sqlglot.generator
1from __future__ import annotations 2 3import logging 4import typing as t 5 6from sqlglot import exp 7from sqlglot.errors import ErrorLevel, UnsupportedError, concat_messages 8from sqlglot.helper import apply_index_offset, csv, seq_get, should_identify 9from sqlglot.time import format_time 10from sqlglot.tokens import TokenType 11 12logger = logging.getLogger("sqlglot") 13 14 15class Generator: 16 """ 17 Generator interprets the given syntax tree and produces a SQL string as an output. 18 19 Args: 20 time_mapping (dict): the dictionary of custom time mappings in which the key 21 represents a python time format and the output the target time format 22 time_trie (trie): a trie of the time_mapping keys 23 pretty (bool): if set to True the returned string will be formatted. Default: False. 24 quote_start (str): specifies which starting character to use to delimit quotes. Default: '. 25 quote_end (str): specifies which ending character to use to delimit quotes. Default: '. 26 identifier_start (str): specifies which starting character to use to delimit identifiers. Default: ". 27 identifier_end (str): specifies which ending character to use to delimit identifiers. Default: ". 28 bit_start (str): specifies which starting character to use to delimit bit literals. Default: None. 29 bit_end (str): specifies which ending character to use to delimit bit literals. Default: None. 30 hex_start (str): specifies which starting character to use to delimit hex literals. Default: None. 31 hex_end (str): specifies which ending character to use to delimit hex literals. Default: None. 32 byte_start (str): specifies which starting character to use to delimit byte literals. Default: None. 33 byte_end (str): specifies which ending character to use to delimit byte literals. Default: None. 34 identify (bool | str): 'always': always quote, 'safe': quote identifiers if they don't contain an upcase, True defaults to always. 35 normalize (bool): if set to True all identifiers will lower cased 36 string_escape (str): specifies a string escape character. Default: '. 37 identifier_escape (str): specifies an identifier escape character. Default: ". 38 pad (int): determines padding in a formatted string. Default: 2. 39 indent (int): determines the size of indentation in a formatted string. Default: 4. 40 unnest_column_only (bool): if true unnest table aliases are considered only as column aliases 41 normalize_functions (str): normalize function names, "upper", "lower", or None 42 Default: "upper" 43 alias_post_tablesample (bool): if the table alias comes after tablesample 44 Default: False 45 unsupported_level (ErrorLevel): determines the generator's behavior when it encounters 46 unsupported expressions. Default ErrorLevel.WARN. 47 null_ordering (str): Indicates the default null ordering method to use if not explicitly set. 48 Options are "nulls_are_small", "nulls_are_large", "nulls_are_last". 49 Default: "nulls_are_small" 50 max_unsupported (int): Maximum number of unsupported messages to include in a raised UnsupportedError. 51 This is only relevant if unsupported_level is ErrorLevel.RAISE. 52 Default: 3 53 leading_comma (bool): if the the comma is leading or trailing in select statements 54 Default: False 55 max_text_width: The max number of characters in a segment before creating new lines in pretty mode. 56 The default is on the smaller end because the length only represents a segment and not the true 57 line length. 58 Default: 80 59 comments: Whether or not to preserve comments in the output SQL code. 60 Default: True 61 """ 62 63 TRANSFORMS = { 64 exp.DateAdd: lambda self, e: self.func( 65 "DATE_ADD", e.this, e.expression, exp.Literal.string(e.text("unit")) 66 ), 67 exp.TsOrDsAdd: lambda self, e: self.func( 68 "TS_OR_DS_ADD", e.this, e.expression, exp.Literal.string(e.text("unit")) 69 ), 70 exp.VarMap: lambda self, e: self.func("MAP", e.args["keys"], e.args["values"]), 71 exp.CharacterSetProperty: lambda self, e: f"{'DEFAULT ' if e.args.get('default') else ''}CHARACTER SET={self.sql(e, 'this')}", 72 exp.ExecuteAsProperty: lambda self, e: self.naked_property(e), 73 exp.ExternalProperty: lambda self, e: "EXTERNAL", 74 exp.LanguageProperty: lambda self, e: self.naked_property(e), 75 exp.LocationProperty: lambda self, e: self.naked_property(e), 76 exp.LogProperty: lambda self, e: f"{'NO ' if e.args.get('no') else ''}LOG", 77 exp.MaterializedProperty: lambda self, e: "MATERIALIZED", 78 exp.NoPrimaryIndexProperty: lambda self, e: "NO PRIMARY INDEX", 79 exp.OnCommitProperty: lambda self, e: "ON COMMIT PRESERVE ROWS", 80 exp.ReturnsProperty: lambda self, e: self.naked_property(e), 81 exp.SetProperty: lambda self, e: f"{'MULTI' if e.args.get('multi') else ''}SET", 82 exp.SettingsProperty: lambda self, e: f"SETTINGS{self.seg('')}{(self.expressions(e))}", 83 exp.SqlSecurityProperty: lambda self, e: f"SQL SECURITY {'DEFINER' if e.args.get('definer') else 'INVOKER'}", 84 exp.TemporaryProperty: lambda self, e: f"{'GLOBAL ' if e.args.get('global_') else ''}TEMPORARY", 85 exp.TransientProperty: lambda self, e: "TRANSIENT", 86 exp.StabilityProperty: lambda self, e: e.name, 87 exp.VolatileProperty: lambda self, e: "VOLATILE", 88 exp.WithJournalTableProperty: lambda self, e: f"WITH JOURNAL TABLE={self.sql(e, 'this')}", 89 exp.CaseSpecificColumnConstraint: lambda self, e: f"{'NOT ' if e.args.get('not_') else ''}CASESPECIFIC", 90 exp.CharacterSetColumnConstraint: lambda self, e: f"CHARACTER SET {self.sql(e, 'this')}", 91 exp.DateFormatColumnConstraint: lambda self, e: f"FORMAT {self.sql(e, 'this')}", 92 exp.OnUpdateColumnConstraint: lambda self, e: f"ON UPDATE {self.sql(e, 'this')}", 93 exp.UppercaseColumnConstraint: lambda self, e: f"UPPERCASE", 94 exp.TitleColumnConstraint: lambda self, e: f"TITLE {self.sql(e, 'this')}", 95 exp.PathColumnConstraint: lambda self, e: f"PATH {self.sql(e, 'this')}", 96 exp.CheckColumnConstraint: lambda self, e: f"CHECK ({self.sql(e, 'this')})", 97 exp.CommentColumnConstraint: lambda self, e: f"COMMENT {self.sql(e, 'this')}", 98 exp.CollateColumnConstraint: lambda self, e: f"COLLATE {self.sql(e, 'this')}", 99 exp.EncodeColumnConstraint: lambda self, e: f"ENCODE {self.sql(e, 'this')}", 100 exp.DefaultColumnConstraint: lambda self, e: f"DEFAULT {self.sql(e, 'this')}", 101 exp.InlineLengthColumnConstraint: lambda self, e: f"INLINE LENGTH {self.sql(e, 'this')}", 102 } 103 104 # Whether or not null ordering is supported in order by 105 NULL_ORDERING_SUPPORTED = True 106 107 # Whether or not locking reads (i.e. SELECT ... FOR UPDATE/SHARE) are supported 108 LOCKING_READS_SUPPORTED = False 109 110 # Always do union distinct or union all 111 EXPLICIT_UNION = False 112 113 # Wrap derived values in parens, usually standard but spark doesn't support it 114 WRAP_DERIVED_VALUES = True 115 116 # Whether or not create function uses an AS before the RETURN 117 CREATE_FUNCTION_RETURN_AS = True 118 119 # Whether or not MERGE ... WHEN MATCHED BY SOURCE is allowed 120 MATCHED_BY_SOURCE = True 121 122 # Whether or not the INTERVAL expression works only with values like '1 day' 123 SINGLE_STRING_INTERVAL = False 124 125 # Whether or not the plural form of date parts like day (i.e. "days") is supported in INTERVALs 126 INTERVAL_ALLOWS_PLURAL_FORM = True 127 128 # Whether or not the TABLESAMPLE clause supports a method name, like BERNOULLI 129 TABLESAMPLE_WITH_METHOD = True 130 131 # Whether or not to treat the number in TABLESAMPLE (50) as a percentage 132 TABLESAMPLE_SIZE_IS_PERCENT = False 133 134 # Whether or not limit and fetch are supported (possible values: "ALL", "LIMIT", "FETCH") 135 LIMIT_FETCH = "ALL" 136 137 # Whether a table is allowed to be renamed with a db 138 RENAME_TABLE_WITH_DB = True 139 140 # The separator for grouping sets and rollups 141 GROUPINGS_SEP = "," 142 143 TYPE_MAPPING = { 144 exp.DataType.Type.NCHAR: "CHAR", 145 exp.DataType.Type.NVARCHAR: "VARCHAR", 146 exp.DataType.Type.MEDIUMTEXT: "TEXT", 147 exp.DataType.Type.LONGTEXT: "TEXT", 148 exp.DataType.Type.MEDIUMBLOB: "BLOB", 149 exp.DataType.Type.LONGBLOB: "BLOB", 150 exp.DataType.Type.INET: "INET", 151 } 152 153 STAR_MAPPING = { 154 "except": "EXCEPT", 155 "replace": "REPLACE", 156 } 157 158 TIME_PART_SINGULARS = { 159 "microseconds": "microsecond", 160 "seconds": "second", 161 "minutes": "minute", 162 "hours": "hour", 163 "days": "day", 164 "weeks": "week", 165 "months": "month", 166 "quarters": "quarter", 167 "years": "year", 168 } 169 170 TOKEN_MAPPING: t.Dict[TokenType, str] = {} 171 172 STRUCT_DELIMITER = ("<", ">") 173 174 PARAMETER_TOKEN = "@" 175 176 PROPERTIES_LOCATION = { 177 exp.AfterJournalProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_NAME, 178 exp.AlgorithmProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_CREATE, 179 exp.AutoIncrementProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 180 exp.BlockCompressionProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_NAME, 181 exp.CharacterSetProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 182 exp.ChecksumProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_NAME, 183 exp.CollateProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 184 exp.Cluster: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 185 exp.DataBlocksizeProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_NAME, 186 exp.DefinerProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_CREATE, 187 exp.DistKeyProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 188 exp.DistStyleProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 189 exp.EngineProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 190 exp.ExecuteAsProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 191 exp.ExternalProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_CREATE, 192 exp.FallbackProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_NAME, 193 exp.FileFormatProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_WITH, 194 exp.FreespaceProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_NAME, 195 exp.IsolatedLoadingProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_NAME, 196 exp.JournalProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_NAME, 197 exp.LanguageProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 198 exp.LikeProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 199 exp.LocationProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 200 exp.LockingProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_ALIAS, 201 exp.LogProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_NAME, 202 exp.MaterializedProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_CREATE, 203 exp.MergeBlockRatioProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_NAME, 204 exp.NoPrimaryIndexProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_EXPRESSION, 205 exp.OnCommitProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_EXPRESSION, 206 exp.Order: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 207 exp.PartitionedByProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_WITH, 208 exp.PrimaryKey: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 209 exp.Property: exp.Properties.Location.POST_WITH, 210 exp.ReturnsProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 211 exp.RowFormatProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 212 exp.RowFormatDelimitedProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 213 exp.RowFormatSerdeProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 214 exp.SchemaCommentProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 215 exp.SerdeProperties: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 216 exp.Set: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 217 exp.SettingsProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 218 exp.SetProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_CREATE, 219 exp.SortKeyProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 220 exp.SqlSecurityProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_CREATE, 221 exp.StabilityProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 222 exp.TableFormatProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_WITH, 223 exp.TemporaryProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_CREATE, 224 exp.TransientProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_CREATE, 225 exp.MergeTreeTTL: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 226 exp.VolatileProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_CREATE, 227 exp.WithDataProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_EXPRESSION, 228 exp.WithJournalTableProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_NAME, 229 } 230 231 JOIN_HINTS = True 232 TABLE_HINTS = True 233 234 RESERVED_KEYWORDS: t.Set[str] = set() 235 WITH_SEPARATED_COMMENTS = (exp.Select, exp.From, exp.Where, exp.With) 236 UNWRAPPED_INTERVAL_VALUES = (exp.Literal, exp.Paren, exp.Column) 237 238 SENTINEL_LINE_BREAK = "__SQLGLOT__LB__" 239 240 __slots__ = ( 241 "time_mapping", 242 "time_trie", 243 "pretty", 244 "quote_start", 245 "quote_end", 246 "identifier_start", 247 "identifier_end", 248 "bit_start", 249 "bit_end", 250 "hex_start", 251 "hex_end", 252 "byte_start", 253 "byte_end", 254 "identify", 255 "normalize", 256 "string_escape", 257 "identifier_escape", 258 "pad", 259 "index_offset", 260 "unnest_column_only", 261 "alias_post_tablesample", 262 "normalize_functions", 263 "unsupported_level", 264 "unsupported_messages", 265 "null_ordering", 266 "max_unsupported", 267 "_indent", 268 "_escaped_quote_end", 269 "_escaped_identifier_end", 270 "_leading_comma", 271 "_max_text_width", 272 "_comments", 273 "_cache", 274 ) 275 276 def __init__( 277 self, 278 time_mapping=None, 279 time_trie=None, 280 pretty=None, 281 quote_start=None, 282 quote_end=None, 283 identifier_start=None, 284 identifier_end=None, 285 bit_start=None, 286 bit_end=None, 287 hex_start=None, 288 hex_end=None, 289 byte_start=None, 290 byte_end=None, 291 identify=False, 292 normalize=False, 293 string_escape=None, 294 identifier_escape=None, 295 pad=2, 296 indent=2, 297 index_offset=0, 298 unnest_column_only=False, 299 alias_post_tablesample=False, 300 normalize_functions="upper", 301 unsupported_level=ErrorLevel.WARN, 302 null_ordering=None, 303 max_unsupported=3, 304 leading_comma=False, 305 max_text_width=80, 306 comments=True, 307 ): 308 import sqlglot 309 310 self.time_mapping = time_mapping or {} 311 self.time_trie = time_trie 312 self.pretty = pretty if pretty is not None else sqlglot.pretty 313 self.quote_start = quote_start or "'" 314 self.quote_end = quote_end or "'" 315 self.identifier_start = identifier_start or '"' 316 self.identifier_end = identifier_end or '"' 317 self.bit_start = bit_start 318 self.bit_end = bit_end 319 self.hex_start = hex_start 320 self.hex_end = hex_end 321 self.byte_start = byte_start 322 self.byte_end = byte_end 323 self.identify = identify 324 self.normalize = normalize 325 self.string_escape = string_escape or "'" 326 self.identifier_escape = identifier_escape or '"' 327 self.pad = pad 328 self.index_offset = index_offset 329 self.unnest_column_only = unnest_column_only 330 self.alias_post_tablesample = alias_post_tablesample 331 self.normalize_functions = normalize_functions 332 self.unsupported_level = unsupported_level 333 self.unsupported_messages = [] 334 self.max_unsupported = max_unsupported 335 self.null_ordering = null_ordering 336 self._indent = indent 337 self._escaped_quote_end = self.string_escape + self.quote_end 338 self._escaped_identifier_end = self.identifier_escape + self.identifier_end 339 self._leading_comma = leading_comma 340 self._max_text_width = max_text_width 341 self._comments = comments 342 self._cache = None 343 344 def generate( 345 self, 346 expression: t.Optional[exp.Expression], 347 cache: t.Optional[t.Dict[int, str]] = None, 348 ) -> str: 349 """ 350 Generates a SQL string by interpreting the given syntax tree. 351 352 Args 353 expression: the syntax tree. 354 cache: an optional sql string cache. this leverages the hash of an expression which is slow, so only use this if you set _hash on each node. 355 356 Returns 357 the SQL string. 358 """ 359 if cache is not None: 360 self._cache = cache 361 self.unsupported_messages = [] 362 sql = self.sql(expression).strip() 363 self._cache = None 364 365 if self.unsupported_level == ErrorLevel.IGNORE: 366 return sql 367 368 if self.unsupported_level == ErrorLevel.WARN: 369 for msg in self.unsupported_messages: 370 logger.warning(msg) 371 elif self.unsupported_level == ErrorLevel.RAISE and self.unsupported_messages: 372 raise UnsupportedError(concat_messages(self.unsupported_messages, self.max_unsupported)) 373 374 if self.pretty: 375 sql = sql.replace(self.SENTINEL_LINE_BREAK, "\n") 376 return sql 377 378 def unsupported(self, message: str) -> None: 379 if self.unsupported_level == ErrorLevel.IMMEDIATE: 380 raise UnsupportedError(message) 381 self.unsupported_messages.append(message) 382 383 def sep(self, sep: str = " ") -> str: 384 return f"{sep.strip()}\n" if self.pretty else sep 385 386 def seg(self, sql: str, sep: str = " ") -> str: 387 return f"{self.sep(sep)}{sql}" 388 389 def pad_comment(self, comment: str) -> str: 390 comment = " " + comment if comment[0].strip() else comment 391 comment = comment + " " if comment[-1].strip() else comment 392 return comment 393 394 def maybe_comment( 395 self, 396 sql: str, 397 expression: t.Optional[exp.Expression] = None, 398 comments: t.Optional[t.List[str]] = None, 399 ) -> str: 400 comments = ((expression and expression.comments) if comments is None else comments) if self._comments else None # type: ignore 401 402 if not comments or isinstance(expression, exp.Binary): 403 return sql 404 405 sep = "\n" if self.pretty else " " 406 comments_sql = sep.join( 407 f"/*{self.pad_comment(comment)}*/" for comment in comments if comment 408 ) 409 410 if not comments_sql: 411 return sql 412 413 if isinstance(expression, self.WITH_SEPARATED_COMMENTS): 414 return ( 415 f"{self.sep()}{comments_sql}{sql}" 416 if sql[0].isspace() 417 else f"{comments_sql}{self.sep()}{sql}" 418 ) 419 420 return f"{sql} {comments_sql}" 421 422 def wrap(self, expression: exp.Expression | str) -> str: 423 this_sql = self.indent( 424 self.sql(expression) 425 if isinstance(expression, (exp.Select, exp.Union)) 426 else self.sql(expression, "this"), 427 level=1, 428 pad=0, 429 ) 430 return f"({self.sep('')}{this_sql}{self.seg(')', sep='')}" 431 432 def no_identify(self, func: t.Callable[..., str], *args, **kwargs) -> str: 433 original = self.identify 434 self.identify = False 435 result = func(*args, **kwargs) 436 self.identify = original 437 return result 438 439 def normalize_func(self, name: str) -> str: 440 if self.normalize_functions == "upper": 441 return name.upper() 442 if self.normalize_functions == "lower": 443 return name.lower() 444 return name 445 446 def indent( 447 self, 448 sql: str, 449 level: int = 0, 450 pad: t.Optional[int] = None, 451 skip_first: bool = False, 452 skip_last: bool = False, 453 ) -> str: 454 if not self.pretty: 455 return sql 456 457 pad = self.pad if pad is None else pad 458 lines = sql.split("\n") 459 460 return "\n".join( 461 line 462 if (skip_first and i == 0) or (skip_last and i == len(lines) - 1) 463 else f"{' ' * (level * self._indent + pad)}{line}" 464 for i, line in enumerate(lines) 465 ) 466 467 def sql( 468 self, 469 expression: t.Optional[str | exp.Expression], 470 key: t.Optional[str] = None, 471 comment: bool = True, 472 ) -> str: 473 if not expression: 474 return "" 475 476 if isinstance(expression, str): 477 return expression 478 479 if key: 480 return self.sql(expression.args.get(key)) 481 482 if self._cache is not None: 483 expression_id = hash(expression) 484 485 if expression_id in self._cache: 486 return self._cache[expression_id] 487 488 transform = self.TRANSFORMS.get(expression.__class__) 489 490 if callable(transform): 491 sql = transform(self, expression) 492 elif transform: 493 sql = transform 494 elif isinstance(expression, exp.Expression): 495 exp_handler_name = f"{expression.key}_sql" 496 497 if hasattr(self, exp_handler_name): 498 sql = getattr(self, exp_handler_name)(expression) 499 elif isinstance(expression, exp.Func): 500 sql = self.function_fallback_sql(expression) 501 elif isinstance(expression, exp.Property): 502 sql = self.property_sql(expression) 503 else: 504 raise ValueError(f"Unsupported expression type {expression.__class__.