example turning slashes into backslashes under 

Windows). 

""" 

if self._closed: 

self._raise_closed() 

s = self._flavour.resolve(self, strict=strict) 

if s is None: 

# No symlink resolution => for consistency, raise an error if 

# the path doesn't exist or is forbidden 

self.stat() 

s = str(self.absolute()) 

# Now we have no symlinks in the path, it's safe to normalize it. 

normed = self._flavour.pathmod.normpath(s) 

obj = self._from_parts((normed,), init=False) 

obj._init(template=self) 

return obj 

 

def stat(self): 

""" 

Return the result of the stat() system call on this path, like 

os.stat() does. 

""" 

return self._accessor.stat(self) 

 

def owner(self): 

""" 

Return the login name of the file owner. 

""" 

import pwd 

return pwd.getpwuid(self.stat().st_uid).pw_name 

 

def group(self): 

""" 

Return the group name of the file gid. 

""" 

import grp 

return grp.getgrgid(self.stat().st_gid).gr_name 

 

def open(self, mode='r', buffering=-1, encoding=None, 

errors=None, newline=None): 

""" 

Open the file pointed by this path and return a file object, as 

the built-in open() function does. 

""" 

if self._closed: 

self._raise_closed() 

return io.open(self, mode, buffering, encoding, errors, newline, 

opener=self._opener) 

 

def read_bytes(self): 

""" 

Open the file in bytes mode, read it, and close the file. 

""" 

with self.open(mode='rb') as f: 

return f.read() 

 

def read_text(self, encoding=None, errors=None): 

""" 

Open the file in text mode, read it, and close the file. 

""" 

with self.open(mode='r', encoding=encoding, errors=errors) as f: 

return f.read() 

 

def write_bytes(self, data): 

""" 

Open the file in bytes mode, write to it, and close the file. 

""" 

# type-check for the buffer interface before truncating the file 

view = memoryview(data) 

with self.open(mode='wb') as f: 

return f.write(view) 

 

def write_text(self, data, encoding=None, errors=None): 

""" 

Open the file in text mode, write to it, and close the file. 

""" 

if not isinstance(data, str): 

raise TypeError('data must be str, not %s' % 

data.__class__.__name__) 

with self.open(mode='w', encoding=encoding, errors=errors) as f: 

return f.write(data) 

 

def touch(self, mode=0o666, exist_ok=True): 

""" 

Create this file with the given access mode, if it doesn't exist. 

""" 

if self._closed: 

self._raise_closed() 

if exist_ok: 

# First try to bump modification time 

# Implementation note: GNU touch uses the UTIME_NOW option of 

# the utimensat() / futimens() functions. 

try: 

self._accessor.utime(self, None) 

except OSError: 

# Avoid exception chaining 

pass 

else: 

return 

flags = os.O_CREAT | os.O_WRONLY 

if not exist_ok: 

flags |= os.O_EXCL 

fd = self._raw_open(flags, mode) 

os.close(fd) 

 

def mkdir(self, mode=0o777, parents=False, exist_ok=False): 

""" 

Create a new directory at this given path. 

""" 

if self._closed: 

self._raise_closed() 

try: 

self._accessor.mkdir(self, mode) 

except FileNotFoundError: 

if not parents or self.parent == self: 

raise 

self.parent.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True) 

self.mkdir(mode, parents=False, exist_ok=exist_ok) 

except OSError: 

# Cannot rely on checking for EEXIST, since the operating system 

# could give priority to other errors like EACCES or EROFS 

if not exist_ok or not self.is_dir(): 

raise 

 

def chmod(self, mode): 

""" 

Change the permissions of the path, like os.chmod(). 

""" 

if self._closed: 

self._raise_closed() 

self._accessor.chmod(self, mode) 

 

def lchmod(self, mode): 

""" 

Like chmod(), except if the path points to a symlink, the symlink's 

permissions are changed, rather than its target's. 

""" 

if self._closed: 

self._raise_closed() 

self._accessor.lchmod(self, mode) 

 

def unlink(self): 

""" 

Remove this file or link. 

If the path is a directory, use rmdir() instead. 

""" 

if self._closed: 

self._raise_closed() 

self._accessor.unlink(self) 

 

def rmdir(self): 

""" 

Remove this directory. The directory must be empty. 

""" 

if self._closed: 

self._raise_closed() 

self._accessor.rmdir(self) 

 

def lstat(self): 

""" 

Like stat(), except if the path points to a symlink, the symlink's 

status information is returned, rather than its target's. 

""" 

if self._closed: 

self._raise_closed() 

return self._accessor.lstat(self) 

 

def rename(self, target): 

""" 

Rename this path to the given path. 