__name__}") 505 else: 506 raise ValueError(f"Expected an Expression. Received {type(expression)}: {expression}") 507 508 sql = self.maybe_comment(sql, expression) if self._comments and comment else sql 509 510 if self._cache is not None: 511 self._cache[expression_id] = sql 512 return sql 513 514 def uncache_sql(self, expression: exp.Uncache) -> str: 515 table = self.sql(expression, "this") 516 exists_sql = " IF EXISTS" if expression.args.get("exists") else "" 517 return f"UNCACHE TABLE{exists_sql} {table}" 518 519 def cache_sql(self, expression: exp.Cache) -> str: 520 lazy = " LAZY" if expression.args.get("lazy") else "" 521 table = self.sql(expression, "this") 522 options = expression.args.get("options") 523 options = f" OPTIONS({self.sql(options[0])} = {self.sql(options[1])})" if options else "" 524 sql = self.sql(expression, "expression") 525 sql = f" AS{self.sep()}{sql}" if sql else "" 526 sql = f"CACHE{lazy} TABLE {table}{options}{sql}" 527 return self.prepend_ctes(expression, sql) 528 529 def characterset_sql(self, expression: exp.CharacterSet) -> str: 530 if isinstance(expression.parent, exp.Cast): 531 return f"CHAR CHARACTER SET {self.sql(expression, 'this')}" 532 default = "DEFAULT " if expression.args.get("default") else "" 533 return f"{default}CHARACTER SET={self.sql(expression, 'this')}" 534 535 def column_sql(self, expression: exp.Column) -> str: 536 return ".".join( 537 self.sql(part) 538 for part in ( 539 expression.args.get("catalog"), 540 expression.args.get("db"), 541 expression.args.get("table"), 542 expression.args.get("this"), 543 ) 544 if part 545 ) 546 547 def columnposition_sql(self, expression: exp.ColumnPosition) -> str: 548 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 549 this = f" {this}" if this else "" 550 position = self.sql(expression, "position") 551 return f"{position}{this}" 552 553 def columndef_sql(self, expression: exp.ColumnDef, sep: str = " ") -> str: 554 column = self.sql(expression, "this") 555 kind = self.sql(expression, "kind") 556 constraints = self.expressions(expression, key="constraints", sep=" ", flat=True) 557 exists = "IF NOT EXISTS " if expression.args.get("exists") else "" 558 kind = f"{sep}{kind}" if kind else "" 559 constraints = f" {constraints}" if constraints else "" 560 position = self.sql(expression, "position") 561 position = f" {position}" if position else "" 562 563 return f"{exists}{column}{kind}{constraints}{position}" 564 565 def columnconstraint_sql(self, expression: exp.ColumnConstraint) -> str: 566 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 567 kind_sql = self.sql(expression, "kind").strip() 568 return f"CONSTRAINT {this} {kind_sql}" if this else kind_sql 569 570 def autoincrementcolumnconstraint_sql(self, _) -> str: 571 return self.token_sql(TokenType.AUTO_INCREMENT) 572 573 def compresscolumnconstraint_sql(self, expression: exp.CompressColumnConstraint) -> str: 574 if isinstance(expression.this, list): 575 this = self.wrap(self.expressions(expression, key="this", flat=True)) 576 else: 577 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 578 579 return f"COMPRESS {this}" 580 581 def generatedasidentitycolumnconstraint_sql( 582 self, expression: exp.GeneratedAsIdentityColumnConstraint 583 ) -> str: 584 this = "" 585 if expression.this is not None: 586 on_null = "ON NULL " if expression.args.get("on_null") else "" 587 this = " ALWAYS " if expression.this else f" BY DEFAULT {on_null}" 588 589 start = expression.args.get("start") 590 start = f"START WITH {start}" if start else "" 591 increment = expression.args.get("increment") 592 increment = f" INCREMENT BY {increment}" if increment else "" 593 minvalue = expression.args.get("minvalue") 594 minvalue = f" MINVALUE {minvalue}" if minvalue else "" 595 maxvalue = expression.args.get("maxvalue") 596 maxvalue = f" MAXVALUE {maxvalue}" if maxvalue else "" 597 cycle = expression.args.get("cycle") 598 cycle_sql = "" 599 if cycle is not None: 600 cycle_sql = f"{' NO' if not cycle else ''} CYCLE" 601 cycle_sql = cycle_sql.strip() if not start and not increment else cycle_sql 602 sequence_opts = "" 603 if start or increment or cycle_sql: 604 sequence_opts = f"{start}{increment}{minvalue}{maxvalue}{cycle_sql}" 605 sequence_opts = f" ({sequence_opts.strip()})" 606 return f"GENERATED{this}AS IDENTITY{sequence_opts}" 607 608 def notnullcolumnconstraint_sql(self, expression: exp.NotNullColumnConstraint) -> str: 609 return f"{'' if expression.args.get('allow_null') else 'NOT '}NULL" 610 611 def primarykeycolumnconstraint_sql(self, expression: exp.PrimaryKeyColumnConstraint) -> str: 612 desc = expression.args.get("desc") 613 if desc is not None: 614 return f"PRIMARY KEY{' DESC' if desc else ' ASC'}" 615 return f"PRIMARY KEY" 616 617 def uniquecolumnconstraint_sql(self, _) -> str: 618 return "UNIQUE" 619 620 def create_sql(self, expression: exp.Create) -> str: 621 kind = self.sql(expression, "kind").upper() 622 properties = expression.args.get("properties") 623 properties_exp = expression.copy() 624 properties_locs = self.locate_properties(properties) if properties else {} 625 if properties_locs.get(exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA) or properties_locs.get( 626 exp.Properties.Location.POST_WITH 627 ): 628 properties_exp.set( 629 "properties", 630 exp.Properties( 631 expressions=[ 632 *properties_locs[exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA], 633 *properties_locs[exp.Properties.Location.POST_WITH], 634 ] 635 ), 636 ) 637 if kind == "TABLE" and properties_locs.get(exp.Properties.Location.POST_NAME): 638 this_name = self.sql(expression.this, "this") 639 this_properties = self.properties( 640 exp.Properties(expressions=properties_locs[exp.Properties.Location.POST_NAME]), 641 wrapped=False, 642 ) 643 this_schema = f"({self.expressions(expression.this)})" 644 this = f"{this_name}, {this_properties} {this_schema}" 645 properties_sql = "" 646 else: 647 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 648 properties_sql = self.sql(properties_exp, "properties") 649 begin = " BEGIN" if expression.args.get("begin") else "" 650 expression_sql = self.sql(expression, "expression") 651 if expression_sql: 652 expression_sql = f"{begin}{self.sep()}{expression_sql}" 653 654 if self.CREATE_FUNCTION_RETURN_AS or not isinstance(expression.expression, exp.Return): 655 if properties_locs.get(exp.Properties.Location.POST_ALIAS): 656 postalias_props_sql = self.properties( 657 exp.Properties( 658 expressions=properties_locs[exp.Properties.Location.POST_ALIAS] 659 ), 660 wrapped=False, 661 ) 662 expression_sql = f" AS {postalias_props_sql}{expression_sql}" 663 else: 664 expression_sql = f" AS{expression_sql}" 665 666 postindex_props_sql = "" 667 if properties_locs.get(exp.Properties.Location.POST_INDEX): 668 postindex_props_sql = self.properties( 669 exp.Properties(expressions=properties_locs[exp.Properties.Location.POST_INDEX]), 670 wrapped=False, 671 prefix=" ", 672 ) 673 674 indexes = expression.args.get("indexes") 675 if indexes: 676 indexes_sql: t.List[str] = [] 677 for index in indexes: 678 ind_unique = " UNIQUE" if index.args.get("unique") else "" 679 ind_primary = " PRIMARY" if index.args.get("primary") else "" 680 ind_amp = " AMP" if index.args.get("amp") else "" 681 ind_name = f" {index.name}" if index.name else "" 682 ind_columns = ( 683 f' ({self.expressions(index, key="columns", flat=True)})' 684 if index.args.get("columns") 685 else "" 686 ) 687 ind_sql = f"{ind_unique}{ind_primary}{ind_amp} INDEX{ind_name}{ind_columns}" 688 689 if indexes_sql: 690 indexes_sql.append(ind_sql) 691 else: 692 indexes_sql.append( 693 f"{ind_sql}{postindex_props_sql}" 694 if index.args.get("primary") 695 else f"{postindex_props_sql}{ind_sql}" 696 ) 697 698 index_sql = "".join(indexes_sql) 699 else: 700 index_sql = postindex_props_sql 701 702 replace = " OR REPLACE" if expression.args.get("replace") else "" 703 unique = " UNIQUE" if expression.args.get("unique") else "" 704 705 postcreate_props_sql = "" 706 if properties_locs.get(exp.Properties.Location.POST_CREATE): 707 postcreate_props_sql = self.properties( 708 exp.Properties(expressions=properties_locs[exp.Properties.Location.POST_CREATE]), 709 sep=" ", 710 prefix=" ", 711 wrapped=False, 712 ) 713 714 modifiers = "".join((replace, unique, postcreate_props_sql)) 715 716 postexpression_props_sql = "" 717 if properties_locs.get(exp.Properties.Location.POST_EXPRESSION): 718 postexpression_props_sql = self.properties( 719 exp.Properties( 720 expressions=properties_locs[exp.Properties.Location.POST_EXPRESSION] 721 ), 722 sep=" ", 723 prefix=" ", 724 wrapped=False, 725 ) 726 727 exists_sql = " IF NOT EXISTS" if expression.args.get("exists") else "" 728 no_schema_binding = ( 729 " WITH NO SCHEMA BINDING" if expression.args.get("no_schema_binding") else "" 730 ) 731 732 clone = self.sql(expression, "clone") 733 clone = f" {clone}" if clone else "" 734 735 expression_sql = f"CREATE{modifiers} {kind}{exists_sql} {this}{properties_sql}{expression_sql}{postexpression_props_sql}{index_sql}{no_schema_binding}{clone}" 736 return self.prepend_ctes(expression, expression_sql) 737 738 def clone_sql(self, expression: exp.Clone) -> str: 739 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 740 when = self.sql(expression, "when") 741 742 if when: 743 kind = self.sql(expression, "kind") 744 expr = self.sql(expression, "expression") 745 return f"CLONE {this} {when} ({kind} => {expr})" 746 747 return f"CLONE {this}" 748 749 def describe_sql(self, expression: exp.Describe) -> str: 750 return f"DESCRIBE {self.sql(expression, 'this')}" 751 752 def prepend_ctes(self, expression: exp.Expression, sql: str) -> str: 753 with_ = self.sql(expression, "with") 754 if with_: 755 sql = f"{with_}{self.sep()}{sql}" 756 return sql 757 758 def with_sql(self, expression: exp.With) -> str: 759 sql = self.expressions(expression, flat=True) 760 recursive = "RECURSIVE " if expression.args.get("recursive") else "" 761 762 return f"WITH {recursive}{sql}" 763 764 def cte_sql(self, expression: exp.CTE) -> str: 765 alias = self.sql(expression, "alias") 766 return f"{alias} AS {self.wrap(expression)}" 767 768 def tablealias_sql(self, expression: exp.TableAlias) -> str: 769 alias = self.sql(expression, "this") 770 columns = self.expressions(expression, key="columns", flat=True) 771 columns = f"({columns})" if columns else "" 772 return f"{alias}{columns}" 773 774 def bitstring_sql(self, expression: exp.BitString) -> str: 775 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 776 if self.bit_start: 777 return f"{self.bit_start}{this}{self.bit_end}" 778 return f"{int(this, 2)}" 779 780 def hexstring_sql(self, expression: exp.HexString) -> str: 781 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 782 if self.hex_start: 783 return f"{self.hex_start}{this}{self.hex_end}" 784 return f"{int(this, 16)}" 785 786 def bytestring_sql(self, expression: exp.ByteString) -> str: 787 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 788 if self.byte_start: 789 return f"{self.byte_start}{this}{self.byte_end}" 790 return this 791 792 def datatypesize_sql(self, expression: exp.DataTypeSize) -> str: 793 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 794 specifier = self.sql(expression, "expression") 795 specifier = f" {specifier}" if specifier else "" 796 return f"{this}{specifier}" 797 798 def datatype_sql(self, expression: exp.DataType) -> str: 799 type_value = expression.this 800 type_sql = self.TYPE_MAPPING.get(type_value, type_value.value) 801 nested = "" 802 interior = self.expressions(expression, flat=True) 803 values = "" 804 if interior: 805 if expression.args.get("nested"): 806 nested = f"{self.STRUCT_DELIMITER[0]}{interior}{self.STRUCT_DELIMITER[1]}" 807 if expression.args.get("values") is not None: 808 delimiters = ("[", "]") if type_value == exp.DataType.Type.ARRAY else ("(", ")") 809 values = f"{delimiters[0]}{self.expressions(expression, key='values')}{delimiters[1]}" 810 else: 811 nested = f"({interior})" 812 813 return f"{type_sql}{nested}{values}" 814 815 def directory_sql(self, expression: exp.Directory) -> str: 816 local = "LOCAL " if expression.args.get("local") else "" 817 row_format = self.sql(expression, "row_format") 818 row_format = f" {row_format}" if row_format else "" 819 return f"{local}DIRECTORY {self.sql(expression, 'this')}{row_format}" 820 821 def delete_sql(self, expression: exp.Delete) -> str: 822 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 823 this = f" FROM {this}" if this else "" 824 using_sql = ( 825 f" USING {self.expressions(expression, key='using', sep=', USING ')}" 826 if expression.args.get("using") 827 else "" 828 ) 829 where_sql = self.sql(expression, "where") 830 returning = self.sql(expression, "returning") 831 sql = f"DELETE{this}{using_sql}{where_sql}{returning}" 832 return self.prepend_ctes(expression, sql) 833 834 def drop_sql(self, expression: exp.Drop) -> str: 835 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 836 kind = expression.args["kind"] 837 exists_sql = " IF EXISTS " if expression.args.get("exists") else " " 838 temporary = " TEMPORARY" if expression.args.get("temporary") else "" 839 materialized = " MATERIALIZED" if expression.args.get("materialized") else "" 840 cascade = " CASCADE" if expression.args.get("cascade") else "" 841 constraints = " CONSTRAINTS" if expression.args.get("constraints") else "" 842 purge = " PURGE" if expression.args.get("purge") else "" 843 return ( 844 f"DROP{temporary}{materialized} {kind}{exists_sql}{this}{cascade}{constraints}{purge}" 845 ) 846 847 def except_sql(self, expression: exp.Except) -> str: 848 return self.prepend_ctes( 849 expression, 850 self.set_operation(expression, self.except_op(expression)), 851 ) 852 853 def except_op(self, expression: exp.Except) -> str: 854 return f"EXCEPT{'' if expression.args.get('distinct') else ' ALL'}" 855 856 def fetch_sql(self, expression: exp.Fetch) -> str: 857 direction = expression.args.get("direction") 858 direction = f" {direction.upper()}" if direction else "" 859 count = expression.args.get("count") 860 count = f" {count}" if count else "" 861 if expression.args.get("percent"): 862 count = f"{count} PERCENT" 863 with_ties_or_only = "WITH TIES" if expression.args.get("with_ties") else "ONLY" 864 return f"{self.seg('FETCH')}{direction}{count} ROWS {with_ties_or_only}" 865 866 def filter_sql(self, expression: exp.Filter) -> str: 867 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 868 where = self.sql(expression, "expression")[1:] # where has a leading space 869 return f"{this} FILTER({where})" 870 871 def hint_sql(self, expression: exp.Hint) -> str: 872 if self.sql(expression, "this"): 873 self.unsupported("Hints are not supported") 874 return "" 875 876 def index_sql(self, expression: exp.Index) -> str: 877 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 878 table = self.sql(expression, "table") 879 columns = self.sql(expression, "columns") 880 return f"{this} ON {table} {columns}" 881 882 def identifier_sql(self, expression: exp.Identifier) -> str: 883 text = expression.name 884 lower = text.lower() 885 text = lower if self.normalize and not expression.quoted else text 886 text = text.replace(self.identifier_end, self._escaped_identifier_end) 887 if ( 888 expression.quoted 889 or should_identify(text, self.identify) 890 or lower in self.RESERVED_KEYWORDS 891 ): 892 text = f"{self.identifier_start}{text}{self.identifier_end}" 893 return text 894 895 def inputoutputformat_sql(self, expression: exp.InputOutputFormat) -> str: 896 input_format = self.sql(expression, "input_format") 897 input_format = f"INPUTFORMAT {input_format}" if input_format else "" 898 output_format = self.sql(expression, "output_format") 899 output_format = f"OUTPUTFORMAT {output_format}" if output_format else "" 900 return self.sep().join((input_format, output_format)) 901 902 def national_sql(self, expression: exp.National) -> str: 903 return f"N{self.sql(expression, 'this')}" 904 905 def partition_sql(self, expression: exp.Partition) -> str: 906 return f"PARTITION({self.expressions(expression)})" 907 908 def properties_sql(self, expression: exp.Properties) -> str: 909 root_properties = [] 910 with_properties = [] 911 912 for p in expression.expressions: 913 p_loc = self.PROPERTIES_LOCATION[p.__class__] 914 if p_loc == exp.Properties.Location.POST_WITH: 915 with_properties.append(p) 916 elif p_loc == exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA: 917 root_properties.append(p) 918 919 return self.root_properties( 920 exp.Properties(expressions=root_properties) 921 ) + self.with_properties(exp.Properties(expressions=with_properties)) 922 923 def root_properties(self, properties: exp.Properties) -> str: 924 if properties.expressions: 925 return self.sep() + self.expressions(properties, indent=False, sep=" ") 926 return "" 927 928 def properties( 929 self, 930 properties: exp.Properties, 931 prefix: str = "", 932 sep: str = ", ", 933 suffix: str = "", 934 wrapped: bool = True, 935 ) -> str: 936 if properties.expressions: 937 expressions = self.expressions(properties, sep=sep, indent=False) 938 expressions = self.wrap(expressions) if wrapped else expressions 939 return f"{prefix}{' ' if prefix and prefix != ' ' else ''}{expressions}{suffix}" 940 return "" 941 942 def with_properties(self, properties: exp.Properties) -> str: 943 return self.properties(properties, prefix=self.seg("WITH")) 944 945 def locate_properties( 946 self, properties: exp.Properties 947 ) -> t.Dict[exp.Properties.Location, list[exp.Property]]: 948 properties_locs: t.Dict[exp.Properties.Location, list[exp.Property]] = { 949 key: [] for key in exp.Properties.Location 950 } 951 952 for p in properties.expressions: 953 p_loc = self.PROPERTIES_LOCATION[p.__class__] 954 if p_loc == exp.Properties.Location.POST_NAME: 955 properties_locs[exp.Properties.Location.POST_NAME].append(p) 956 elif p_loc == exp.Properties.Location.POST_INDEX: 957 properties_locs[exp.Properties.Location.POST_INDEX].append(p) 958 elif p_loc == exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA: 959 properties_locs[exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA].append(p) 960 elif p_loc == exp.Properties.Location.POST_WITH: 961 properties_locs[exp.Properties.Location.POST_WITH].append(p) 962 elif p_loc == exp.Properties.Location.POST_CREATE: 963 properties_locs[exp.Properties.Location.POST_CREATE].append(p) 964 elif p_loc == exp.Properties.Location.POST_ALIAS: 965 properties_locs[exp.Properties.Location.POST_ALIAS].append(p) 966 elif p_loc == exp.Properties.Location.POST_EXPRESSION: 967 properties_locs[exp.Properties.Location.POST_EXPRESSION].append(p) 968 elif p_loc == exp.Properties.Location.UNSUPPORTED: 969 self.unsupported(f"Unsupported property {p.key}") 970 971 return properties_locs 972 973 def property_sql(self, expression: exp.Property) -> str: 974 property_cls = expression.__class__ 975 if property_cls == exp.Property: 976 return f"{expression.name}={self.sql(expression, 'value')}" 977 978 property_name = exp.Properties.PROPERTY_TO_NAME.get(property_cls) 979 if not property_name: 980 self.unsupported(f"Unsupported property {expression.key}") 981 982 return f"{property_name}={self.sql(expression, 'this')}" 983 984 def likeproperty_sql(self, expression: exp.LikeProperty) -> str: 985 options = " ".join(f"{e.name} {self.sql(e, 'value')}" for e in expression.expressions) 986 options = f" {options}" if options else "" 987 return f"LIKE {self.sql(expression, 'this')}{options}" 988 989 def fallbackproperty_sql(self, expression: exp.FallbackProperty) -> str: 990 no = "NO " if expression.args.get("no") else "" 991 protection = " PROTECTION" if expression.args.get("protection") else "" 992 return f"{no}FALLBACK{protection}" 993 994 def journalproperty_sql(self, expression: exp.JournalProperty) -> str: 995 no = "NO " if expression.args.get("no") else "" 996 dual = "DUAL " if expression.args.get("dual") else "" 997 before = "BEFORE " if expression.args.get("before") else "" 998 return f"{no}{dual}{before}JOURNAL" 999 1000 def freespaceproperty_sql(self, expression: exp.FreespaceProperty) -> str: 1001 freespace = self.sql(expression, "this") 1002 percent = " PERCENT" if expression.args.get("percent") else "" 1003 return f"FREESPACE={freespace}{percent}" 1004 1005 def afterjournalproperty_sql(self, expression: exp.AfterJournalProperty) -> str: 1006 no = "NO " if expression.args.get("no") else "" 1007 dual = "DUAL " if expression.args.get("dual") else "" 1008 local = "" 1009 if expression.args.get("local") is not None: 1010 local = "LOCAL " if expression.args.get("local") else "NOT LOCAL " 1011 return f"{no}{dual}{local}AFTER JOURNAL" 1012 1013 def checksumproperty_sql(self, expression: exp.ChecksumProperty) -> str: 1014 if expression.args.get("default"): 1015 property = "DEFAULT" 1016 elif expression.args.get("on"): 1017 property = "ON" 1018 else: 1019 property = "OFF" 1020 return f"CHECKSUM={property}" 1021 1022 def mergeblockratioproperty_sql(self, expression: exp.MergeBlockRatioProperty) -> str: 1023 if expression.args.get("no"): 1024 return "NO MERGEBLOCKRATIO" 1025 if expression.args.get("default"): 1026 return "DEFAULT MERGEBLOCKRATIO" 1027 1028 percent = " PERCENT" if expression.args.get("percent") else "" 1029 return f"MERGEBLOCKRATIO={self.sql(expression, 'this')}{percent}" 1030 1031 def datablocksizeproperty_sql(self, expression: exp.DataBlocksizeProperty) -> str: 1032 default = expression.args.get("default") 1033 min = expression.args.get("min") 1034 if default is not None or min is not None: 1035 if default: 1036 property = "DEFAULT" 1037 elif min: 1038 property = "MINIMUM" 1039 else: 1040 property = "MAXIMUM" 1041 return f"{property} DATABLOCKSIZE" 1042 else: 1043 units = expression.args.get("units") 1044 units = f" {units}" if units else "" 1045 return f"DATABLOCKSIZE={self.sql(expression, 'size')}{units}" 1046 1047 def blockcompressionproperty_sql(self, expression: exp.BlockCompressionProperty) -> str: 1048 autotemp = expression.args.get("autotemp") 1049 always = expression.args.get("always") 1050 default = expression.args.get("default") 1051 manual = expression.args.get("manual") 1052 never = expression.args.get("never") 1053 1054 if autotemp is not None: 1055 property = f"AUTOTEMP({self.expressions(autotemp)})" 1056 elif always: 1057 property = "ALWAYS" 1058 elif default: 1059 property = "DEFAULT" 1060 elif manual: 1061 property = "MANUAL" 1062 elif never: 1063 property = "NEVER" 1064 return f"BLOCKCOMPRESSION={property}" 1065 1066 def isolatedloadingproperty_sql(self, expression: exp.IsolatedLoadingProperty) -> str: 1067 no = expression.args.get("no") 1068 no = " NO" if no else "" 1069 concurrent = expression.args.get("concurrent") 1070 concurrent = " CONCURRENT" if concurrent else "" 1071 1072 for_ = "" 1073 if expression.args.get("for_all"): 1074 for_ = " FOR ALL" 1075 elif expression.args.get("for_insert"): 1076 for_ = " FOR INSERT" 1077 elif expression.args.get("for_none"): 1078 for_ = " FOR NONE" 1079 return f"WITH{no}{concurrent} ISOLATED LOADING{for_}" 1080 1081 def lockingproperty_sql(self, expression: exp.LockingProperty) -> str: 1082 kind = expression.args.get("kind") 1083 this: str = f" {this}" if expression.this else "" 1084 for_or_in = expression.args.get("for_or_in") 1085 lock_type = expression.args.get("lock_type") 1086 override = " OVERRIDE" if expression.args.get("override") else "" 1087 return f"LOCKING {kind}{this} {for_or_in} {lock_type}{override}" 1088 1089 def withdataproperty_sql(self, expression: exp.WithDataProperty) -> str: 1090 data_sql = f"WITH {'NO ' if expression.args.get('no') else ''}DATA" 1091 statistics = expression.args.get("statistics") 1092 statistics_sql = "" 1093 if statistics is not None: 1094 statistics_sql = f" AND {'NO ' if not statistics else ''}STATISTICS" 1095 return f"{data_sql}{statistics_sql}" 1096 1097 def insert_sql(self, expression: exp.Insert) -> str: 1098 overwrite = expression.args.get("overwrite") 1099 1100 if isinstance(expression.this, exp.Directory): 1101 this = "OVERWRITE " if overwrite else "INTO " 1102 else: 1103 this = "OVERWRITE TABLE " if overwrite else "INTO " 1104 1105 alternative = expression.args.get("alternative") 1106 alternative = f" OR {alternative} " if alternative else " " 1107 this = f"{this}{self.sql(expression, 'this')}" 1108 1109 exists = " IF EXISTS " if expression.args.get("exists") else " " 1110 partition_sql = ( 1111 self.sql(expression, "partition") if expression.args.get("partition") else "" 1112 ) 1113 expression_sql = self.sql(expression, "expression") 1114 conflict = self.sql(expression, "conflict") 1115 returning = self.sql(expression, "returning") 1116 sep = self.sep() if partition_sql else "" 1117 sql = f"INSERT{alternative}{this}{exists}{partition_sql}{sep}{expression_sql}{conflict}{returning}" 1118 return self.prepend_ctes(expression, sql) 1119 1120 def intersect_sql(self, expression: exp.Intersect) -> str: 1121 return self.prepend_ctes( 1122 expression, 1123 self.set_operation(expression, self.intersect_op(expression)), 1124 ) 1125 1126 def intersect_op(self, expression: exp.Intersect) -> str: 1127 return f"INTERSECT{'' if expression.args.get('distinct') else ' ALL'}" 1128 1129 def introducer_sql(self, expression: exp.Introducer) -> str: 1130 return f"{self.sql(expression, 'this')} {self.sql(expression, 'expression')}" 1131 1132 def pseudotype_sql(self, expression: exp.PseudoType) -> str: 1133 return expression.name.upper() 1134 1135 def onconflict_sql(self, expression: exp.OnConflict) -> str: 1136 conflict = "ON DUPLICATE KEY" if expression.args.get("duplicate") else "ON CONFLICT" 1137 constraint = self.sql(expression, "constraint") 1138 if constraint: 1139 constraint = f"ON CONSTRAINT {constraint}" 1140 key = self.expressions(expression, key="key", flat=True) 1141 do = "" if expression.args.get("duplicate") else " DO " 1142 nothing = "NOTHING" if expression.args.get("nothing") else "" 1143 expressions = self.expressions(expression, flat=True) 1144 if expressions: 1145 expressions = f"UPDATE SET {expressions}" 1146 return f"{self.seg(conflict)} {constraint}{key}{do}{nothing}{expressions}" 1147 1148 def returning_sql(self, expression: exp.Returning) -> str: 1149 return f"{self.seg('RETURNING')} {self.expressions(expression, flat=True)}" 1150 1151 def rowformatdelimitedproperty_sql(self, expression: exp.RowFormatDelimitedProperty) -> str: 1152 fields = expression.args.get("fields") 1153 fields = f" FIELDS TERMINATED BY {fields}" if fields else "" 1154 escaped = expression.args.get("escaped") 1155 escaped = f" ESCAPED BY {escaped}" if escaped else "" 1156 items = expression.args.get("collection_items") 1157 items = f" COLLECTION ITEMS TERMINATED BY {items}" if items else "" 1158 keys = expression.args.get("map_keys") 1159 keys = f" MAP KEYS TERMINATED BY {keys}" if keys else "" 1160 lines = expression.args.get("lines") 1161 lines = f" LINES TERMINATED BY {lines}" if lines else "" 1162 null = expression.args.get("null") 1163 null = f" NULL DEFINED AS {null}" if null else "" 1164 return f"ROW FORMAT DELIMITED{fields}{escaped}{items}{keys}{lines}{null}" 1165 1166 def table_sql(self, expression: exp.Table, sep: str = " AS ") -> str: 1167 table = ".".join( 1168 part 1169 for part in [ 1170 self.sql(expression, "catalog"), 1171 self.sql(expression, "db"), 1172 self.sql(expression, "this"), 1173 ] 1174 if part 1175 ) 1176 1177 alias = self.sql(expression, "alias") 1178 alias = f"{sep}{alias}" if alias else "" 1179 hints = self.expressions(expression, key="hints", flat=True) 1180 hints = f" WITH ({hints})" if hints and self.TABLE_HINTS else "" 1181 pivots = self.expressions(expression, key="pivots", sep=" ", flat=True) 1182 pivots = f" {pivots}" if pivots else "" 1183 joins = self.expressions(expression, key="joins", sep="") 1184 laterals = self.expressions(expression, key="laterals", sep="") 1185 system_time = expression.args.get("system_time") 1186 system_time = f" {self.sql(expression, 'system_time')}" if system_time else "" 1187 1188 return f"{table}{system_time}{alias}{hints}{pivots}{joins}{laterals}" 1189 1190 def tablesample_sql( 1191 self, expression: exp.TableSample, seed_prefix: str = "SEED", sep=" AS " 1192 ) -> str: 1193 if self.alias_post_tablesample and expression.this.alias: 1194 table = expression.this.copy() 1195 table.set("alias", None) 1196 this = self.sql(table) 1197 alias = f"{sep}{self.sql(expression.this, 'alias')}" 1198 else: 1199 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 1200 alias = "" 1201 method = self.sql(expression, "method") 1202 method = f"{method.upper()} " if method and self.TABLESAMPLE_WITH_METHOD else "" 1203 numerator = self.sql(expression, "bucket_numerator") 1204 denominator = self.sql(expression, "bucket_denominator") 1205 field = self.sql(expression, "bucket_field") 1206 field = f" ON {field}" if field else "" 1207 bucket = f"BUCKET {numerator} OUT OF {denominator}{field}" if numerator else "" 1208 percent = self.sql(expression, "percent") 1209 percent = f"{percent} PERCENT" if percent else "" 1210 rows = self.sql(expression, "rows") 1211 rows = f"{rows} ROWS" if rows else "" 1212 size = self.sql(expression, "size") 1213 if size and self.TABLESAMPLE_SIZE_IS_PERCENT: 1214 size = f"{size} PERCENT" 1215 seed = self.sql(expression, "seed") 1216 seed = f" {seed_prefix} ({seed})" if seed else "" 1217 kind = expression.args.get("kind", "TABLESAMPLE") 1218 return f"{this} {kind} {method}({bucket}{percent}{rows}{size}){seed}{alias}" 1219 1220 def pivot_sql(self, expression: exp.Pivot) -> str: 1221 alias = self.sql(expression, "alias") 1222 alias = f" AS {alias}" if alias else "" 1223 unpivot = expression.args.get("unpivot") 1224 direction = "UNPIVOT" if unpivot else "PIVOT" 1225 expressions = self.expressions(expression, flat=True) 1226 field = self.sql(expression, "field") 1227 return f"{direction}({expressions} FOR {field}){alias}" 1228 1229 def tuple_sql(self, expression: exp.Tuple) -> str: 1230 return f"({self.expressions(expression, flat=True)})" 1231 1232 def update_sql(self, expression: exp.Update) -> str: 1233 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 1234 set_sql = self.expressions(expression, flat=True) 1235 from_sql = self.sql(expression, "from") 1236 where_sql = self.sql(expression, "where") 1237 returning = self.sql(expression, "returning") 1238 sql = f"UPDATE {this} SET {set_sql}{from_sql}{where_sql}{returning}" 1239 return self.prepend_ctes(expression, sql) 1240 1241 def values_sql(self, expression: exp.Values) -> str: 1242 args = self.expressions(expression) 1243 alias = self.sql(expression, "alias") 1244 values = f"VALUES{self.seg('')}{args}" 1245 values = ( 1246 f"({values})" 1247 if self.WRAP_DERIVED_VALUES and (alias or isinstance(expression.parent, exp.From)) 1248 else values 1249 ) 1250 return f"{values} AS {alias}" if alias else values 1251 1252 def var_sql(self, expression: exp.Var) -> str: 1253 return self.sql(expression, "this") 1254 1255 def into_sql(self, expression: exp.Into) -> str: 1256 temporary = " TEMPORARY" if expression.args.get("temporary") else "" 1257 unlogged = " UNLOGGED" if expression.args.get("unlogged") else "" 1258 return f"{self.seg('INTO')}{temporary or unlogged} {self.sql(expression, 'this')}" 1259 1260 def from_sql(self, expression: exp.From) -> str: 1261 return f"{self.seg('FROM')} {self.sql(expression, 'this')}" 1262 1263 def group_sql(self, expression: exp.Group) -> str: 1264 group_by = self.op_expressions("GROUP BY", expression) 1265 grouping_sets = self.expressions(expression, key="grouping_sets", indent=False) 1266 grouping_sets = ( 1267 f"{self.seg('GROUPING SETS')} {self.wrap(grouping_sets)}" if grouping_sets else "" 1268 ) 1269 1270 cube = expression.args.get("cube", []) 1271 if seq_get(cube, 0) is True: 1272 return f"{group_by}{self.seg('WITH CUBE')}" 1273 else: 1274 cube_sql = self.expressions(expression, key="cube", indent=False) 1275 cube_sql = f"{self.seg('CUBE')} {self.wrap(cube_sql)}" if cube_sql else "" 1276 1277 rollup = expression.args.get("rollup", []) 1278 if seq_get(rollup, 0) is True: 1279 return f"{group_by}{self.seg('WITH ROLLUP')}" 1280 else: 1281 rollup_sql = self.expressions(expression, key="rollup", indent=False) 1282 rollup_sql = f"{self.seg('ROLLUP')} {self.wrap(rollup_sql)}" if rollup_sql else "" 1283 1284 groupings = csv( 1285 grouping_sets, 1286 cube_sql, 1287 rollup_sql, 1288 self.seg("WITH TOTALS") if expression.args.get("totals") else "", 1289 sep=self.GROUPINGS_SEP, 1290 ) 1291 1292 if expression.args.get("expressions") and groupings: 1293 group_by = f"{group_by}{self.GROUPINGS_SEP}" 1294 1295 return f"{group_by}{groupings}" 1296 1297 def having_sql(self, expression: exp.Having) -> str: 1298 this = self.indent(self.sql(expression, "this")) 1299 return f"{self.seg('HAVING')}{self.sep()}{this}" 1300 1301 def join_sql(self, expression: exp.Join) -> str: 1302 op_sql = " ".join( 1303 op 1304 for op in ( 1305 "NATURAL" if expression.args.get("natural") else None, 1306 "GLOBAL" if expression.args.get("global") else None, 1307 expression.side, 1308 expression.kind, 1309 expression.hint if self.JOIN_HINTS else None, 1310 ) 1311 if op 1312 ) 1313 on_sql = self.sql(expression, "on") 1314 using = expression.args.get("using") 1315 1316 if not on_sql and using: 1317 on_sql = csv(*(self.sql(column) for column in using)) 1318 1319 this_sql = self.sql(expression, "this") 1320 1321 if on_sql: 1322 on_sql = self.indent(on_sql, skip_first=True) 1323 space = self.seg(" " * self.pad) if self.pretty else " " 1324 if using: 1325 on_sql = f"{space}USING ({on_sql})" 1326 else: 1327 on_sql = f"{space}ON {on_sql}" 1328 elif not op_sql: 1329 return f", {this_sql}" 1330 1331 op_sql = f"{op_sql} JOIN" if op_sql else "JOIN" 1332 return f"{self.seg(op_sql)} {this_sql}{on_sql}" 1333 1334 def lambda_sql(self, expression: exp.Lambda, arrow_sep: str = "->") -> str: 1335 args = self.expressions(expression, flat=True) 1336 args = f"({args})" if len(args.split(",")) > 1 else args 1337 return f"{args} {arrow_sep} {self.sql(expression, 'this')}" 1338 1339 def lateral_sql(self, expression: exp.Lateral) -> str: 1340 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 1341 1342 if isinstance(expression.this, exp.Subquery): 1343 return f"LATERAL {this}" 1344 1345 if expression.args.get("view"): 1346 alias = expression.args["alias"] 1347 columns = self.expressions(alias, key="columns", flat=True) 1348 table = f" {alias.name}" if alias.name else "" 1349 columns = f" AS {columns}" if columns else "" 1350 op_sql = self.seg(f"LATERAL VIEW{' OUTER' if expression.args.get('outer') else ''}") 1351 return f"{op_sql}{self.sep()}{this}{table}{columns}" 1352 1353 alias = self.sql(expression, "alias") 1354 alias = f" AS {alias}" if alias else "" 1355 return f"LATERAL {this}{alias}" 1356 1357 def limit_sql(self, expression: exp.Limit) -> str: 1358 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 1359 return f"{this}{self.seg('LIMIT')} {self.sql(expression, 'expression')}" 1360 1361 def offset_sql(self, expression: exp.Offset) -> str: 1362 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 1363 return f"{this}{self.seg('OFFSET')} {self.sql(expression, 'expression')}" 1364 1365 def setitem_sql(self, expression: exp.SetItem) -> str: 1366 kind = self.sql(expression, "kind") 1367 kind = f"{kind} " if kind else "" 1368 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 1369 expressions = self.expressions(expression) 1370 collate = self.sql(expression, "collate") 1371 collate = f" COLLATE {collate}" if collate else "" 1372 global_ = "GLOBAL " if expression.args.get("global") else "" 1373 return f"{global_}{kind}{this}{expressions}{collate}" 1374 1375 def set_sql(self, expression: exp.Set) -> str: 1376 expressions = ( 1377 f" {self.expressions(expression, flat=True)}" if expression.expressions else "" 1378 ) 1379 return f"SET{expressions}" 1380 1381 def pragma_sql(self, expression: exp.Pragma) -> str: 1382 return f"PRAGMA {self.sql(expression, 'this')}" 1383 1384 def lock_sql(self, expression: exp.Lock) -> str: 1385 if self.LOCKING_READS_SUPPORTED: 1386 lock_type = "UPDATE" if expression.args["update"] else "SHARE" 1387 return self.seg(f"FOR {lock_type}") 1388 1389 self.unsupported("Locking reads using 'FOR UPDATE/SHARE' are not supported") 1390 return "" 1391 1392 def literal_sql(self, expression: exp.Literal) -> str: 1393 text = expression.this or "" 1394 if expression.is_string: 1395 text = text.replace(self.quote_end, self._escaped_quote_end) 1396 if self.pretty: 1397 text = text.replace("\n", self.SENTINEL_LINE_BREAK) 1398 text = f"{self.quote_start}{text}{self.quote_end}" 1399 return text 1400 1401 def loaddata_sql(self, expression: exp.LoadData) -> str: 1402 local = " LOCAL" if expression.args.get("local") else "" 1403 inpath = f" INPATH {self.sql(expression, 'inpath')}" 1404 overwrite = " OVERWRITE" if expression.args.get("overwrite") else "" 1405 this = f" INTO TABLE {self.sql(expression, 'this')}" 1406 partition = self.sql(expression, "partition") 1407 partition = f" {partition}" if partition else "" 1408 input_format = self.sql(expression, "input_format") 1409 input_format = f" INPUTFORMAT {input_format}" if input_format else "" 1410 serde = self.sql(expression, "serde") 1411 serde = f" SERDE {serde}" if serde else "" 1412 return f"LOAD DATA{local}{inpath}{overwrite}{this}{partition}{input_format}{serde}" 1413 1414 def null_sql(self, *_) -> str: 1415 return "NULL" 1416 1417 def boolean_sql(self, expression: exp.Boolean) -> str: 1418 return "TRUE" if expression.this else "FALSE" 1419 1420 def order_sql(self, expression: exp.Order, flat: bool = False) -> str: 1421 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 1422 this = f"{this} " if this else this 1423 return self.op_expressions(f"{this}ORDER BY", expression, flat=this or flat) # type: ignore 1424 1425 def cluster_sql(self, expression: exp.Cluster) -> str: 1426 return self.op_expressions("CLUSTER BY", expression) 1427 1428 def distribute_sql(self, expression: exp.Distribute) -> str: 1429 return self.op_expressions("DISTRIBUTE BY", expression) 1430 1431 def sort_sql(self, expression: exp.Sort) -> str: 1432 return self.op_expressions("SORT BY", expression) 1433 1434 def ordered_sql(self, expression: exp.Ordered) -> str: 1435 desc = expression.args.get("desc") 1436 asc = not desc 1437 1438 nulls_first = expression.args.get("nulls_first") 1439 nulls_last = not nulls_first 1440 nulls_are_large = self.null_ordering == "nulls_are_large" 1441 nulls_are_small = self.null_ordering == "nulls_are_small" 1442 nulls_are_last = self.null_ordering == "nulls_are_last" 1443 1444 sort_order = " DESC" if desc else "" 1445 nulls_sort_change = "" 1446 if nulls_first and ( 1447 (asc and nulls_are_large) or (desc and nulls_are_small) or nulls_are_last 1448 ): 1449 nulls_sort_change = " NULLS FIRST" 1450 elif ( 1451 nulls_last 1452 and ((asc and nulls_are_small) or (desc and nulls_are_large)) 1453 and not nulls_are_last 1454 ): 1455 nulls_sort_change = " NULLS LAST" 1456 1457 if nulls_sort_change and not self.NULL_ORDERING_SUPPORTED: 1458 self.unsupported( 1459 "Sorting in an ORDER BY on NULLS FIRST/NULLS LAST is not supported by this dialect" 1460 ) 1461 nulls_sort_change = "" 1462 1463 return f"{self.sql(expression, 'this')}{sort_order}{nulls_sort_change}" 1464 1465 def matchrecognize_sql(self, expression: exp.MatchRecognize) -> str: 1466 partition = self.partition_by_sql(expression) 1467 order = self.sql(expression, "order") 1468 measures = self.expressions(expression, key="measures") 1469 measures = self.seg(f"MEASURES{self.seg(measures)}") if measures else "" 1470 rows = self.sql(expression, "rows") 1471 rows = self.seg(rows) if rows else "" 1472 after = self.sql(expression, "after") 1473 after = self.seg(after) if after else "" 1474 pattern = self.sql(expression, "pattern") 1475 pattern = self.seg(f"PATTERN ({pattern})") if pattern else "" 1476 definition_sqls = [ 1477 f"{self.sql(definition, 'alias')} AS {self.sql(definition, 'this')}" 1478 for definition in expression.args.get("define", []) 1479 ] 1480 definitions = self.expressions(sqls=definition_sqls) 1481 define = self.seg(f"DEFINE{self.seg(definitions)}") if definitions else "" 1482 body = "".join( 1483 ( 1484 partition, 1485 order, 1486 measures, 1487 rows, 1488 after, 1489 pattern, 1490 define, 1491 ) 1492 ) 1493 alias = self.sql(expression, "alias") 1494 alias = f" {alias}" if alias else "" 1495 return f"{self.seg('MATCH_RECOGNIZE')} {self.wrap(body)}{alias}" 1496 1497 def query_modifiers(self, expression: exp.Expression, *sqls: str) -> str: 1498 limit = expression.args.get("limit") 1499 1500 if self.LIMIT_FETCH == "LIMIT" and isinstance(limit, exp.Fetch): 1501 limit = exp.Limit(expression=limit.args.get("count")) 1502 elif self.LIMIT_FETCH == "FETCH" and isinstance(limit, exp.Limit): 1503 limit = exp.Fetch(direction="FIRST", count=limit.expression) 1504 1505 fetch = isinstance(limit, exp.Fetch) 1506 1507 return csv( 1508 *sqls, 1509 *[self.sql(join) for join in expression.args.get("joins") or []], 1510 self.sql(expression, "match"), 1511 *[self.sql(lateral) for lateral in expression.args.get("laterals") or []], 1512 self.sql(expression, "where"), 1513 self.sql(expression, "group"), 1514 self.sql(expression, "having"), 1515 *self.after_having_modifiers(expression), 1516 self.sql(expression, "order"), 1517 self.sql(expression, "offset") if fetch else self.sql(limit), 1518 self.sql(limit) if fetch else self.sql(expression, "offset"), 1519 *self.after_limit_modifiers(expression), 1520 sep="", 1521 ) 1522 1523 def after_having_modifiers(self, expression): 1524 return [ 1525 self.sql(expression, "qualify"), 1526 self.seg("WINDOW ") + self.expressions(expression, key="windows", flat=True) 1527 if expression.args.get("windows") 1528 else "", 1529 ] 1530 1531 def after_limit_modifiers(self, expression): 1532 return [ 1533 self.sql(expression, "lock"), 1534 self.sql(expression, "sample"), 1535 ] 1536 1537 def select_sql(self, expression: exp.Select) -> str: 1538 hint = self.sql(expression, "hint") 1539 distinct = self.sql(expression, "distinct") 1540 distinct = f" {distinct}" if distinct else "" 1541 kind = expression.args.get("kind") 1542 kind = f" AS {kind}" if kind else "" 1543 expressions = self.expressions(expression) 1544 expressions = f"{self.sep()}{expressions}" if expressions else expressions 1545 sql = self.query_modifiers( 1546 expression, 1547 f"SELECT{hint}{distinct}{kind}{expressions}", 1548 self.sql(expression, "into", comment=False), 1549 self.sql(expression, "from", comment=False), 1550 ) 1551 return self.prepend_ctes(expression, sql) 1552 1553 def schema_sql(self, expression: exp.Schema) -> str: 1554 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 1555 this = f"{this} " if this else "" 1556 sql = f"({self.sep('')}{self.expressions(expression)}{self.seg(')', sep='')}" 1557 return f"{this}{sql}" 1558 1559 def star_sql(self, expression: exp.Star) -> str: 1560 except_ = self.expressions(expression, key="except", flat=True) 1561 except_ = f"{self.seg(self.STAR_MAPPING['except'])} ({except_})" if except_ else "" 1562 replace = self.expressions(expression, key="replace", flat=True) 1563 replace = f"{self.seg(self.STAR_MAPPING['replace'])} ({replace})" if replace else "" 1564 return f"*{except_}{replace}" 1565 1566 def parameter_sql(self, expression: exp.Parameter) -> str: 1567 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 1568 this = f"{{{this}}}" if expression.args.get("wrapped") else f"{this}" 1569 return f"{self.PARAMETER_TOKEN}{this}" 1570 1571 def sessionparameter_sql(self, expression: exp.SessionParameter) -> str: 1572 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 1573 kind = expression.text("kind") 1574 if kind: 1575 kind = f"{kind}." 