""" 

if self._closed: 

self._raise_closed() 

self._accessor.rename(self, target) 

 

def replace(self, target): 

""" 

Rename this path to the given path, clobbering the existing 

destination if it exists. 

""" 

if self._closed: 

self._raise_closed() 

self._accessor.replace(self, target) 

 

def symlink_to(self, target, target_is_directory=False): 

""" 

Make this path a symlink pointing to the given path. 

Note the order of arguments (self, target) is the reverse of os.symlink's. 

""" 

if self._closed: 

self._raise_closed() 

self._accessor.symlink(target, self, target_is_directory) 

 

# Convenience functions for querying the stat results 

 

def exists(self): 

""" 

Whether this path exists. 

""" 

try: 

self.stat() 

except OSError as e: 

if not _ignore_error(e): 

raise 

return False 

return True 

 

def is_dir(self): 

""" 

Whether this path is a directory. 

""" 

try: 

return S_ISDIR(self.stat().st_mode) 

except OSError as e: 

if not _ignore_error(e): 

raise 

# Path doesn't exist or is a broken symlink 

# (see https://bitbucket.org/pitrou/pathlib/issue/12/) 

return False 

 

def is_file(self): 

""" 

Whether this path is a regular file (also True for symlinks pointing 

to regular files). 

""" 

try: 

return S_ISREG(self.stat().st_mode) 

except OSError as e: 

if not _ignore_error(e): 

raise 

# Path doesn't exist or is a broken symlink 

# (see https://bitbucket.org/pitrou/pathlib/issue/12/) 

return False 

 

def is_mount(self): 

""" 

Check if this path is a POSIX mount point 

""" 

# Need to exist and be a dir 

if not self.exists() or not self.is_dir(): 

return False 

 

parent = Path(self.parent) 

try: 

parent_dev = parent.stat().st_dev 

except OSError: 

return False 

 

dev = self.stat().st_dev 

if dev != parent_dev: 

return True 

ino = self.stat().st_ino 

parent_ino = parent.stat().st_ino 

return ino == parent_ino 

 

def is_symlink(self): 

""" 

Whether this path is a symbolic link. 

""" 

try: 

return S_ISLNK(self.lstat().st_mode) 

except OSError as e: 

if not _ignore_error(e): 

raise 

# Path doesn't exist 

return False 

 

def is_block_device(self): 

""" 

Whether this path is a block device. 

""" 

try: 

return S_ISBLK(self.stat().st_mode) 

except OSError as e: 

if not _ignore_error(e): 

raise 

# Path doesn't exist or is a broken symlink 

# (see https://bitbucket.org/pitrou/pathlib/issue/12/) 

return False 

 

def is_char_device(self): 

""" 

Whether this path is a character device. 

""" 

try: 

return S_ISCHR(self.stat().st_mode) 

except OSError as e: 

if not _ignore_error(e): 

raise 

# Path doesn't exist or is a broken symlink 

# (see https://bitbucket.org/pitrou/pathlib/issue/12/) 

return False 

 

def is_fifo(self): 

""" 

Whether this path is a FIFO. 

""" 

try: 

return S_ISFIFO(self.stat().st_mode) 

except OSError as e: 

if not _ignore_error(e): 

raise 

# Path doesn't exist or is a broken symlink 

# (see https://bitbucket.org/pitrou/pathlib/issue/12/) 

return False 

 

def is_socket(self): 

""" 

Whether this path is a socket. 

""" 

try: 

return S_ISSOCK(self.stat().st_mode) 

except OSError as e: 

if not _ignore_error(e): 

raise 

# Path doesn't exist or is a broken symlink 

# (see https://bitbucket.org/pitrou/pathlib/issue/12/) 

return False 

 

def expanduser(self): 

""" Return a new path with expanded ~ and ~user constructs 

(as returned by os.path.expanduser) 

""" 

if (not (self._drv or self._root) and 

self._parts and self._parts[0][:1] == '~'): 

homedir = self._flavour.gethomedir(self._parts[0][1:]) 

return self._from_parts([homedir] + self._parts[1:]) 

 

return self 

 

 

class PosixPath(Path, PurePosixPath): 

"""Path subclass for non-Windows systems. 

 

On a POSIX system, instantiating a Path should return this object. 

""" 

__slots__ = () 

 

class WindowsPath(Path, PureWindowsPath): 

"""Path subclass for Windows systems. 

 

On a Windows system, instantiating a Path should return this object. 

""" 

__slots__ = () 

 

def owner(self): 

raise NotImplementedError("Path.owner() is unsupported on this system") 

 

def group(self): 

raise NotImplementedError("Path.group() is unsupported on this system") 

 

def is_mount(self): 

raise NotImplementedError("Path.is_mount() is unsupported on this system")