1576 return f"@@{kind}{this}" 1577 1578 def placeholder_sql(self, expression: exp.Placeholder) -> str: 1579 return f":{expression.name}" if expression.name else "?" 1580 1581 def subquery_sql(self, expression: exp.Subquery, sep: str = " AS ") -> str: 1582 alias = self.sql(expression, "alias") 1583 alias = f"{sep}{alias}" if alias else "" 1584 1585 pivots = self.expressions(expression, key="pivots", sep=" ", flat=True) 1586 pivots = f" {pivots}" if pivots else "" 1587 1588 sql = self.query_modifiers(expression, self.wrap(expression), alias, pivots) 1589 return self.prepend_ctes(expression, sql) 1590 1591 def qualify_sql(self, expression: exp.Qualify) -> str: 1592 this = self.indent(self.sql(expression, "this")) 1593 return f"{self.seg('QUALIFY')}{self.sep()}{this}" 1594 1595 def union_sql(self, expression: exp.Union) -> str: 1596 return self.prepend_ctes( 1597 expression, 1598 self.set_operation(expression, self.union_op(expression)), 1599 ) 1600 1601 def union_op(self, expression: exp.Union) -> str: 1602 kind = " DISTINCT" if self.EXPLICIT_UNION else "" 1603 kind = kind if expression.args.get("distinct") else " ALL" 1604 return f"UNION{kind}" 1605 1606 def unnest_sql(self, expression: exp.Unnest) -> str: 1607 args = self.expressions(expression, flat=True) 1608 alias = expression.args.get("alias") 1609 if alias and self.unnest_column_only: 1610 columns = alias.columns 1611 alias = self.sql(columns[0]) if columns else "" 1612 else: 1613 alias = self.sql(expression, "alias") 1614 alias = f" AS {alias}" if alias else alias 1615 ordinality = " WITH ORDINALITY" if expression.args.get("ordinality") else "" 1616 offset = expression.args.get("offset") 1617 offset = f" WITH OFFSET AS {self.sql(offset)}" if offset else "" 1618 return f"UNNEST({args}){ordinality}{alias}{offset}" 1619 1620 def where_sql(self, expression: exp.Where) -> str: 1621 this = self.indent(self.sql(expression, "this")) 1622 return f"{self.seg('WHERE')}{self.sep()}{this}" 1623 1624 def window_sql(self, expression: exp.Window) -> str: 1625 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 1626 1627 partition = self.partition_by_sql(expression) 1628 1629 order = expression.args.get("order") 1630 order_sql = self.order_sql(order, flat=True) if order else "" 1631 1632 partition_sql = partition + " " if partition and order else partition 1633 1634 spec = expression.args.get("spec") 1635 spec_sql = " " + self.windowspec_sql(spec) if spec else "" 1636 1637 alias = self.sql(expression, "alias") 1638 over = self.sql(expression, "over") or "OVER" 1639 this = f"{this} {'AS' if expression.arg_key == 'windows' else over}" 1640 1641 first = expression.args.get("first") 1642 if first is not None: 1643 first = " FIRST " if first else " LAST " 1644 first = first or "" 1645 1646 if not partition and not order and not spec and alias: 1647 return f"{this} {alias}" 1648 1649 window_args = alias + first + partition_sql + order_sql + spec_sql 1650 1651 return f"{this} ({window_args.strip()})" 1652 1653 def partition_by_sql(self, expression: exp.Window | exp.MatchRecognize) -> str: 1654 partition = self.expressions(expression, key="partition_by", flat=True) 1655 return f"PARTITION BY {partition}" if partition else "" 1656 1657 def windowspec_sql(self, expression: exp.WindowSpec) -> str: 1658 kind = self.sql(expression, "kind") 1659 start = csv(self.sql(expression, "start"), self.sql(expression, "start_side"), sep=" ") 1660 end = ( 1661 csv(self.sql(expression, "end"), self.sql(expression, "end_side"), sep=" ") 1662 or "CURRENT ROW" 1663 ) 1664 return f"{kind} BETWEEN {start} AND {end}" 1665 1666 def withingroup_sql(self, expression: exp.WithinGroup) -> str: 1667 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 1668 expression_sql = self.sql(expression, "expression")[1:] # order has a leading space 1669 return f"{this} WITHIN GROUP ({expression_sql})" 1670 1671 def between_sql(self, expression: exp.Between) -> str: 1672 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 1673 low = self.sql(expression, "low") 1674 high = self.sql(expression, "high") 1675 return f"{this} BETWEEN {low} AND {high}" 1676 1677 def bracket_sql(self, expression: exp.Bracket) -> str: 1678 expressions = apply_index_offset(expression.this, expression.expressions, self.index_offset) 1679 expressions_sql = ", ".join(self.sql(e) for e in expressions) 1680 1681 return f"{self.sql(expression, 'this')}[{expressions_sql}]" 1682 1683 def all_sql(self, expression: exp.All) -> str: 1684 return f"ALL {self.wrap(expression)}" 1685 1686 def any_sql(self, expression: exp.Any) -> str: 1687 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 1688 if isinstance(expression.this, exp.Subqueryable): 1689 this = self.wrap(this) 1690 return f"ANY {this}" 1691 1692 def exists_sql(self, expression: exp.Exists) -> str: 1693 return f"EXISTS{self.wrap(expression)}" 1694 1695 def case_sql(self, expression: exp.Case) -> str: 1696 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 1697 statements = [f"CASE {this}" if this else "CASE"] 1698 1699 for e in expression.args["ifs"]: 1700 statements.append(f"WHEN {self.sql(e, 'this')}") 1701 statements.append(f"THEN {self.sql(e, 'true')}") 1702 1703 default = self.sql(expression, "default") 1704 1705 if default: 1706 statements.append(f"ELSE {default}") 1707 1708 statements.append("END") 1709 1710 if self.pretty and self.text_width(statements) > self._max_text_width: 1711 return self.indent("\n".join(statements), skip_first=True, skip_last=True) 1712 1713 return " ".join(statements) 1714 1715 def constraint_sql(self, expression: exp.Constraint) -> str: 1716 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 1717 expressions = self.expressions(expression, flat=True) 1718 return f"CONSTRAINT {this} {expressions}" 1719 1720 def nextvaluefor_sql(self, expression: exp.NextValueFor) -> str: 1721 order = expression.args.get("order") 1722 order = f" OVER ({self.order_sql(order, flat=True)})" if order else "" 1723 return f"NEXT VALUE FOR {self.sql(expression, 'this')}{order}" 1724 1725 def extract_sql(self, expression: exp.Extract) -> str: 1726 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 1727 expression_sql = self.sql(expression, "expression") 1728 return f"EXTRACT({this} FROM {expression_sql})" 1729 1730 def trim_sql(self, expression: exp.Trim) -> str: 1731 trim_type = self.sql(expression, "position") 1732 1733 if trim_type == "LEADING": 1734 return self.func("LTRIM", expression.this) 1735 elif trim_type == "TRAILING": 1736 return self.func("RTRIM", expression.this) 1737 else: 1738 return self.func("TRIM", expression.this, expression.expression) 1739 1740 def concat_sql(self, expression: exp.Concat) -> str: 1741 if len(expression.expressions) == 1: 1742 return self.sql(expression.expressions[0]) 1743 return self.function_fallback_sql(expression) 1744 1745 def check_sql(self, expression: exp.Check) -> str: 1746 this = self.sql(expression, key="this") 1747 return f"CHECK ({this})" 1748 1749 def foreignkey_sql(self, expression: exp.ForeignKey) -> str: 1750 expressions = self.expressions(expression, flat=True) 1751 reference = self.sql(expression, "reference") 1752 reference = f" {reference}" if reference else "" 1753 delete = self.sql(expression, "delete") 1754 delete = f" ON DELETE {delete}" if delete else "" 1755 update = self.sql(expression, "update") 1756 update = f" ON UPDATE {update}" if update else "" 1757 return f"FOREIGN KEY ({expressions}){reference}{delete}{update}" 1758 1759 def primarykey_sql(self, expression: exp.ForeignKey) -> str: 1760 expressions = self.expressions(expression, flat=True) 1761 options = self.expressions(expression, key="options", flat=True, sep=" ") 1762 options = f" {options}" if options else "" 1763 return f"PRIMARY KEY ({expressions}){options}" 1764 1765 def unique_sql(self, expression: exp.Unique) -> str: 1766 columns = self.expressions(expression, key="expressions") 1767 return f"UNIQUE ({columns})" 1768 1769 def if_sql(self, expression: exp.If) -> str: 1770 return self.case_sql( 1771 exp.Case(ifs=[expression.copy()], default=expression.args.get("false")) 1772 ) 1773 1774 def matchagainst_sql(self, expression: exp.MatchAgainst) -> str: 1775 modifier = expression.args.get("modifier") 1776 modifier = f" {modifier}" if modifier else "" 1777 return f"{self.func('MATCH', *expression.expressions)} AGAINST({self.sql(expression, 'this')}{modifier})" 1778 1779 def jsonkeyvalue_sql(self, expression: exp.JSONKeyValue) -> str: 1780 return f"{self.sql(expression, 'this')}: {self.sql(expression, 'expression')}" 1781 1782 def jsonobject_sql(self, expression: exp.JSONObject) -> str: 1783 expressions = self.expressions(expression) 1784 null_handling = expression.args.get("null_handling") 1785 null_handling = f" {null_handling}" if null_handling else "" 1786 unique_keys = expression.args.get("unique_keys") 1787 if unique_keys is not None: 1788 unique_keys = f" {'WITH' if unique_keys else 'WITHOUT'} UNIQUE KEYS" 1789 else: 1790 unique_keys = "" 1791 return_type = self.sql(expression, "return_type") 1792 return_type = f" RETURNING {return_type}" if return_type else "" 1793 format_json = " FORMAT JSON" if expression.args.get("format_json") else "" 1794 encoding = self.sql(expression, "encoding") 1795 encoding = f" ENCODING {encoding}" if encoding else "" 1796 return f"JSON_OBJECT({expressions}{null_handling}{unique_keys}{return_type}{format_json}{encoding})" 1797 1798 def openjsoncolumndef_sql(self, expression: exp.OpenJSONColumnDef) -> str: 1799 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 1800 kind = self.sql(expression, "kind") 1801 path = self.sql(expression, "path") 1802 path = f" {path}" if path else "" 1803 as_json = " AS JSON" if expression.args.get("as_json") else "" 1804 return f"{this} {kind}{path}{as_json}" 1805 1806 def openjson_sql(self, expression: exp.OpenJSON) -> str: 1807 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 1808 path = self.sql(expression, "path") 1809 path = f", {path}" if path else "" 1810 expressions = self.expressions(expression) 1811 with_ = ( 1812 f" WITH ({self.seg(self.indent(expressions), sep='')}{self.seg(')', sep='')}" 1813 if expressions 1814 else "" 1815 ) 1816 return f"OPENJSON({this}{path}){with_}" 1817 1818 def in_sql(self, expression: exp.In) -> str: 1819 query = expression.args.get("query") 1820 unnest = expression.args.get("unnest") 1821 field = expression.args.get("field") 1822 is_global = " GLOBAL" if expression.args.get("is_global") else "" 1823 1824 if query: 1825 in_sql = self.wrap(query) 1826 elif unnest: 1827 in_sql = self.in_unnest_op(unnest) 1828 elif field: 1829 in_sql = self.sql(field) 1830 else: 1831 in_sql = f"({self.expressions(expression, flat=True)})" 1832 1833 return f"{self.sql(expression, 'this')}{is_global} IN {in_sql}" 1834 1835 def in_unnest_op(self, unnest: exp.Unnest) -> str: 1836 return f"(SELECT {self.sql(unnest)})" 1837 1838 def interval_sql(self, expression: exp.Interval) -> str: 1839 unit = self.sql(expression, "unit") 1840 if not self.INTERVAL_ALLOWS_PLURAL_FORM: 1841 unit = self.TIME_PART_SINGULARS.get(unit.lower(), unit) 1842 unit = f" {unit}" if unit else "" 1843 1844 if self.SINGLE_STRING_INTERVAL: 1845 this = expression.this.name if expression.this else "" 1846 return f"INTERVAL '{this}{unit}'" 1847 1848 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 1849 if this: 1850 unwrapped = isinstance(expression.this, self.UNWRAPPED_INTERVAL_VALUES) 1851 this = f" {this}" if unwrapped else f" ({this})" 1852 1853 return f"INTERVAL{this}{unit}" 1854 1855 def return_sql(self, expression: exp.Return) -> str: 1856 return f"RETURN {self.sql(expression, 'this')}" 1857 1858 def reference_sql(self, expression: exp.Reference) -> str: 1859 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 1860 expressions = self.expressions(expression, flat=True) 1861 expressions = f"({expressions})" if expressions else "" 1862 options = self.expressions(expression, key="options", flat=True, sep=" ") 1863 options = f" {options}" if options else "" 1864 return f"REFERENCES {this}{expressions}{options}" 1865 1866 def anonymous_sql(self, expression: exp.Anonymous) -> str: 1867 return self.func(expression.name, *expression.expressions) 1868 1869 def paren_sql(self, expression: exp.Paren) -> str: 1870 if isinstance(expression.unnest(), exp.Select): 1871 sql = self.wrap(expression) 1872 else: 1873 sql = self.seg(self.indent(self.sql(expression, "this")), sep="") 1874 sql = f"({sql}{self.seg(')', sep='')}" 1875 1876 return self.prepend_ctes(expression, sql) 1877 1878 def neg_sql(self, expression: exp.Neg) -> str: 1879 # This makes sure we don't convert "- - 5" to "--5", which is a comment 1880 this_sql = self.sql(expression, "this") 1881 sep = " " if this_sql[0] == "-" else "" 1882 return f"-{sep}{this_sql}" 1883 1884 def not_sql(self, expression: exp.Not) -> str: 1885 return f"NOT {self.sql(expression, 'this')}" 1886 1887 def alias_sql(self, expression: exp.Alias) -> str: 1888 alias = self.sql(expression, "alias") 1889 alias = f" AS {alias}" if alias else "" 1890 return f"{self.sql(expression, 'this')}{alias}" 1891 1892 def aliases_sql(self, expression: exp.Aliases) -> str: 1893 return f"{self.sql(expression, 'this')} AS ({self.expressions(expression, flat=True)})" 1894 1895 def attimezone_sql(self, expression: exp.AtTimeZone) -> str: 1896 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 1897 zone = self.sql(expression, "zone") 1898 return f"{this} AT TIME ZONE {zone}" 1899 1900 def add_sql(self, expression: exp.Add) -> str: 1901 return self.binary(expression, "+") 1902 1903 def and_sql(self, expression: exp.And) -> str: 1904 return self.connector_sql(expression, "AND") 1905 1906 def connector_sql(self, expression: exp.Connector, op: str) -> str: 1907 if not self.pretty: 1908 return self.binary(expression, op) 1909 1910 sqls = tuple( 1911 self.maybe_comment(self.sql(e), e, e.parent.comments or []) if i != 1 else self.sql(e) 1912 for i, e in enumerate(expression.flatten(unnest=False)) 1913 ) 1914 1915 sep = "\n" if self.text_width(sqls) > self._max_text_width else " " 1916 return f"{sep}{op} ".join(sqls) 1917 1918 def bitwiseand_sql(self, expression: exp.BitwiseAnd) -> str: 1919 return self.binary(expression, "&") 1920 1921 def bitwiseleftshift_sql(self, expression: exp.BitwiseLeftShift) -> str: 1922 return self.binary(expression, "<<") 1923 1924 def bitwisenot_sql(self, expression: exp.BitwiseNot) -> str: 1925 return f"~{self.sql(expression, 'this')}" 1926 1927 def bitwiseor_sql(self, expression: exp.BitwiseOr) -> str: 1928 return self.binary(expression, "|") 1929 1930 def bitwiserightshift_sql(self, expression: exp.BitwiseRightShift) -> str: 1931 return self.binary(expression, ">>") 1932 1933 def bitwisexor_sql(self, expression: exp.BitwiseXor) -> str: 1934 return self.binary(expression, "^") 1935 1936 def cast_sql(self, expression: exp.Cast) -> str: 1937 return f"CAST({self.sql(expression, 'this')} AS {self.sql(expression, 'to')})" 1938 1939 def currentdate_sql(self, expression: exp.CurrentDate) -> str: 1940 zone = self.sql(expression, "this") 1941 return f"CURRENT_DATE({zone})" if zone else "CURRENT_DATE" 1942 1943 def collate_sql(self, expression: exp.Collate) -> str: 1944 return self.binary(expression, "COLLATE") 1945 1946 def command_sql(self, expression: exp.Command) -> str: 1947 return f"{self.sql(expression, 'this').upper()} {expression.text('expression').strip()}" 1948 1949 def comment_sql(self, expression: exp.Comment) -> str: 1950 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 1951 kind = expression.args["kind"] 1952 exists_sql = " IF EXISTS " if expression.args.get("exists") else " " 1953 expression_sql = self.sql(expression, "expression") 1954 return f"COMMENT{exists_sql}ON {kind} {this} IS {expression_sql}" 1955 1956 def mergetreettlaction_sql(self, expression: exp.MergeTreeTTLAction) -> str: 1957 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 1958 delete = " DELETE" if expression.args.get("delete") else "" 1959 recompress = self.sql(expression, "recompress") 1960 recompress = f" RECOMPRESS {recompress}" if recompress else "" 1961 to_disk = self.sql(expression, "to_disk") 1962 to_disk = f" TO DISK {to_disk}" if to_disk else "" 1963 to_volume = self.sql(expression, "to_volume") 1964 to_volume = f" TO VOLUME {to_volume}" if to_volume else "" 1965 return f"{this}{delete}{recompress}{to_disk}{to_volume}" 1966 1967 def mergetreettl_sql(self, expression: exp.MergeTreeTTL) -> str: 1968 where = self.sql(expression, "where") 1969 group = self.sql(expression, "group") 1970 aggregates = self.expressions(expression, key="aggregates") 1971 aggregates = self.seg("SET") + self.seg(aggregates) if aggregates else "" 1972 1973 if not (where or group or aggregates) and len(expression.expressions) == 1: 1974 return f"TTL {self.expressions(expression, flat=True)}" 1975 1976 return f"TTL{self.seg(self.expressions(expression))}{where}{group}{aggregates}" 1977 1978 def transaction_sql(self, expression: exp.Transaction) -> str: 1979 return "BEGIN" 1980 1981 def commit_sql(self, expression: exp.Commit) -> str: 1982 chain = expression.args.get("chain") 1983 if chain is not None: 1984 chain = " AND CHAIN" if chain else " AND NO CHAIN" 1985 1986 return f"COMMIT{chain or ''}" 1987 1988 def rollback_sql(self, expression: exp.Rollback) -> str: 1989 savepoint = expression.args.get("savepoint") 1990 savepoint = f" TO {savepoint}" if savepoint else "" 1991 return f"ROLLBACK{savepoint}" 1992 1993 def altercolumn_sql(self, expression: exp.AlterColumn) -> str: 1994 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 1995 1996 dtype = self.sql(expression, "dtype") 1997 if dtype: 1998 collate = self.sql(expression, "collate") 1999 collate = f" COLLATE {collate}" if collate else "" 2000 using = self.sql(expression, "using") 2001 using = f" USING {using}" if using else "" 2002 return f"ALTER COLUMN {this} TYPE {dtype}{collate}{using}" 2003 2004 default = self.sql(expression, "default") 2005 if default: 2006 return f"ALTER COLUMN {this} SET DEFAULT {default}" 2007 2008 if not expression.args.get("drop"): 2009 self.unsupported("Unsupported ALTER COLUMN syntax") 2010 2011 return f"ALTER COLUMN {this} DROP DEFAULT" 2012 2013 def renametable_sql(self, expression: exp.RenameTable) -> str: 2014 if not self.RENAME_TABLE_WITH_DB: 2015 # Remove db from tables 2016 expression = expression.transform( 2017 lambda n: exp.table_(n.this) if isinstance(n, exp.Table) else n 2018 ) 2019 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 2020 return f"RENAME TO {this}" 2021 2022 def altertable_sql(self, expression: exp.AlterTable) -> str: 2023 actions = expression.args["actions"] 2024 2025 if isinstance(actions[0], exp.ColumnDef): 2026 actions = self.expressions(expression, key="actions", prefix="ADD COLUMN ") 2027 elif isinstance(actions[0], exp.Schema): 2028 actions = self.expressions(expression, key="actions", prefix="ADD COLUMNS ") 2029 elif isinstance(actions[0], exp.Delete): 2030 actions = self.expressions(expression, key="actions", flat=True) 2031 else: 2032 actions = self.expressions(expression, key="actions") 2033 2034 exists = " IF EXISTS" if expression.args.get("exists") else "" 2035 return f"ALTER TABLE{exists} {self.sql(expression, 'this')} {actions}" 2036 2037 def droppartition_sql(self, expression: exp.DropPartition) -> str: 2038 expressions = self.expressions(expression) 2039 exists = " IF EXISTS " if expression.args.get("exists") else " " 2040 return f"DROP{exists}{expressions}" 2041 2042 def addconstraint_sql(self, expression: exp.AddConstraint) -> str: 2043 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 2044 expression_ = self.sql(expression, "expression") 2045 add_constraint = f"ADD CONSTRAINT {this}" if this else "ADD" 2046 2047 enforced = expression.args.get("enforced") 2048 if enforced is not None: 2049 return f"{add_constraint} CHECK ({expression_}){' ENFORCED' if enforced else ''}" 2050 2051 return f"{add_constraint} {expression_}" 2052 2053 def distinct_sql(self, expression: exp.Distinct) -> str: 2054 this = self.expressions(expression, flat=True) 2055 this = f" {this}" if this else "" 2056 2057 on = self.sql(expression, "on") 2058 on = f" ON {on}" if on else "" 2059 return f"DISTINCT{this}{on}" 2060 2061 def ignorenulls_sql(self, expression: exp.IgnoreNulls) -> str: 2062 return f"{self.sql(expression, 'this')} IGNORE NULLS" 2063 2064 def respectnulls_sql(self, expression: exp.RespectNulls) -> str: 2065 return f"{self.sql(expression, 'this')} RESPECT NULLS" 2066 2067 def intdiv_sql(self, expression: exp.IntDiv) -> str: 2068 return self.sql( 2069 exp.Cast( 2070 this=exp.Div(this=expression.this, expression=expression.expression), 2071 to=exp.DataType(this=exp.DataType.Type.INT), 2072 ) 2073 ) 2074 2075 def dpipe_sql(self, expression: exp.DPipe) -> str: 2076 return self.binary(expression, "||") 2077 2078 def div_sql(self, expression: exp.Div) -> str: 2079 return self.binary(expression, "/") 2080 2081 def overlaps_sql(self, expression: exp.Overlaps) -> str: 2082 return self.binary(expression, "OVERLAPS") 2083 2084 def distance_sql(self, expression: exp.Distance) -> str: 2085 return self.binary(expression, "<->") 2086 2087 def dot_sql(self, expression: exp.Dot) -> str: 2088 return f"{self.sql(expression, 'this')}.{self.sql(expression, 'expression')}" 2089 2090 def eq_sql(self, expression: exp.EQ) -> str: 2091 return self.binary(expression, "=") 2092 2093 def escape_sql(self, expression: exp.Escape) -> str: 2094 return self.binary(expression, "ESCAPE") 2095 2096 def glob_sql(self, expression: exp.Glob) -> str: 2097 return self.binary(expression, "GLOB") 2098 2099 def gt_sql(self, expression: exp.GT) -> str: 2100 return self.binary(expression, ">") 2101 2102 def gte_sql(self, expression: exp.GTE) -> str: 2103 return self.binary(expression, ">=") 2104 2105 def ilike_sql(self, expression: exp.ILike) -> str: 2106 return self.binary(expression, "ILIKE") 2107 2108 def ilikeany_sql(self, expression: exp.ILikeAny) -> str: 2109 return self.binary(expression, "ILIKE ANY") 2110 2111 def is_sql(self, expression: exp.Is) -> str: 2112 return self.binary(expression, "IS") 2113 2114 def like_sql(self, expression: exp.Like) -> str: 2115 return self.binary(expression, "LIKE") 2116 2117 def likeany_sql(self, expression: exp.LikeAny) -> str: 2118 return self.binary(expression, "LIKE ANY") 2119 2120 def similarto_sql(self, expression: exp.SimilarTo) -> str: 2121 return self.binary(expression, "SIMILAR TO") 2122 2123 def lt_sql(self, expression: exp.LT) -> str: 2124 return self.binary(expression, "<") 2125 2126 def lte_sql(self, expression: exp.LTE) -> str: 2127 return self.binary(expression, "<=") 2128 2129 def mod_sql(self, expression: exp.Mod) -> str: 2130 return self.binary(expression, "%") 2131 2132 def mul_sql(self, expression: exp.Mul) -> str: 2133 return self.binary(expression, "*") 2134 2135 def neq_sql(self, expression: exp.NEQ) -> str: 2136 return self.binary(expression, "<>") 2137 2138 def nullsafeeq_sql(self, expression: exp.NullSafeEQ) -> str: 2139 return self.binary(expression, "IS NOT DISTINCT FROM") 2140 2141 def nullsafeneq_sql(self, expression: exp.NullSafeNEQ) -> str: 2142 return self.binary(expression, "IS DISTINCT FROM") 2143 2144 def or_sql(self, expression: exp.Or) -> str: 2145 return self.connector_sql(expression, "OR") 2146 2147 def slice_sql(self, expression: exp.Slice) -> str: 2148 return self.binary(expression, ":") 2149 2150 def sub_sql(self, expression: exp.Sub) -> str: 2151 return self.binary(expression, "-") 2152 2153 def trycast_sql(self, expression: exp.TryCast) -> str: 2154 return f"TRY_CAST({self.sql(expression, 'this')} AS {self.sql(expression, 'to')})" 2155 2156 def use_sql(self, expression: exp.Use) -> str: 2157 kind = self.sql(expression, "kind") 2158 kind = f" {kind}" if kind else "" 2159 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 2160 this = f" {this}" if this else "" 2161 return f"USE{kind}{this}" 2162 2163 def binary(self, expression: exp.Binary, op: str) -> str: 2164 op = self.maybe_comment(op, comments=expression.comments) 2165 return f"{self.sql(expression, 'this')} {op} {self.sql(expression, 'expression')}" 2166 2167 def function_fallback_sql(self, expression: exp.Func) -> str: 2168 args = [] 2169 for arg_value in expression.args.values(): 2170 if isinstance(arg_value, list): 2171 for value in arg_value: 2172 args.append(value) 2173 else: 2174 args.append(arg_value) 2175 2176 return self.func(expression.sql_name(), *args) 2177 2178 def func(self, name: str, *args: t.Optional[exp.Expression | str]) -> str: 2179 return f"{self.normalize_func(name)}({self.format_args(*args)})" 2180 2181 def format_args(self, *args: t.Optional[str | exp.Expression]) -> str: 2182 arg_sqls = tuple(self.sql(arg) for arg in args if arg is not None) 2183 if self.pretty and self.text_width(arg_sqls) > self._max_text_width: 2184 return self.indent("\n" + f",\n".join(arg_sqls) + "\n", skip_first=True, skip_last=True) 2185 return ", ".join(arg_sqls) 2186 2187 def text_width(self, args: t.Iterable) -> int: 2188 return sum(len(arg) for arg in args) 2189 2190 def format_time(self, expression: exp.Expression) -> t.Optional[str]: 2191 return format_time(self.sql(expression, "format"), self.time_mapping, self.time_trie) 2192 2193 def expressions( 2194 self, 2195 expression: t.Optional[exp.Expression] = None, 2196 key: t.Optional[str] = None, 2197 sqls: t.Optional[t.List[str]] = None, 2198 flat: bool = False, 2199 indent: bool = True, 2200 sep: str = ", ", 2201 prefix: str = "", 2202 ) -> str: 2203 expressions = expression.args.get(key or "expressions") if expression else sqls 2204 2205 if not expressions: 2206 return "" 2207 2208 if flat: 2209 return sep.join(self.sql(e) for e in expressions) 2210 2211 num_sqls = len(expressions) 2212 2213 # These are calculated once in case we have the leading_comma / pretty option set, correspondingly 2214 pad = " " * self.pad 2215 stripped_sep = sep.strip() 2216 2217 result_sqls = [] 2218 for i, e in enumerate(expressions): 2219 sql = self.sql(e, comment=False) 2220 comments = self.maybe_comment("", e) if isinstance(e, exp.Expression) else "" 2221 2222 if self.pretty: 2223 if self._leading_comma: 2224 result_sqls.append(f"{sep if i > 0 else pad}{prefix}{sql}{comments}") 2225 else: 2226 result_sqls.append( 2227 f"{prefix}{sql}{stripped_sep if i + 1 < num_sqls else ''}{comments}" 2228 ) 2229 else: 2230 result_sqls.append(f"{prefix}{sql}{comments}{sep if i + 1 < num_sqls else ''}") 2231 2232 result_sql = "\n".join(result_sqls) if self.pretty else "".join(result_sqls) 2233 return self.indent(result_sql, skip_first=False) if indent else result_sql 2234 2235 def op_expressions(self, op: str, expression: exp.Expression, flat: bool = False) -> str: 2236 flat = flat or isinstance(expression.parent, exp.Properties) 2237 expressions_sql = self.expressions(expression, flat=flat) 2238 if flat: 2239 return f"{op} {expressions_sql}" 2240 return f"{self.seg(op)}{self.sep() if expressions_sql else ''}{expressions_sql}" 2241 2242 def naked_property(self, expression: exp.Property) -> str: 2243 property_name = exp.Properties.PROPERTY_TO_NAME.get(expression.__class__) 2244 if not property_name: 2245 self.unsupported(f"Unsupported property {expression.__class__.__name__}") 2246 return f"{property_name} {self.sql(expression, 'this')}" 2247 2248 def set_operation(self, expression: exp.Expression, op: str) -> str: 2249 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 2250 op = self.seg(op) 2251 return self.query_modifiers( 2252 expression, f"{this}{op}{self.sep()}{self.sql(expression, 'expression')}" 2253 ) 2254 2255 def tag_sql(self, expression: exp.Tag) -> str: 2256 return f"{expression.args.get('prefix')}{self.sql(expression.this)}{expression.args.get('postfix')}" 2257 2258 def token_sql(self, token_type: TokenType) -> str: 2259 return self.TOKEN_MAPPING.get(token_type, token_type.name) 2260 2261 def userdefinedfunction_sql(self, expression: exp.UserDefinedFunction) -> str: 2262 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 2263 expressions = self.no_identify(self.expressions, expression) 2264 expressions = ( 2265 self.wrap(expressions) if expression.args.get("wrapped") else f" {expressions}" 2266 ) 2267 return f"{this}{expressions}" 2268 2269 def joinhint_sql(self, expression: exp.JoinHint) -> str: 2270 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 2271 expressions = self.expressions(expression, flat=True) 2272 return f"{this}({expressions})" 2273 2274 def kwarg_sql(self, expression: exp.Kwarg) -> str: 2275 return self.binary(expression, "=>") 2276 2277 def when_sql(self, expression: exp.When) -> str: 2278 matched = "MATCHED" if expression.args["matched"] else "NOT MATCHED" 2279 source = " BY SOURCE" if self.MATCHED_BY_SOURCE and expression.args.get("source") else "" 2280 condition = self.sql(expression, "condition") 2281 condition = f" AND {condition}" if condition else "" 2282 2283 then_expression = expression.args.get("then") 2284 if isinstance(then_expression, exp.Insert): 2285 then = f"INSERT {self.sql(then_expression, 'this')}" 2286 if "expression" in then_expression.args: 2287 then += f" VALUES {self.sql(then_expression, 'expression')}" 2288 elif isinstance(then_expression, exp.Update): 2289 if isinstance(then_expression.args.get("expressions"), exp.Star): 2290 then = f"UPDATE {self.sql(then_expression, 'expressions')}" 2291 else: 2292 then = f"UPDATE SET {self.expressions(then_expression, flat=True)}" 2293 else: 2294 then = self.sql(then_expression) 2295 return f"WHEN {matched}{source}{condition} THEN {then}" 2296 2297 def merge_sql(self, expression: exp.Merge) -> str: 2298 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 2299 using = f"USING {self.sql(expression, 'using')}" 2300 on = f"ON {self.sql(expression, 'on')}" 2301 return f"MERGE INTO {this} {using} {on} {self.expressions(expression, sep=' ')}" 2302 2303 def tochar_sql(self, expression: exp.ToChar) -> str: 2304 if expression.args.get("format"): 2305 self.unsupported("Format argument unsupported for TO_CHAR/TO_VARCHAR function") 2306 2307 return self.sql(exp.cast(expression.this, "text"))
class
Generator:
16class Generator: 17 """ 18 Generator interprets the given syntax tree and produces a SQL string as an output. 19 20 Args: 21 time_mapping (dict): the dictionary of custom time mappings in which the key 22 represents a python time format and the output the target time format 23 time_trie (trie): a trie of the time_mapping keys 24 pretty (bool): if set to True the returned string will be formatted. Default: False. 25 quote_start (str): specifies which starting character to use to delimit quotes. Default: '. 26 quote_end (str): specifies which ending character to use to delimit quotes. Default: '. 27 identifier_start (str): specifies which starting character to use to delimit identifiers. Default: ". 28 identifier_end (str): specifies which ending character to use to delimit identifiers. Default: ". 29 bit_start (str): specifies which starting character to use to delimit bit literals. Default: None. 30 bit_end (str): specifies which ending character to use to delimit bit literals. Default: None. 31 hex_start (str): specifies which starting character to use to delimit hex literals. Default: None. 32 hex_end (str): specifies which ending character to use to delimit hex literals. Default: None. 33 byte_start (str): specifies which starting character to use to delimit byte literals. Default: None. 34 byte_end (str): specifies which ending character to use to delimit byte literals. Default: None. 35 identify (bool | str): 'always': always quote, 'safe': quote identifiers if they don't contain an upcase, True defaults to always. 36 normalize (bool): if set to True all identifiers will lower cased 37 string_escape (str): specifies a string escape character. Default: '. 38 identifier_escape (str): specifies an identifier escape character. Default: ". 39 pad (int): determines padding in a formatted string. Default: 2. 40 indent (int): determines the size of indentation in a formatted string. Default: 4. 41 unnest_column_only (bool): if true unnest table aliases are considered only as column aliases 42 normalize_functions (str): normalize function names, "upper", "lower", or None 43 Default: "upper" 44 alias_post_tablesample (bool): if the table alias comes after tablesample 45 Default: False 46 unsupported_level (ErrorLevel): determines the generator's behavior when it encounters 47 unsupported expressions. Default ErrorLevel.WARN. 48 null_ordering (str): Indicates the default null ordering method to use if not explicitly set. 49 Options are "nulls_are_small", "nulls_are_large", "nulls_are_last". 50 Default: "nulls_are_small" 51 max_unsupported (int): Maximum number of unsupported messages to include in a raised UnsupportedError. 52 This is only relevant if unsupported_level is ErrorLevel.RAISE. 53 Default: 3 54 leading_comma (bool): if the the comma is leading or trailing in select statements 55 Default: False 56 max_text_width: The max number of characters in a segment before creating new lines in pretty mode. 57 The default is on the smaller end because the length only represents a segment and not the true 58 line length. 59 Default: 80 60 comments: Whether or not to preserve comments in the output SQL code. 61 Default: True 62 """ 63 64 TRANSFORMS = { 65 exp.DateAdd: lambda self, e: self.func( 66 "DATE_ADD", e.this, e.expression, exp.Literal.string(e.text("unit")) 67 ), 68 exp.TsOrDsAdd: lambda self, e: self.func( 69 "TS_OR_DS_ADD", e.this, e.expression, exp.Literal.string(e.text("unit")) 70 ), 71 exp.VarMap: lambda self, e: self.func("MAP", e.args["keys"], e.args["values"]), 72 exp.CharacterSetProperty: lambda self, e: f"{'DEFAULT ' if e.args.get('default') else ''}CHARACTER SET={self.sql(e, 'this')}", 73 exp.ExecuteAsProperty: lambda self, e: self.naked_property(e), 74 exp.ExternalProperty: lambda self, e: "EXTERNAL", 75 exp.LanguageProperty: lambda self, e: self.naked_property(e), 76 exp.LocationProperty: lambda self, e: self.naked_property(e), 77 exp.LogProperty: lambda self, e: f"{'NO ' if e.args.get('no') else ''}LOG", 78 exp.MaterializedProperty: lambda self, e: "MATERIALIZED", 79 exp.NoPrimaryIndexProperty: lambda self, e: "NO PRIMARY INDEX", 80 exp.OnCommitProperty: lambda self, e: "ON COMMIT PRESERVE ROWS", 81 exp.ReturnsProperty: lambda self, e: self.naked_property(e), 82 exp.SetProperty: lambda self, e: f"{'MULTI' if e.args.get('multi') else ''}SET", 83 exp.SettingsProperty: lambda self, e: f"SETTINGS{self.seg('')}{(self.expressions(e))}", 84 exp.SqlSecurityProperty: lambda self, e: f"SQL SECURITY {'DEFINER' if e.args.get('definer') else 'INVOKER'}", 85 exp.TemporaryProperty: lambda self, e: f"{'GLOBAL ' if e.args.get('global_') else ''}TEMPORARY", 86 exp.TransientProperty: lambda self, e: "TRANSIENT", 87 exp.StabilityProperty: lambda self, e: e.name, 88 exp.VolatileProperty: lambda self, e: "VOLATILE", 89 exp.WithJournalTableProperty: lambda self, e: f"WITH JOURNAL TABLE={self.sql(e, 'this')}", 90 exp.CaseSpecificColumnConstraint: lambda self, e: f"{'NOT ' if e.args.get('not_') else ''}CASESPECIFIC", 91 exp.CharacterSetColumnConstraint: lambda self, e: f"CHARACTER SET {self.sql(e, 'this')}", 92 exp.DateFormatColumnConstraint: lambda self, e: f"FORMAT {self.sql(e, 'this')}", 93 exp.OnUpdateColumnConstraint: lambda self, e: f"ON UPDATE {self.sql(e, 'this')}", 94 exp.UppercaseColumnConstraint: lambda self, e: f"UPPERCASE", 95 exp.TitleColumnConstraint: lambda self, e: f"TITLE {self.sql(e, 'this')}", 96 exp.PathColumnConstraint: lambda self, e: f"PATH {self.sql(e, 'this')}", 97 exp.CheckColumnConstraint: lambda self, e: f"CHECK ({self.sql(e, 'this')})", 98 exp.CommentColumnConstraint: lambda self, e: f"COMMENT {self.sql(e, 'this')}", 99 exp.CollateColumnConstraint: lambda self, e: f"COLLATE {self.sql(e, 'this')}", 100 exp.EncodeColumnConstraint: lambda self, e: f"ENCODE {self.sql(e, 'this')}", 101 exp.DefaultColumnConstraint: lambda self, e: f"DEFAULT {self.sql(e, 'this')}", 102 exp.InlineLengthColumnConstraint: lambda self, e: f"INLINE LENGTH {self.sql(e, 'this')}", 103 } 104 105 # Whether or not null ordering is supported in order by 106 NULL_ORDERING_SUPPORTED = True 107 108 # Whether or not locking reads (i.e. SELECT ... FOR UPDATE/SHARE) are supported 109 LOCKING_READS_SUPPORTED = False 110 111 # Always do union distinct or union all 112 EXPLICIT_UNION = False 113 114 # Wrap derived values in parens, usually standard but spark doesn't support it 115 WRAP_DERIVED_VALUES = True 116 117 # Whether or not create function uses an AS before the RETURN 118 CREATE_FUNCTION_RETURN_AS = True 119 120 # Whether or not MERGE ... WHEN MATCHED BY SOURCE is allowed 121 MATCHED_BY_SOURCE = True 122 123 # Whether or not the INTERVAL expression works only with values like '1 day' 124 SINGLE_STRING_INTERVAL = False 125 126 # Whether or not the plural form of date parts like day (i.e. "days") is supported in INTERVALs 127 INTERVAL_ALLOWS_PLURAL_FORM = True 128 129 # Whether or not the TABLESAMPLE clause supports a method name, like BERNOULLI 130 TABLESAMPLE_WITH_METHOD = True 131 132 # Whether or not to treat the number in TABLESAMPLE (50) as a percentage 133 TABLESAMPLE_SIZE_IS_PERCENT = False 134 135 # Whether or not limit and fetch are supported (possible values: "ALL", "LIMIT", "FETCH") 136 LIMIT_FETCH = "ALL" 137 138 # Whether a table is allowed to be renamed with a db 139 RENAME_TABLE_WITH_DB = True 140 141 # The separator for grouping sets and rollups 142 GROUPINGS_SEP = "," 143 144 TYPE_MAPPING = { 145 exp.DataType.Type.NCHAR: "CHAR", 146 exp.DataType.Type.NVARCHAR: "VARCHAR", 147 exp.DataType.Type.MEDIUMTEXT: "TEXT", 148 exp.DataType.Type.LONGTEXT: "TEXT", 149 exp.DataType.Type.MEDIUMBLOB: "BLOB", 150 exp.DataType.Type.LONGBLOB: "BLOB", 151 exp.DataType.Type.INET: "INET", 152 } 153 154 STAR_MAPPING = { 155 "except": "EXCEPT", 156 "replace": "REPLACE", 157 } 158 159 TIME_PART_SINGULARS = { 160 "microseconds": "microsecond", 161 "seconds": "second", 162 "minutes": "minute", 163 "hours": "hour", 164 "days": "day", 165 "weeks": "week", 166 "months": "month", 167 "quarters": "quarter", 168 "years": "year", 169 } 170 171 TOKEN_MAPPING: t.Dict[TokenType, str] = {} 172 173 STRUCT_DELIMITER = ("<", ">") 174 175 PARAMETER_TOKEN = "@" 176 177 PROPERTIES_LOCATION = { 178 exp.AfterJournalProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_NAME, 179 exp.AlgorithmProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_CREATE, 180 exp.AutoIncrementProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 181 exp.BlockCompressionProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_NAME, 182 exp.CharacterSetProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 183 exp.ChecksumProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_NAME, 184 exp.CollateProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 185 exp.Cluster: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 186 exp.DataBlocksizeProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_NAME, 187 exp.DefinerProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_CREATE, 188 exp.DistKeyProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 189 exp.DistStyleProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 190 exp.EngineProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 191 exp.ExecuteAsProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 192 exp.ExternalProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_CREATE, 193 exp.FallbackProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_NAME, 194 exp.FileFormatProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_WITH, 195 exp.FreespaceProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_NAME, 196 exp.IsolatedLoadingProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_NAME, 197 exp.JournalProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_NAME, 198 exp.LanguageProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 199 exp.LikeProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 200 exp.LocationProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 201 exp.LockingProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_ALIAS, 202 exp.LogProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_NAME, 203 exp.MaterializedProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_CREATE, 204 exp.MergeBlockRatioProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_NAME, 205 exp.NoPrimaryIndexProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_EXPRESSION, 206 exp.OnCommitProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_EXPRESSION, 207 exp.Order: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 208 exp.PartitionedByProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_WITH, 209 exp.PrimaryKey: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 210 exp.Property: exp.Properties.Location.POST_WITH, 211 exp.ReturnsProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 212 exp.RowFormatProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 213 exp.RowFormatDelimitedProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 214 exp.RowFormatSerdeProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 215 exp.SchemaCommentProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 216 exp.SerdeProperties: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 217 exp.Set: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 218 exp.SettingsProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 219 exp.SetProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_CREATE, 220 exp.SortKeyProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 221 exp.SqlSecurityProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_CREATE, 222 exp.StabilityProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 223 exp.TableFormatProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_WITH, 224 exp.TemporaryProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_CREATE, 225 exp.TransientProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_CREATE, 226 exp.MergeTreeTTL: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 227 exp.VolatileProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_CREATE, 228 exp.WithDataProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_EXPRESSION, 229 exp.WithJournalTableProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_NAME, 230 } 231 232 JOIN_HINTS = True 233 TABLE_HINTS = True 234 235 RESERVED_KEYWORDS: t.Set[str] = set() 236 WITH_SEPARATED_COMMENTS = (exp.Select, exp.From, exp.Where, exp.With) 237 UNWRAPPED_INTERVAL_VALUES = (exp.Literal, exp.Paren, exp.Column) 238 239 SENTINEL_LINE_BREAK = "__SQLGLOT__LB__" 240 241 __slots__ = ( 242 "time_mapping", 243 "time_trie", 244 "pretty", 245 "quote_start", 246 "quote_end", 247 "identifier_start", 248 "identifier_end", 249 "bit_start", 250 "bit_end", 251 "hex_start", 252 "hex_end", 253 "byte_start", 254 "byte_end", 255 "identify", 256 "normalize", 257 "string_escape", 258 "identifier_escape", 259 "pad", 260 "index_offset", 261 "unnest_column_only", 262 "alias_post_tablesample", 263 "normalize_functions", 264 "unsupported_level", 265 "unsupported_messages", 266 "null_ordering", 267 "max_unsupported", 268 "_indent", 269 "_escaped_quote_end", 270 "_escaped_identifier_end", 271 "_leading_comma", 272 "_max_text_width", 273 "_comments", 274 "_cache", 275 ) 276 277 def __init__( 278 self, 279 time_mapping=None, 280 time_trie=None, 281 pretty=None, 282 quote_start=None, 283 quote_end=None, 284 identifier_start=None, 285 identifier_end=None, 286 bit_start=None, 287 bit_end=None, 288 hex_start=None, 289 hex_end=None, 290 byte_start=None, 291 byte_end=None, 292 identify=False, 293 normalize=False, 294 string_escape=None, 295 identifier_escape=None, 296 pad=2, 297 indent=2, 298 index_offset=0, 299 unnest_column_only=False, 300 alias_post_tablesample=False, 301 normalize_functions="upper", 302 unsupported_level=ErrorLevel.WARN, 303 null_ordering=None, 304 max_unsupported=3, 305 leading_comma=False, 306 max_text_width=80, 307 comments=True, 308 ): 309 import sqlglot 310 311 self.time_mapping = time_mapping or {} 312 self.time_trie = time_trie 313 self.pretty = pretty if pretty is not None else sqlglot.pretty 314 self.quote_start = quote_start or "'" 315 self.quote_end = quote_end or "'" 316 self.identifier_start = identifier_start or '"' 317 self.identifier_end = identifier_end or '"' 318 self.bit_start = bit_start 319 self.bit_end = bit_end 320 self.hex_start = hex_start 321 self.hex_end = hex_end 322 self.byte_start = byte_start 323 self.byte_end = byte_end 324 self.identify = identify 325 self.normalize = normalize 326 self.string_escape = string_escape or "'" 327 self.identifier_escape = identifier_escape or '"' 328 self.pad = pad 329 self.index_offset = index_offset 330 self.unnest_column_only = unnest_column_only 331 self.alias_post_tablesample = alias_post_tablesample 332 self.normalize_functions = normalize_functions 333 self.unsupported_level = unsupported_level 334 self.unsupported_messages = [] 335 self.max_unsupported = max_unsupported 336 self.null_ordering = null_ordering 337 self._indent = indent 338 self._escaped_quote_end = self.string_escape + self.quote_end 339 self._escaped_identifier_end = self.identifier_escape + self.identifier_end 340 self._leading_comma = leading_comma 341 self._max_text_width = max_text_width 342 self._comments = comments 343 self._cache = None 344 345 def generate( 346 self, 347 expression: t.Optional[exp.Expression], 348 cache: t.Optional[t.Dict[int, str]] = None, 349 ) -> str: 350 """ 351 Generates a SQL string by interpreting the given syntax tree. 352 353 Args 354 expression: the syntax tree. 355 cache: an optional sql string cache. this leverages the hash of an expression which is slow, so only use this if you set _hash on each node. 356 357 Returns 358 the SQL string. 359 """ 360 if cache is not None: 361 self._cache = cache 362 self.unsupported_messages = [] 363 sql = self.sql(expression).strip() 364 self._cache = None 365 366 if self.unsupported_level == ErrorLevel.IGNORE: 367 return sql 368 369 if self.unsupported_level == ErrorLevel.WARN: 370 for msg in self.unsupported_messages: 371 logger.warning(msg) 372 elif self.unsupported_level == ErrorLevel.RAISE and self.unsupported_messages: 373 raise UnsupportedError(concat_messages(self.unsupported_messages, self.max_unsupported)) 374 375 if self.pretty: 376 sql = sql.replace(self.SENTINEL_LINE_BREAK, "\n") 377 return sql 378 379 def unsupported(self, message: str) -> None: 380 if self.unsupported_level == ErrorLevel.IMMEDIATE: 381 raise UnsupportedError(message) 382 self.unsupported_messages.append(message) 383 384 def sep(self, sep: str = " ") -> str: 385 return f"{sep.strip()}\n" if self.pretty else sep 386 387 def seg(self, sql: str, sep: str = " ") -> str: 388 return f"{self.sep(sep)}{sql}" 389 390 def pad_comment(self, comment: str) -> str: 391 comment = " " + comment if comment[0].strip() else comment 392 comment = comment + " " if comment[-1].strip() else comment 393 return comment 394 395 def maybe_comment( 396 self, 397 sql: str, 398 expression: t.Optional[exp.Expression] = None, 399 comments: t.Optional[t.List[str]] = None, 400 ) -> str: 401 comments = ((expression and expression.comments) if comments is None else comments) if self._comments else None # type: ignore 402 403 if not comments or isinstance(expression, exp.Binary): 404 return sql 405 406 sep = "\n" if self.pretty else " " 407 comments_sql = sep.join( 408 f"/*{self.pad_comment(comment)}*/" for comment in comments if comment 409 ) 410 411 if not comments_sql: 412 return sql 413 414 if isinstance(expression, self.WITH_SEPARATED_COMMENTS): 415 return ( 416 f"{self.sep()}{comments_sql}{sql}" 417 if sql[0].isspace() 418 else f"{comments_sql}{self.sep()}{sql}" 419 ) 420 421 return f"{sql} {comments_sql}" 422 423 def wrap(self, expression: exp.Expression | str) -> str: 424 this_sql = self.indent( 425 self.sql(expression) 426 if isinstance(expression, (exp.Select, exp.Union)) 427 else self.sql(expression, "this"), 428 level=1, 429 pad=0, 430 ) 431 return f"({self.sep('')}{this_sql}{self.seg(')', sep='')}" 432 433 def no_identify(self, func: t.Callable[..., str], *args, **kwargs) -> str: 434 original = self.identify 435 self.identify = False 436 result = func(*args, **kwargs) 437 self.identify = original 438 return result 439 440 def normalize_func(self, name: str) -> str: 441 if self.normalize_functions == "upper": 442 return name.upper() 443 if self.normalize_functions == "lower": 444 return name.lower() 445 return name 446 447 def indent( 448 self, 449 sql: str, 450 level: int = 0, 451 pad: t.Optional[int] = None, 452 skip_first: bool = False, 453 skip_last: bool = False, 454 ) -> str: 455 if not self.pretty: 456 return sql 457 458 pad = self.pad if pad is None else pad 459 lines = sql.split("\n") 460 461 return "\n".join( 462 line 463 if (skip_first and i == 0) or (skip_last and i == len(lines) - 1) 464 else f"{' ' * (level * self._indent + pad)}{line}" 465 for i, line in enumerate(lines) 466 ) 467 468 def sql( 469 self, 470 expression: t.Optional[str | exp.Expression], 471 key: t.Optional[str] = None, 472 comment: bool = True, 473 ) -> str: 474 if not expression: 475 return "" 476 477 if isinstance(expression, str): 478 return expression 479 480 if key: 481 return self.sql(expression.args.get(key)) 482 483 if self._cache is not None: 484 expression_id = hash(expression) 485 486 if expression_id in self._cache: 487 return self._cache[expression_id] 488 489 transform = self.TRANSFORMS.get(expression.__class__) 490 491 if callable(transform): 492 sql = transform(self, expression) 493 elif transform: 494 sql = transform 495 elif isinstance(expression, exp.Expression): 496 exp_handler_name = f"{expression.key}_sql" 497 498 if hasattr(self, exp_handler_name): 499 sql = getattr(self, exp_handler_name)(expression) 500 elif isinstance(expression, exp.Func): 501 sql = self.function_fallback_sql(expression) 502 elif isinstance(expression, exp.Property): 503 sql = self.property_sql(expression) 504 else: 505 raise ValueError(f"Unsupported expression type {expression.__class__.__name__}") 506 else: 507 raise ValueError(f"Expected an Expression. Received {type(expression)}: {expression}") 508 509 sql = self.maybe_comment(sql, expression) if self._comments and comment else sql 510 511 if self._cache is not None: 512 self._cache[expression_id] = sql 513 return sql 514 515 def uncache_sql(self, expression: exp.Uncache) -> str: 516 table = self.sql(expression, "this") 517 exists_sql = " IF EXISTS" if expression.args.get("exists") else "" 518 return f"UNCACHE TABLE{exists_sql} {table}" 519 520 def cache_sql(self, expression: exp.Cache) -> str: 521 lazy = " LAZY" if expression.args.get("lazy") else "" 522 table = self.sql(expression, "this") 523 options = expression.args.get("options") 524 options = f" OPTIONS({self.sql(options[0])} = {self.sql(options[1])})" if options else "" 525 sql = self.sql(expression, "expression") 526 sql = f" AS{self.sep()}{sql}" if sql else "" 527 sql = f"CACHE{lazy} TABLE {table}{options}{sql}" 528 return self.prepend_ctes(expression, sql) 529 530 def characterset_sql(self, expression: exp.CharacterSet) -> str: 531 if isinstance(expression.parent, exp.Cast): 532 return f"CHAR CHARACTER SET {self.sql(expression, 'this')}" 533 default = "DEFAULT " if expression.args.get("default") else "" 534 return f"{default}CHARACTER SET={self.sql(expression, 'this')}" 535 536 def column_sql(self, expression: exp.Column) -> str: 537 return ".".join( 538 self.sql(part) 539 for part in ( 540 expression.args.get("catalog"), 541 expression.args.get("db"), 542 expression.args.get("table"), 543 expression.args.get("this"), 544 ) 545 if part 546 ) 547 548 def columnposition_sql(self, expression: exp.ColumnPosition) -> str: 549 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 550 this = f" {this}" if this else "" 551 position = self.sql(expression, "position") 552 return f"{position}{this}" 553 554 def columndef_sql(self, expression: exp.ColumnDef, sep: str = " ") -> str: 555 column = self.sql(expression, "this") 556 kind = self.sql(expression, "kind") 557 constraints = self.expressions(expression, key="constraints", sep=" ", flat=True) 558 exists = "IF NOT EXISTS " if expression.args.get("exists") else "" 559 kind = f"{sep}{kind}" if kind else "" 560 constraints = f" {constraints}" if constraints else "" 561 position = self.sql(expression, "position") 562 position = f" {position}" if position else "" 563 564 return f"{exists}{column}{kind}{constraints}{position}" 565 566 def columnconstraint_sql(self, expression: exp.ColumnConstraint) -> str: 567 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 568 kind_sql = self.sql(expression, "kind").strip() 569 return f"CONSTRAINT {this} {kind_sql}" if this else kind_sql 570 571 def autoincrementcolumnconstraint_sql(self, _) -> str: 572 return self.token_sql(TokenType.AUTO_INCREMENT) 573 574 def compresscolumnconstraint_sql(self, expression: exp.CompressColumnConstraint) -> str: 575 if isinstance(expression.this, list): 576 this = self.wrap(self.expressions(expression, key="this", flat=True)) 577 else: 578 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 579 580 return f"COMPRESS {this}" 581 582 def generatedasidentitycolumnconstraint_sql( 583 self, expression: exp.GeneratedAsIdentityColumnConstraint 584 ) -> str: 585 this = "" 586 if expression.this is not None: 587 on_null = "ON NULL " if expression.args.get("on_null") else "" 588 this = " ALWAYS " if expression.this else f" BY DEFAULT {on_null}" 589 590 start = expression.args.get("start") 591 start = f"START WITH {start}" if start else "" 592 increment = expression.args.get("increment") 593 increment = f" INCREMENT BY {increment}" if increment else "" 594 minvalue = expression.args.get("minvalue") 595 minvalue = f" MINVALUE {minvalue}" if minvalue else "" 596 maxvalue = expression.args.get("maxvalue") 597 maxvalue = f" MAXVALUE {maxvalue}" if maxvalue else "" 598 cycle = expression.args.get("cycle") 599 cycle_sql = "" 600 if cycle is not None: 601 cycle_sql = f"{' NO' if not cycle else ''} CYCLE" 602 cycle_sql = cycle_sql.strip() if not start and not increment else cycle_sql 603 sequence_opts = "" 604 if start or increment or cycle_sql: 605 sequence_opts = f"{start}{increment}{minvalue}{maxvalue}{cycle_sql}" 606 sequence_opts = f" ({sequence_opts.strip()})" 607 return f"GENERATED{this}AS IDENTITY{sequence_opts}" 608 609 def notnullcolumnconstraint_sql(self, expression: exp.NotNullColumnConstraint) -> str: 610 return f"{'' if expression.args.get('allow_null') else 'NOT '}NULL" 611 612 def primarykeycolumnconstraint_sql(self, expression: exp.PrimaryKeyColumnConstraint) -> str: 613 desc = expression.args.get("desc") 614 if desc is not None: 615 return f"PRIMARY KEY{' DESC' if desc else ' ASC'}" 616 return f"PRIMARY KEY" 617 618 def uniquecolumnconstraint_sql(self, _) -> str: 619 return "UNIQUE" 620 621 def create_sql(self, expression: exp.Create) -> str: 622 kind = self.sql(expression, "kind").upper() 623 properties = expression.args.get("properties") 624 properties_exp = expression.copy() 625 properties_locs = self.locate_properties(properties) if properties else {} 626 if properties_locs.get(exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA) or properties_locs.get( 627 exp.Properties.Location.POST_WITH 628 ): 629 properties_exp.set( 630 "properties", 631 exp.Properties( 632 expressions=[ 633 *properties_locs[exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA], 634 *properties_locs[exp.Properties.Location.POST_WITH], 635 ] 636 ), 637 ) 638 if kind == "TABLE" and properties_locs.get(exp.Properties.Location.POST_NAME): 639 this_name = self.sql(expression.this, "this") 640 this_properties = self.properties( 641 exp.Properties(expressions=properties_locs[exp.Properties.Location.POST_NAME]), 642 wrapped=False, 643 ) 644 this_schema = f"({self.expressions(expression.this)})" 645 this = f"{this_name}, {this_properties} {this_schema}" 646 properties_sql = "" 647 else: 648 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 649 properties_sql = self.sql(properties_exp, "properties") 650 begin = " BEGIN" if expression.args.get("begin") else "" 651 expression_sql = self.sql(expression, "expression") 652 if expression_sql: 653 expression_sql = f"{begin}{self.sep()}{expression_sql}" 654 655 if self.CREATE_FUNCTION_RETURN_AS or not isinstance(expression.expression, exp.Return): 656 if properties_locs.get(exp.Properties.Location.POST_ALIAS): 657 postalias_props_sql = self.properties( 658 exp.Properties( 659 expressions=properties_locs[exp.Properties.Location.POST_ALIAS] 660 ), 661 wrapped=False, 662 ) 663 expression_sql = f" AS {postalias_props_sql}{expression_sql}" 664 else: 665 expression_sql = f" AS{expression_sql}" 666 667 postindex_props_sql = "" 668 if properties_locs.get(exp.Properties.Location.POST_INDEX): 669 postindex_props_sql = self.properties( 670 exp.Properties(expressions=properties_locs[exp.Properties.Location.POST_INDEX]), 671 wrapped=False, 672 prefix=" ", 673 ) 674 675 indexes = expression.args.get("indexes") 676 if indexes: 677 indexes_sql: t.List[str] = [] 678 for index in indexes: 679 ind_unique = " UNIQUE" if index.args.get("unique") else "" 680 ind_primary = " PRIMARY" if index.args.get("primary") else "" 681 ind_amp = " AMP" if index.args.get("amp") else "" 682 ind_name = f" {index.name}" if index.name else "" 683 ind_columns = ( 684 f' ({self.expressions(index, key="columns", flat=True)})' 685 if index.args.get("columns") 686 else "" 687 ) 688 ind_sql = f"{ind_unique}{ind_primary}{ind_amp} INDEX{ind_name}{ind_columns}" 689 690 if indexes_sql: 691 indexes_sql.append(ind_sql) 692 else: 693 indexes_sql.append( 694 f"{ind_sql}{postindex_props_sql}" 695 if index.args.get("primary") 696 else f"{postindex_props_sql}{ind_sql}" 697 ) 698 699 index_sql = "".join(indexes_sql) 700 else: 701 index_sql = postindex_props_sql 702 703 replace = " OR REPLACE" if expression.args.get("replace") else "" 704 unique = " UNIQUE" if expression.args.get("unique") else "" 705 706 postcreate_props_sql = "" 707 if properties_locs.get(exp.Properties.Location.POST_CREATE): 708 postcreate_props_sql = self.properties( 709 exp.Properties(expressions=properties_locs[exp.Properties.Location.POST_CREATE]), 710 sep=" ", 711 prefix=" ", 712 wrapped=False, 713 ) 714 715 modifiers = "".join((replace, unique, postcreate_props_sql)) 716 717 postexpression_props_sql = "" 718 if properties_locs.get(exp.Properties.Location.POST_EXPRESSION): 719 postexpression_props_sql = self.properties( 720 exp.Properties( 721 expressions=properties_locs[exp.Properties.Location.POST_EXPRESSION] 722 ), 723 sep=" ", 724 prefix=" ", 725 wrapped=False, 726 ) 727 728 exists_sql = " IF NOT EXISTS" if expression.args.get("exists") else "" 729 no_schema_binding = ( 730 " WITH NO SCHEMA BINDING" if expression.args.get("no_schema_binding") else "" 731 ) 732 733 clone = self.sql(expression, "clone") 734 clone = f" {clone}" if clone else "" 735 736 expression_sql = f"CREATE{modifiers} {kind}{exists_sql} {this}{properties_sql}{expression_sql}{postexpression_props_sql}{index_sql}{no_schema_binding}{clone}" 737 return self.prepend_ctes(expression, expression_sql) 738 739 def clone_sql(self, expression: exp.Clone) -> str: 740 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 741 when = self.sql(expression, "when") 742 743 if when: 744 kind = self.sql(expression, "kind") 745 expr = self.sql(expression, "expression") 746 return f"CLONE {this} {when} ({kind} => {expr})" 747 748 return f"CLONE {this}" 749 750 def describe_sql(self, expression: exp.Describe) -> str: 751 return f"DESCRIBE {self.sql(expression, 'this')}" 752 753 def prepend_ctes(self, expression: exp.Expression, sql: str) -> str: 754 with_ = self.sql(expression, "with") 755 if with_: 756 sql = f"{with_}{self.sep()}{sql}" 757 return sql 758 759 def with_sql(self, expression: exp.With) -> str: 760 sql = self.expressions(expression, flat=True) 761 recursive = "RECURSIVE " if expression.args.get("recursive") else "" 762 763 return f"WITH {recursive}{sql}" 764 765 def cte_sql(self, expression: exp.CTE) -> str: 766 alias = self.sql(expression, "alias") 767 return f"{alias} AS {self.wrap(expression)}" 768 769 def tablealias_sql(self, expression: exp.TableAlias) -> str: 770 alias = self.sql(expression, "this") 771 columns = self.expressions(expression, key="columns", flat=True) 772 columns = f"({columns})" if columns else "" 773 return f"{alias}{columns}" 774 775 def bitstring_sql(self, expression: exp.BitString) -> str: 776 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 777 if self.bit_start: 778 return f"{self.bit_start}{this}{self.bit_end}" 779 return f"{int(this, 2)}" 780 781 def hexstring_sql(self, expression: exp.HexString) -> str: 782 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 783 if self.hex_start: 784 return f"{self.hex_start}{this}{self.hex_end}" 785 return f"{int(this, 16)}" 786 787 def bytestring_sql(self, expression: exp.ByteString) -> str: 788 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 789 if self.byte_start: 790 return f"{self.byte_start}{this}{self.byte_end}" 791 return this 792 793 def datatypesize_sql(self, expression: exp.DataTypeSize) -> str: 794 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 795 specifier = self.sql(expression, "expression") 796 specifier = f" {specifier}" if specifier else "" 797 return f"{this}{specifier}" 798 799 def datatype_sql(self, expression: exp.DataType) -> str: 800 type_value = expression.this 801 type_sql = self.TYPE_MAPPING.get(type_value, type_value.value) 802 nested = "" 803 interior = self.expressions(expression, flat=True) 804 values = "" 805 if interior: 806 if expression.args.get("nested"): 807 nested = f"{self.STRUCT_DELIMITER[0]}{interior}{self.STRUCT_DELIMITER[1]}" 808 if expression.args.get("values") is not None: 809 delimiters = ("[", "]") if type_value == exp.DataType.Type.ARRAY else ("(", ")") 810 values = f"{delimiters[0]}{self.expressions(expression, key='values')}{delimiters[1]}" 811 else: 812 nested = f"({interior})" 813 814 return f"{type_sql}{nested}{values}" 815 816 def directory_sql(self, expression: exp.Directory) -> str: 817 local = "LOCAL " if expression.args.get("local") else "" 818 row_format = self.sql(expression, "row_format") 819 row_format = f" {row_format}" if row_format else "" 820 return f"{local}DIRECTORY {self.sql(expression, 'this')}{row_format}" 821 822 def delete_sql(self, expression: exp.Delete) -> str: 823 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 824 this = f" FROM {this}" if this else "" 825 using_sql = ( 826 f" USING {self.expressions(expression, key='using', sep=', USING ')}" 827 if expression.args.get("using") 828 else "" 829 ) 830 where_sql = self.sql(expression, "where") 831 returning = self.sql(expression, "returning") 832 sql = f"DELETE{this}{using_sql}{where_sql}{returning}" 833 return self.prepend_ctes(expression, sql) 834 835 def drop_sql(self, expression: exp.Drop) -> str: 836 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 837 kind = expression.args["kind"] 838 exists_sql = " IF EXISTS " if expression.args.get("exists") else " " 839 temporary = " TEMPORARY" if expression.args.get("temporary") else "" 840 materialized = " MATERIALIZED" if expression.args.get("materialized") else "" 841 cascade = " CASCADE" if expression.args.get("cascade") else "" 842 constraints = " CONSTRAINTS" if expression.args.get("constraints") else "" 843 purge = " PURGE" if expression.args.get("purge") else "" 844 return ( 845 f"DROP{temporary}{materialized} {kind}{exists_sql}{this}{cascade}{constraints}{purge}" 846 ) 847 848 def except_sql(self, expression: exp.Except) -> str: 849 return self.prepend_ctes( 850 expression, 851 self.set_operation(expression, self.except_op(expression)), 852 ) 853 854 def except_op(self, expression: exp.Except) -> str: 855 return f"EXCEPT{'' if expression.args.get('distinct') else ' ALL'}" 856 857 def fetch_sql(self, expression: exp.Fetch) -> str: 858 direction = expression.args.get("direction") 859 direction = f" {direction.upper()}" if direction else "" 860 count = expression.args.get("count") 861 count = f" {count}" if count else "" 862 if expression.args.get("percent"): 863 count = f"{count} PERCENT" 864 with_ties_or_only = "WITH TIES" if expression.args.get("with_ties") else "ONLY" 865 return f"{self.seg('FETCH')}{direction}{count} ROWS {with_ties_or_only}" 866 867 def filter_sql(self, expression: exp.Filter) -> str: 868 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 869 where = self.sql(expression, "expression")[1:] # where has a leading space 870 return f"{this} FILTER({where})" 871 872 def hint_sql(self, expression: exp.Hint) -> str: 873 if self.sql(expression, "this"): 874 self.unsupported("Hints are not supported") 875 return "" 876 877 def index_sql(self, expression: exp.Index) -> str: 878 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 879 table = self.sql(expression, "table") 880 columns = self.sql(expression, "columns") 881 return f"{this} ON {table} {columns}" 882 883 def identifier_sql(self, expression: exp.Identifier) -> str: 884 text = expression.name 885 lower = text.lower() 886 text = lower if self.normalize and not expression.quoted else text 887 text = text.replace(self.identifier_end, self._escaped_identifier_end) 888 if ( 889 expression.quoted 890 or should_identify(text, self.identify) 891 or lower in self.RESERVED_KEYWORDS 892 ): 893 text = f"{self.identifier_start}{text}{self.identifier_end}" 894 return text 895 896 def inputoutputformat_sql(self, expression: exp.InputOutputFormat) -> str: 897 input_format = self.sql(expression, "input_format") 898 input_format = f"INPUTFORMAT {input_format}" if input_format else "" 899 output_format = self.sql(expression, "output_format") 900 output_format = f"OUTPUTFORMAT {output_format}" if output_format else "" 901 return self.sep().join((input_format, output_format)) 902 903 def national_sql(self, expression: exp.National) -> str: 904 return f"N{self.sql(expression, 'this')}" 905 906 def partition_sql(self, expression: exp.Partition) -> str: 907 return f"PARTITION({self.expressions(expression)})" 908 909 def properties_sql(self, expression: exp.Properties) -> str: 910 root_properties = [] 911 with_properties = [] 912 913 for p in expression.expressions: 914 p_loc = self.PROPERTIES_LOCATION[p.__class__] 915 if p_loc == exp.Properties.Location.POST_WITH: 916 with_properties.append(p) 917 elif p_loc == exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA: 918 root_properties.append(p) 919 920 return self.root_properties( 921 exp.Properties(expressions=root_properties) 922 ) + self.with_properties(exp.Properties(expressions=with_properties)) 923 924 def root_properties(self, properties: exp.Properties) -> str: 925 if properties.expressions: 926 return self.sep() + self.expressions(properties, indent=False, sep=" ") 927 return "" 928 929 def properties( 930 self, 931 properties: exp.Properties, 932 prefix: str = "", 933 sep: str = ", ", 934 suffix: str = "", 935 wrapped: bool = True, 936 ) -> str: 937 if properties.expressions: 938 expressions = self.expressions(properties, sep=sep, indent=False) 939 expressions = self.wrap(expressions) if wrapped else expressions 940 return f"{prefix}{' ' if prefix and prefix != ' ' else ''}{expressions}{suffix}" 941 return "" 942 943 def with_properties(self, properties: exp.Properties) -> str: 944 return self.properties(properties, prefix=self.seg("WITH")) 945 946 def locate_properties( 947 self, properties: exp.Properties 948 ) -> t.Dict[exp.Properties.Location, list[exp.Property]]: 949 properties_locs: t.Dict[exp.Properties.Location, list[exp.Property]] = { 950 key: [] for key in exp.Properties.Location 951 } 952 953 for p in properties.expressions: 954 p_loc = self.PROPERTIES_LOCATION[p.__class__] 955 if p_loc == exp.Properties.Location.POST_NAME: 956 properties_locs[exp.Properties.Location.POST_NAME].append(p) 957 elif p_loc == exp.Properties.Location.POST_INDEX: 958 properties_locs[exp.Properties.Location.POST_INDEX].append(p) 959 elif p_loc == exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA: 960 properties_locs[exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA].append(p) 961 elif p_loc == exp.Properties.Location.POST_WITH: 962 properties_locs[exp.Properties.Location.POST_WITH].append(p) 963 elif p_loc == exp.Properties.Location.POST_CREATE: 964 properties_locs[exp.Properties.Location.POST_CREATE].append(p) 965 elif p_loc == exp.Properties.Location.POST_ALIAS: 966 properties_locs[exp.Properties.Location.POST_ALIAS].append(p) 967 elif p_loc == exp.Properties.Location.POST_EXPRESSION: 968 properties_locs[exp.Properties.Location.POST_EXPRESSION].append(p) 969 elif p_loc == exp.Properties.Location.UNSUPPORTED: 970 self.unsupported(f"Unsupported property {p.key}") 971 972 return properties_locs 973 974 def property_sql(self, expression: exp.Property) -> str: 975 property_cls = expression.__class__ 976 if property_cls == exp.Property: 977 return f"{expression.name}={self.sql(expression, 'value')}" 978 979 property_name = exp.Properties.PROPERTY_TO_NAME.get(property_cls) 980 if not property_name: 981 self.unsupported(f"Unsupported property {expression.key}") 982 983 return f"{property_name}={self.sql(expression, 'this')}" 984 985 def likeproperty_sql(self, expression: exp.LikeProperty) -> str: 986 options = " ".join(f"{e.name} {self.sql(e, 'value')}" for e in expression.expressions) 987 options = f" {options}" if options else "" 988 return f"LIKE {self.sql(expression, 'this')}{options}" 989 990 def fallbackproperty_sql(self, expression: exp.FallbackProperty) -> str: 991 no = "NO " if expression.args.get("no") else "" 992 protection = " PROTECTION" if expression.args.get("protection") else "" 993 return f"{no}FALLBACK{protection}" 994 995 def journalproperty_sql(self, expression: exp.JournalProperty) -> str: 996 no = "NO " if expression.args.get("no") else "" 997 dual = "DUAL " if expression.args.get("dual") else "" 998 before = "BEFORE " if expression.args.get("before") else "" 999 return f"{no}{dual}{before}JOURNAL" 1000 1001 def freespaceproperty_sql(self, expression: exp.FreespaceProperty) -> str: 1002 freespace = self.sql(expression, "this") 1003 percent = " PERCENT" if expression.args.get("percent") else "" 1004 return f"FREESPACE={freespace}{percent}" 1005 1006 def afterjournalproperty_sql(self, expression: exp.AfterJournalProperty) -> str: 1007 no = "NO " if expression.args.get("no") else "" 1008 dual = "DUAL " if expression.args.get("dual") else "" 1009 local = "" 1010 if expression.args.get("local") is not None: 1011 local = "LOCAL " if expression.args.get("local") else "NOT LOCAL " 1012 return f"{no}{dual}{local}AFTER JOURNAL" 1013 1014 def checksumproperty_sql(self, expression: exp.ChecksumProperty) -> str: 1015 if expression.args.get("default"): 1016 property = "DEFAULT" 1017 elif expression.args.get("on"): 1018 property = "ON" 1019 else: 1020 property = "OFF" 1021 return f"CHECKSUM={property}" 1022 1023 def mergeblockratioproperty_sql(self, expression: exp.MergeBlockRatioProperty) -> str: 1024 if expression.args.get("no"): 1025 return "NO MERGEBLOCKRATIO" 1026 if expression.args.get("default"): 1027 return "DEFAULT MERGEBLOCKRATIO" 1028 1029 percent = " PERCENT" if expression.args.get("percent") else "" 1030 return f"MERGEBLOCKRATIO={self.sql(expression, 'this')}{percent}" 1031 1032 def datablocksizeproperty_sql(self, expression: exp.DataBlocksizeProperty) -> str: 1033 default = expression.args.get("default") 1034 min = expression.args.get("min") 1035 if default is not None or min is not None: 1036 if default: 1037 property = "DEFAULT" 1038 elif min: 1039 property = "MINIMUM" 1040 else: 1041 property = "MAXIMUM" 1042 return f"{property} DATABLOCKSIZE" 1043 else: 1044 units = expression.args.get("units") 1045 units = f" {units}" if units else "" 1046 return f"DATABLOCKSIZE={self.sql(expression, 'size')}{units}" 1047 1048 def blockcompressionproperty_sql(self, expression: exp.BlockCompressionProperty) -> str: 1049 autotemp = expression.args.get("autotemp") 1050 always = expression.args.get("always") 1051 default = expression.args.get("default") 1052 manual = expression.args.get("manual") 1053 never = expression.args.get("never") 1054 1055 if autotemp is not None: 1056 property = f"AUTOTEMP({self.expressions(autotemp)})" 1057 elif always: 1058 property = "ALWAYS" 1059 elif default: 1060 property = "DEFAULT" 1061 elif manual: 1062 property = "MANUAL" 1063 elif never: 1064 property = "NEVER" 1065 return f"BLOCKCOMPRESSION={property}" 1066 1067 def isolatedloadingproperty_sql(self, expression: exp.IsolatedLoadingProperty) -> str: 1068 no = expression.args.get("no") 1069 no = " NO" if no else "" 1070 concurrent = expression.args.get("concurrent") 1071 concurrent = " CONCURRENT" if concurrent else "" 1072 1073 for_ = "" 1074 if expression.args.get("for_all"): 1075 for_ = " FOR ALL" 1076 elif expression.args.get("for_insert"): 1077 for_ = " FOR INSERT" 1078 elif expression.args.get("for_none"): 1079 for_ = " FOR NONE" 1080 return f"WITH{no}{concurrent} ISOLATED LOADING{for_}" 1081 1082 def lockingproperty_sql(self, expression: exp.LockingProperty) -> str: 1083 kind = expression.args.get("kind") 1084 this: str = f" {this}" if expression.this else "" 1085 for_or_in = expression.args.get("for_or_in") 1086 lock_type = expression.args.get("lock_type") 1087 override = " OVERRIDE" if expression.args.get("override") else "" 1088 return f"LOCKING {kind}{this} {for_or_in} {lock_type}{override}" 1089 1090 def withdataproperty_sql(self, expression: exp.WithDataProperty) -> str: 1091 data_sql = f"WITH {'NO ' if expression.args.get('no') else ''}DATA" 1092 statistics = expression.args.get("statistics") 1093 statistics_sql = "" 1094 if statistics is not None: 1095 statistics_sql = f" AND {'NO ' if not statistics else ''}STATISTICS" 1096 return f"{data_sql}{statistics_sql}" 1097 1098 def insert_sql(self, expression: exp.Insert) -> str: 1099 overwrite = expression.args.get("overwrite") 1100 1101 if isinstance(expression.this, exp.Directory): 1102 this = "OVERWRITE " if overwrite else "INTO " 1103 else: 1104 this = "OVERWRITE TABLE " if overwrite else "INTO " 1105 1106 alternative = expression.args.get("alternative") 1107 alternative = f" OR {alternative} " if alternative else " " 1108 this = f"{this}{self.sql(expression, 'this')}" 1109 1110 exists = " IF EXISTS " if expression.args.get("exists") else " " 1111 partition_sql = ( 1112 self.sql(expression, "partition") if expression.args.get("partition") else "" 1113 ) 1114 expression_sql = self.sql(expression, "expression") 1115 conflict = self.sql(expression, "conflict") 1116 returning = self.sql(expression, "returning") 1117 sep = self.sep() if partition_sql else "" 1118 sql = f"INSERT{alternative}{this}{exists}{partition_sql}{sep}{expression_sql}{conflict}{returning}" 1119 return self.prepend_ctes(expression, sql) 1120 1121 def intersect_sql(self, expression: exp.Intersect) -> str: 1122 return self.prepend_ctes( 1123 expression, 1124 self.set_operation(expression, self.intersect_op(expression)), 1125 ) 1126 1127 def intersect_op(self, expression: exp.Intersect) -> str: 1128 return f"INTERSECT{'' if expression.args.get('distinct') else ' ALL'}" 1129 1130 def introducer_sql(self, expression: exp.Introducer) -> str: 1131 return f"{self.sql(expression, 'this')} {self.sql(expression, 'expression')}" 1132 1133 def pseudotype_sql(self, expression: exp.PseudoType) -> str: 1134 return expression.name.upper() 1135 1136 def onconflict_sql(self, expression: exp.OnConflict) -> str: 1137 conflict = "ON DUPLICATE KEY" if expression.args.get("duplicate") else "ON CONFLICT" 1138 constraint = self.sql(expression, "constraint") 1139 if constraint: 1140 constraint = f"ON CONSTRAINT {constraint}" 1141 key = self.expressions(expression, key="key", flat=True) 1142 do = "" if expression.args.get("duplicate") else " DO " 1143 nothing = "NOTHING" if expression.args.get("nothing") else "" 1144 expressions = self.expressions(expression, flat=True) 1145 if expressions: 1146 expressions = f"UPDATE SET {expressions}" 1147 return f"{self.seg(conflict)} {constraint}{key}{do}{nothing}{expressions}" 1148 1149 def returning_sql(self, expression: exp.Returning) -> str: 1150 return f"{self.seg('RETURNING')} {self.expressions(expression, flat=True)}" 1151 1152 def rowformatdelimitedproperty_sql(self, expression: exp.RowFormatDelimitedProperty) -> str: 1153 fields = expression.args.get("fields") 1154 fields = f" FIELDS TERMINATED BY {fields}" if fields else "" 1155 escaped = expression.args.get("escaped") 1156 escaped = f" ESCAPED BY {escaped}" if escaped else "" 1157 items = expression.args.get("collection_items") 1158 items = f" COLLECTION ITEMS TERMINATED BY {items}" if items else "" 1159 keys = expression.args.get("map_keys") 1160 keys = f" MAP KEYS TERMINATED BY {keys}" if keys else "" 1161 lines = expression.args.get("lines") 1162 lines = f" LINES TERMINATED BY {lines}" if lines else "" 1163 null = expression.args.get("null") 1164 null = f" NULL DEFINED AS {null}" if null else "" 1165 return f"ROW FORMAT DELIMITED{fields}{escaped}{items}{keys}{lines}{null}" 1166 1167 def table_sql(self, expression: exp.Table, sep: str = " AS ") -> str: 1168 table = ".".join( 1169 part 1170 for part in [ 1171 self.sql(expression, "catalog"), 1172 self.sql(expression, "db"), 1173 self.sql(expression, "this"), 1174 ] 1175 if part 1176 ) 1177 1178 alias = self.sql(expression, "alias") 1179 alias = f"{sep}{alias}" if alias else "" 1180 hints = self.expressions(expression, key="hints", flat=True) 1181 hints = f" WITH ({hints})" if hints and self.TABLE_HINTS else "" 1182 pivots = self.expressions(expression, key="pivots", sep=" ", flat=True) 1183 pivots = f" {pivots}" if pivots else "" 1184 joins = self.expressions(expression, key="joins", sep="") 1185 laterals = self.expressions(expression, key="laterals", sep="") 1186 system_time = expression.args.get("system_time") 1187 system_time = f" {self.sql(expression, 'system_time')}" if system_time else "" 1188 1189 return f"{table}{system_time}{alias}{hints}{pivots}{joins}{laterals}" 1190 1191 def tablesample_sql( 1192 self, expression: exp.TableSample, seed_prefix: str = "SEED", sep=" AS " 1193 ) -> str: 1194 if self.alias_post_tablesample and expression.this.alias: 1195 table = expression.this.copy() 1196 table.set("alias", None) 1197 this = self.sql(table) 1198 alias = f"{sep}{self.sql(expression.this, 'alias')}" 1199 else: 1200 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 1201 alias = "" 1202 method = self.sql(expression, "method") 1203 method = f"{method.upper()} " if method and self.TABLESAMPLE_WITH_METHOD else "" 1204 numerator = self.sql(expression, "bucket_numerator") 1205 denominator = self.sql(expression, "bucket_denominator") 1206 field = self.sql(expression, "bucket_field") 1207 field = f" ON {field}" if field else "" 1208 bucket = f"BUCKET {numerator} OUT OF {denominator}{field}" if numerator else "" 1209 percent = self.sql(expression, "percent") 1210 percent = f"{percent} PERCENT" if percent else "" 1211 rows = self.sql(expression, "rows") 1212 rows = f"{rows} ROWS" if rows else "" 1213 size = self.sql(expression, "size") 1214 if size and self.TABLESAMPLE_SIZE_IS_PERCENT: 1215 size = f"{size} PERCENT" 1216 seed = self.sql(expression, "seed") 1217 seed = f" {seed_prefix} ({seed})" if seed else "" 1218 kind = expression.args.get("kind", "TABLESAMPLE") 1219 return f"{this} {kind} {method}({bucket}{percent}{rows}{size}){seed}{alias}" 1220 1221 def pivot_sql(self, expression: exp.Pivot) -> str: 1222 alias = self.sql(expression, "alias") 1223 alias = f" AS {alias}" if alias else "" 1224 unpivot = expression.args.get("unpivot") 1225 direction = "UNPIVOT" if unpivot else "PIVOT" 1226 expressions = self.expressions(expression, flat=True) 1227 field = self.sql(expression, "field") 1228 return f"{direction}({expressions} FOR {field}){alias}" 1229 1230 def tuple_sql(self, expression: exp.Tuple) -> str: 1231 return f"({self.expressions(expression, flat=True)})" 1232 1233 def update_sql(self, expression: exp.Update) -> str: 1234 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 1235 set_sql = self.expressions(expression, flat=True) 1236 from_sql = self.sql(expression, "from") 1237 where_sql = self.sql(expression, "where") 1238 returning = self.sql(expression, "returning") 1239 sql = f"UPDATE {this} SET {set_sql}{from_sql}{where_sql}{returning}" 1240 return self.prepend_ctes(expression, sql) 1241 1242 def values_sql(self, expression: exp.Values) -> str: 1243 args = self.expressions(expression) 1244 alias = self.sql(expression, "alias") 1245 values = f"VALUES{self.seg('')}{args}" 1246 values = ( 1247 f"({values})" 1248 if self.WRAP_DERIVED_VALUES and (alias or isinstance(expression.parent, exp.From)) 1249 else values 1250 ) 1251 return f"{values} AS {alias}" if alias else values 1252 1253 def var_sql(self, expression: exp.Var) -> str: 1254 return self.sql(expression, "this") 1255 1256 def into_sql(self, expression: exp.Into) -> str: 1257 temporary = " TEMPORARY" if expression.args.get("temporary") else "" 1258 unlogged = " UNLOGGED" if expression.args.get("unlogged") else "" 1259 return f"{self.seg('INTO')}{temporary or unlogged} {self.sql(expression, 'this')}" 1260 1261 def from_sql(self, expression: exp.From) -> str: 1262 return f"{self.seg('FROM')} {self.sql(expression, 'this')}" 1263 1264 def group_sql(self, expression: exp.Group) -> str: 1265 group_by = self.op_expressions("GROUP BY", expression) 1266 grouping_sets = self.expressions(expression, key="grouping_sets", indent=False) 1267 grouping_sets = ( 1268 f"{self.seg('GROUPING SETS')} {self.wrap(grouping_sets)}" if grouping_sets else "" 1269 ) 1270 1271 cube = expression.args.get("cube", []) 1272 if seq_get(cube, 0) is True: 1273 return f"{group_by}{self.seg('WITH CUBE')}" 1274 else: 1275 cube_sql = self.expressions(expression, key="cube", indent=False) 1276 cube_sql = f"{self.seg('CUBE')} {self.wrap(cube_sql)}" if cube_sql else "" 1277 1278 rollup = expression.args.get("rollup", []) 1279 if seq_get(rollup, 0) is True: 1280 return f"{group_by}{self.seg('WITH ROLLUP')}" 1281 else: 1282 rollup_sql = self.expressions(expression, key="rollup", indent=False) 1283 rollup_sql = f"{self.seg('ROLLUP')} {self.wrap(rollup_sql)}" if rollup_sql else "" 1284 1285 groupings = csv( 1286 grouping_sets, 1287 cube_sql, 1288 rollup_sql, 1289 self.seg("WITH TOTALS") if expression.args.get("totals") else "", 1290 sep=self.GROUPINGS_SEP, 1291 ) 1292 1293 if expression.args.get("expressions") and groupings: 1294 group_by = f"{group_by}{self.GROUPINGS_SEP}" 1295 1296 return f"{group_by}{groupings}" 1297 1298 def having_sql(self, expression: exp.Having) -> str: 1299 this = self.indent(self.sql(expression, "this")) 1300 return f"{self.seg('HAVING')}{self.sep()}{this}" 1301 1302 def join_sql(self, expression: exp.Join) -> str: 1303 op_sql = " ".join( 1304 op 1305 for op in ( 1306 "NATURAL" if expression.args.get("natural") else None, 1307 "GLOBAL" if expression.args.get("global") else None, 1308 expression.side, 1309 expression.kind, 1310 expression.hint if self.JOIN_HINTS else None, 1311 ) 1312 if op 1313 ) 1314 on_sql = self.sql(expression, "on") 1315 using = expression.args.get("using") 1316 1317 if not on_sql and using: 1318 on_sql = csv(*(self.sql(column) for column in using)) 1319 1320 this_sql = self.sql(expression, "this") 1321 1322 if on_sql: 1323 on_sql = self.indent(on_sql, skip_first=True) 1324 space = self.seg(" " * self.pad) if self.pretty else " " 1325 if using: 1326 on_sql = f"{space}USING ({on_sql})" 1327 else: 1328 on_sql = f"{space}ON {on_sql}" 1329 elif not op_sql: 1330 return f", {this_sql}" 1331 1332 op_sql = f"{op_sql} JOIN" if op_sql else "JOIN" 1333 return f"{self.seg(op_sql)} {this_sql}{on_sql}" 1334 1335 def lambda_sql(self, expression: exp.Lambda, arrow_sep: str = "->") -> str: 1336 args = self.expressions(expression, flat=True) 1337 args = f"({args})" if len(args.split(",")) > 1 else args 1338 return f"{args} {arrow_sep} {self.sql(expression, 'this')}" 1339 1340 def lateral_sql(self, expression: exp.Lateral) -> str: 1341 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 1342 1343 if isinstance(expression.this, exp.Subquery): 1344 return f"LATERAL {this}" 1345 1346 if expression.args.get("view"): 1347 alias = expression.args["alias"] 1348 columns = self.expressions(alias, key="columns", flat=True) 1349 table = f" {alias.name}" if alias.name else "" 1350 columns = f" AS {columns}" if columns else "" 1351 op_sql = self.seg(f"LATERAL VIEW{' OUTER' if expression.args.get('outer') else ''}") 1352 return f"{op_sql}{self.sep()}{this}{table}{columns}" 1353 1354 alias = self.sql(expression, "alias") 1355 alias = f" AS {alias}" if alias else "" 1356 return f"LATERAL {this}{alias}" 1357 1358 def limit_sql(self, expression: exp.Limit) -> str: 1359 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 1360 return f"{this}{self.seg('LIMIT')} {self.sql(expression, 'expression')}" 1361 1362 def offset_sql(self, expression: exp.Offset) -> str: 1363 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 1364 return f"{this}{self.seg('OFFSET')} {self.sql(expression, 'expression')}" 1365 1366 def setitem_sql(self, expression: exp.SetItem) -> str: 1367 kind = self.sql(expression, "kind") 1368 kind = f"{kind} " if kind else "" 1369 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 1370 expressions = self.expressions(expression) 1371 collate = self.sql(expression, "collate") 1372 collate = f" COLLATE {collate}" if collate else "" 1373 global_ = "GLOBAL " if expression.args.get("global") else "" 1374 return f"{global_}{kind}{this}{expressions}{collate}" 1375 1376 def set_sql(self, expression: exp.Set) -> str: 1377 expressions = ( 1378 f" {self.expressions(expression, flat=True)}" if expression.expressions else "" 1379 ) 1380 return f"SET{expressions}" 1381 1382 def pragma_sql(self, expression: exp.Pragma) -> str: 1383 return f"PRAGMA {self.sql(expression, 'this')}" 1384 1385 def lock_sql(self, expression: exp.Lock) -> str: 1386 if self.LOCKING_READS_SUPPORTED: 1387 lock_type = "UPDATE" if expression.args["update"] else "SHARE" 1388 return self.seg(f"FOR {lock_type}") 1389 1390 self.unsupported("Locking reads using 'FOR UPDATE/SHARE' are not supported") 1391 return "" 1392 1393 def literal_sql(self, expression: exp.Literal) -> str: 1394 text = expression.this or "" 1395 if expression.is_string: 1396 text = text.replace(self.quote_end, self._escaped_quote_end) 1397 if self.pretty: 1398 text = text.replace("\n", self.SENTINEL_LINE_BREAK) 1399 text = f"{self.quote_start}{text}{self.quote_end}" 1400 return text 1401 1402 def loaddata_sql(self, expression: exp.LoadData) -> str: 1403 local = " LOCAL" if expression.args.get("local") else "" 1404 inpath = f" INPATH {self.sql(expression, 'inpath')}" 1405 overwrite = " OVERWRITE" if expression.args.get("overwrite") else "" 1406 this = f" INTO TABLE {self.sql(expression, 'this')}" 1407 partition = self.sql(expression, "partition") 1408 partition = f" {partition}" if partition else "" 1409 input_format = self.sql(expression, "input_format") 1410 input_format = f" INPUTFORMAT {input_format}" if input_format else "" 1411 serde = self.sql(expression, "serde") 1412 serde = f" SERDE {serde}" if serde else "" 1413 return f"LOAD DATA{local}{inpath}{overwrite}{this}{partition}{input_format}{serde}" 1414 1415 def null_sql(self, *_) -> str: 1416 return "NULL" 1417 1418 def boolean_sql(self, expression: exp.Boolean) -> str: 1419 return "TRUE" if expression.this else "FALSE" 1420 1421 def order_sql(self, expression: exp.Order, flat: bool = False) -> str: 1422 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 1423 this = f"{this} " if this else this 1424 return self.op_expressions(f"{this}ORDER BY", expression, flat=this or flat) # type: ignore 1425 1426 def cluster_sql(self, expression: exp.Cluster) -> str: 1427 return self.op_expressions("CLUSTER BY", expression) 1428 1429 def distribute_sql(self, expression: exp.Distribute) -> str: 1430 return self.op_expressions("DISTRIBUTE BY", expression) 1431 1432 def sort_sql(self, expression: exp.Sort) -> str: 1433 return self.op_expressions("SORT BY", expression) 1434 1435 def ordered_sql(self, expression: exp.Ordered) -> str: 1436 desc = expression.args.get("desc") 1437 asc = not desc 1438 1439 nulls_first = expression.args.get("nulls_first") 1440 nulls_last = not nulls_first 1441 nulls_are_large = self.null_ordering == "nulls_are_large" 1442 nulls_are_small = self.null_ordering == "nulls_are_small" 1443 nulls_are_last = self.null_ordering == "nulls_are_last" 1444 1445 sort_order = " DESC" if desc else "" 1446 nulls_sort_change = "" 1447 if nulls_first and ( 1448 (asc and nulls_are_large) or (desc and nulls_are_small) or nulls_are_last 1449 ): 1450 nulls_sort_change = " NULLS FIRST" 1451 elif ( 1452 nulls_last 1453 and ((asc and nulls_are_small) or (desc and nulls_are_large)) 1454 and not nulls_are_last 1455 ): 1456 nulls_sort_change = " NULLS LAST" 1457 1458 if nulls_sort_change and not self.NULL_ORDERING_SUPPORTED: 1459 self.unsupported( 1460 "Sorting in an ORDER BY on NULLS FIRST/NULLS LAST is not supported by this dialect" 1461 ) 1462 nulls_sort_change = "" 1463 1464 return f"{self.sql(expression, 'this')}{sort_order}{nulls_sort_change}" 1465 1466 def matchrecognize_sql(self, expression: exp.MatchRecognize) -> str: 1467 partition = self.partition_by_sql(expression) 1468 order = self.sql(expression, "order") 1469 measures = self.expressions(expression, key="measures") 1470 measures = self.seg(f"MEASURES{self.seg(measures)}") if measures else "" 1471 rows = self.sql(expression, "rows") 1472 rows = self.seg(rows) if rows else "" 1473 after = self.sql(expression, "after") 1474 after = self.seg(after) if after else "" 1475 pattern = self.sql(expression, "pattern") 1476 pattern = self.seg(f"PATTERN ({pattern})") if pattern else "" 1477 definition_sqls = [ 1478 f"{self.sql(definition, 'alias')} AS {self.sql(definition, 'this')}" 1479 for definition in expression.args.get("define", []) 1480 ] 1481 definitions = self.expressions(sqls=definition_sqls) 1482 define = self.seg(f"DEFINE{self.seg(definitions)}") if definitions else "" 1483 body = "".join( 1484 ( 1485 partition, 1486 order, 1487 measures, 1488 rows, 1489 after, 1490 pattern, 1491 define, 1492 ) 1493 ) 1494 alias = self.sql(expression, "alias") 1495 alias = f" {alias}" if alias else "" 1496 return f"{self.seg('MATCH_RECOGNIZE')} {self.wrap(body)}{alias}" 1497 1498 def query_modifiers(self, expression: exp.Expression, *sqls: str) -> str: 1499 limit = expression.args.get("limit") 1500 1501 if self.LIMIT_FETCH == "LIMIT" and isinstance(limit, exp.Fetch): 1502 limit = exp.Limit(expression=limit.args.get("count")) 1503 elif self.LIMIT_FETCH == "FETCH" and isinstance(limit, exp.Limit): 1504 limit = exp.Fetch(direction="FIRST", count=limit.expression) 1505 1506 fetch = isinstance(limit, exp.Fetch) 1507 1508 return csv( 1509 *sqls, 1510 *[self.sql(join) for join in expression.args.get("joins") or []], 1511 self.sql(expression, "match"), 1512 *[self.sql(lateral) for lateral in expression.args.get("laterals") or []], 1513 self.sql(expression, "where"), 1514 self.sql(expression, "group"), 1515 self.sql(expression, "having"), 1516 *self.after_having_modifiers(expression), 1517 self.sql(expression, "order"), 1518 self.sql(expression, "offset") if fetch else self.sql(limit), 1519 self.sql(limit) if fetch else self.sql(expression, "offset"), 1520 *self.after_limit_modifiers(expression), 1521 sep="", 1522 ) 1523 1524 def after_having_modifiers(self, expression): 1525 return [ 1526 self.sql(expression, "qualify"), 1527 self.seg("WINDOW ") + self.expressions(expression, key="windows", flat=True) 1528 if expression.args.get("windows") 1529 else "", 1530 ] 1531 1532 def after_limit_modifiers(self, expression): 1533 return [ 1534 self.sql(expression, "lock"), 1535 self.sql(expression, "sample"), 1536 ] 1537 1538 def select_sql(self, expression: exp.Select) -> str: 1539 hint = self.sql(expression, "hint") 1540 distinct = self.sql(expression, "distinct") 1541 distinct = f" {distinct}" if distinct else "" 1542 kind = expression.args.get("kind") 1543 kind = f" AS {kind}" if kind else "" 1544 expressions = self.expressions(expression) 1545 expressions = f"{self.sep()}{expressions}" if expressions else expressions 1546 sql = self.query_modifiers( 1547 expression, 1548 f"SELECT{hint}{distinct}{kind}{expressions}", 1549 self.sql(expression, "into", comment=False), 1550 self.sql(expression, "from", comment=False), 1551 ) 1552 return self.prepend_ctes(expression, sql) 1553 1554 def schema_sql(self, expression: exp.Schema) -> str: 1555 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 1556 this = f"{this} " if this else "" 1557 sql = f"({self.sep('')}{self.expressions(expression)}{self.seg(')', sep='')}" 1558 return f"{this}{sql}" 1559 1560 def star_sql(self, expression: exp.Star) -> str: 1561 except_ = self.expressions(expression, key="except", flat=True) 1562 except_ = f"{self.seg(self.STAR_MAPPING['except'])} ({except_})" if except_ else "" 1563 replace = self.expressions(expression, key="replace", flat=True) 1564 replace = f"{self.seg(self.STAR_MAPPING['replace'])} ({replace})" if replace else "" 1565 return f"*{except_}{replace}" 1566 1567 def parameter_sql(self, expression: exp.Parameter) -> str: 1568 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 1569 this = f"{{{this}}}" if expression.args.get("wrapped") else f"{this}" 1570 return f"{self.PARAMETER_TOKEN}{this}" 1571 1572 def sessionparameter_sql(self, expression: exp.SessionParameter) -> str: 1573 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 1574 kind = expression.text("kind") 1575 if kind: 1576 kind = f"{kind}." 1577 return f"@@{kind}{this}" 1578 1579 def placeholder_sql(self, expression: exp.Placeholder) -> str: 1580 return f":{expression.name}" if expression.name else "?" 1581 1582 def subquery_sql(self, expression: exp.Subquery, sep: str = " AS ") -> str: 1583 alias = self.sql(expression, "alias") 1584 alias = f"{sep}{alias}" if alias else "" 1585 1586 pivots = self.expressions(expression, key="pivots", sep=" ", flat=True) 1587 pivots = f" {pivots}" if pivots else "" 1588 1589 sql = self.query_modifiers(expression, self.wrap(expression), alias, pivots) 1590 return self.prepend_ctes(expression, sql) 1591 1592 def qualify_sql(self, expression: exp.Qualify) -> str: 1593 this = self.indent(self.sql(expression, "this")) 1594 return f"{self.seg('QUALIFY')}{self.sep()}{this}" 1595 1596 def union_sql(self, expression: exp.Union) -> str: 1597 return self.prepend_ctes( 1598 expression, 1599 self.set_operation(expression, self.union_op(expression)), 1600 ) 1601 1602 def union_op(self, expression: exp.Union) -> str: 1603 kind = " DISTINCT" if self.EXPLICIT_UNION else "" 1604 kind = kind if expression.args.get("distinct") else " ALL" 1605 return f"UNION{kind}" 1606 1607 def unnest_sql(self, expression: exp.Unnest) -> str: 1608 args = self.expressions(expression, flat=True) 1609 alias = expression.args.get("alias") 1610 if alias and self.unnest_column_only: 1611 columns = alias.columns 1612 alias = self.sql(columns[0]) if columns else "" 1613 else: 1614 alias = self.sql(expression, "alias") 1615 alias = f" AS {alias}" if alias else alias 1616 ordinality = " WITH ORDINALITY" if expression.args.get("ordinality") else "" 1617 offset = expression.args.get("offset") 1618 offset = f" WITH OFFSET AS {self.sql(offset)}" if offset else "" 1619 return f"UNNEST({args}){ordinality}{alias}{offset}" 1620 1621 def where_sql(self, expression: exp.Where) -> str: 1622 this = self.indent(self.sql(expression, "this")) 1623 return f"{self.seg('WHERE')}{self.sep()}{this}" 1624 1625 def window_sql(self, expression: exp.Window) -> str: 1626 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 1627 1628 partition = self.partition_by_sql(expression) 1629 1630 order = expression.args.get("order") 1631 order_sql = self.order_sql(order, flat=True) if order else "" 1632 1633 partition_sql = partition + " " if partition and order else partition 1634 1635 spec = expression.args.get("spec") 1636 spec_sql = " " + self.windowspec_sql(spec) if spec else "" 1637 1638 alias = self.sql(expression, "alias") 1639 over = self.sql(expression, "over") or "OVER" 1640 this = f"{this} {'AS' if expression.arg_key == 'windows' else over}" 1641 1642 first = expression.args.get("first") 1643 if first is not None: 1644 first = " FIRST " if first else " LAST " 1645 first = first or "" 1646 1647 if not partition and not order and not spec and alias: 1648 return f"{this} {alias}" 1649 1650 window_args = alias + first + partition_sql + order_sql + spec_sql 1651 1652 return f"{this} ({window_args.strip()})" 1653 1654 def partition_by_sql(self, expression: exp.Window | exp.MatchRecognize) -> str: 1655 partition = self.expressions(expression, key="partition_by", flat=True) 1656 return f"PARTITION BY {partition}" if partition else "" 1657 1658 def windowspec_sql(self, expression: exp.WindowSpec) -> str: 1659 kind = self.sql(expression, "kind") 1660 start = csv(self.sql(expression, "start"), self.sql(expression, "start_side"), sep=" ") 1661 end = ( 1662 csv(self.sql(expression, "end"), self.sql(expression, "end_side"), sep=" ") 1663 or "CURRENT ROW" 1664 ) 1665 return f"{kind} BETWEEN {start} AND {end}" 1666 1667 def withingroup_sql(self, expression: exp.WithinGroup) -> str: 1668 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 1669 expression_sql = self.sql(expression, "expression")[1:] # order has a leading space 1670 return f"{this} WITHIN GROUP ({expression_sql})" 1671 1672 def between_sql(self, expression: exp.Between) -> str: 1673 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 1674 low = self.sql(expression, "low") 1675 high = self.sql(expression, "high") 1676 return f"{this} BETWEEN {low} AND {high}" 1677 1678 def bracket_sql(self, expression: exp.Bracket) -> str: 1679 expressions = apply_index_offset(expression.this, expression.expressions, self.index_offset) 1680 expressions_sql = ", ".join(self.sql(e) for e in expressions) 1681 1682 return f"{self.sql(expression, 'this')}[{expressions_sql}]" 1683 1684 def all_sql(self, expression: exp.All) -> str: 1685 return f"ALL {self.wrap(expression)}" 1686 1687 def any_sql(self, expression: exp.Any) -> str: 1688 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 1689 if isinstance(expression.this, exp.Subqueryable): 1690 this = self.wrap(this) 1691 return f"ANY {this}" 1692 1693 def exists_sql(self, expression: exp.Exists) -> str: 1694 return f"EXISTS{self.wrap(expression)}" 1695 1696 def case_sql(self, expression: exp.Case) -> str: 1697 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 1698 statements = [f"CASE {this}" if this else "CASE"] 1699 1700 for e in expression.args["ifs"]: 1701 statements.append(f"WHEN {self.sql(e, 'this')}") 1702 statements.append(f"THEN {self.sql(e, 'true')}") 1703 1704 default = self.sql(expression, "default") 1705 1706 if default: 1707 statements.append(f"ELSE {default}") 1708 1709 statements.append("END") 1710 1711 if self.pretty and self.text_width(statements) > self._max_text_width: 1712 return self.indent("\n".join(statements), skip_first=True, skip_last=True) 1713 1714 return " ".join(statements) 1715 1716 def constraint_sql(self, expression: exp.Constraint) -> str: 1717 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 1718 expressions = self.expressions(expression, flat=True) 1719 return f"CONSTRAINT {this} {expressions}" 1720 1721 def nextvaluefor_sql(self, expression: exp.NextValueFor) -> str: 1722 order = expression.args.get("order") 1723 order = f" OVER ({self.order_sql(order, flat=True)})" if order else "" 1724 return f"NEXT VALUE FOR {self.sql(expression, 'this')}{order}" 1725 1726 def extract_sql(self, expression: exp.Extract) -> str: 1727 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 1728 expression_sql = self.sql(expression, "expression") 1729 return f"EXTRACT({this} FROM {expression_sql})" 1730 1731 def trim_sql(self, expression: exp.Trim) -> str: 1732 trim_type = self.sql(expression, "position") 1733 1734 if trim_type == "LEADING": 1735 return self.func("LTRIM", expression.this) 1736 elif trim_type == "TRAILING": 1737 return self.func("RTRIM", expression.this) 1738 else: 1739 return self.func("TRIM", expression.this, expression.expression) 1740 1741 def concat_sql(self, expression: exp.Concat) -> str: 1742 if len(expression.expressions) == 1: 1743 return self.sql(expression.expressions[0]) 1744 return self.function_fallback_sql(expression) 1745 1746 def check_sql(self, expression: exp.Check) -> str: 1747 this = self.sql(expression, key="this") 1748 return f"CHECK ({this})" 1749 1750 def foreignkey_sql(self, expression: exp.ForeignKey) -> str: 1751 expressions = self.expressions(expression, flat=True) 1752 reference = self.sql(expression, "reference") 1753 reference = f" {reference}" if reference else "" 1754 delete = self.sql(expression, "delete") 1755 delete = f" ON DELETE {delete}" if delete else "" 1756 update = self.sql(expression, "update") 1757 update = f" ON UPDATE {update}" if update else "" 1758 return f"FOREIGN KEY ({expressions}){reference}{delete}{update}" 1759 1760 def primarykey_sql(self, expression: exp.ForeignKey) -> str: 1761 expressions = self.expressions(expression, flat=True) 1762 options = self.expressions(expression, key="options", flat=True, sep=" ") 1763 options = f" {options}" if options else "" 1764 return f"PRIMARY KEY ({expressions}){options}" 1765 1766 def unique_sql(self, expression: exp.Unique) -> str: 1767 columns = self.expressions(expression, key="expressions") 1768 return f"UNIQUE ({columns})" 1769 1770 def if_sql(self, expression: exp.If) -> str: 1771 return self.case_sql( 1772 exp.Case(ifs=[expression.copy()], default=expression.args.get("false")) 1773 ) 1774 1775 def matchagainst_sql(self, expression: exp.MatchAgainst) -> str: 1776 modifier = expression.args.get("modifier") 1777 modifier = f" {modifier}" if modifier else "" 1778 return f"{self.func('MATCH', *expression.expressions)} AGAINST({self.sql(expression, 'this')}{modifier})" 1779 1780 def jsonkeyvalue_sql(self, expression: exp.JSONKeyValue) -> str: 1781 return f"{self.sql(expression, 'this')}: {self.sql(expression, 'expression')}" 1782 1783 def jsonobject_sql(self, expression: exp.JSONObject) -> str: 1784 expressions = self.expressions(expression) 1785 null_handling = expression.args.get("null_handling") 1786 null_handling = f" {null_handling}" if null_handling else "" 1787 unique_keys = expression.args.get("unique_keys") 1788 if unique_keys is not None: 1789 unique_keys = f" {'WITH' if unique_keys else 'WITHOUT'} UNIQUE KEYS" 1790 else: 1791 unique_keys = "" 1792 return_type = self.sql(expression, "return_type") 1793 return_type = f" RETURNING {return_type}" if return_type else "" 1794 format_json = " FORMAT JSON" if expression.args.get("format_json") else "" 1795 encoding = self.sql(expression, "encoding") 1796 encoding = f" ENCODING {encoding}" if encoding else "" 1797 return f"JSON_OBJECT({expressions}{null_handling}{unique_keys}{return_type}{format_json}{encoding})" 1798 1799 def openjsoncolumndef_sql(self, expression: exp.OpenJSONColumnDef) -> str: 1800 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 1801 kind = self.sql(expression, "kind") 1802 path = self.sql(expression, "path") 1803 path = f" {path}" if path else "" 1804 as_json = " AS JSON" if expression.args.get("as_json") else "" 1805 return f"{this} {kind}{path}{as_json}" 1806 1807 def openjson_sql(self, expression: exp.OpenJSON) -> str: 1808 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 1809 path = self.sql(expression, "path") 1810 path = f", {path}" if path else "" 1811 expressions = self.expressions(expression) 1812 with_ = ( 1813 f" WITH ({self.seg(self.indent(expressions), sep='')}{self.seg(')', sep='')}" 1814 if expressions 1815 else "" 1816 ) 1817 return f"OPENJSON({this}{path}){with_}" 1818 1819 def in_sql(self, expression: exp.In) -> str: 1820 query = expression.args.get("query") 1821 unnest = expression.args.get("unnest") 1822 field = expression.args.get("field") 1823 is_global = " GLOBAL" if expression.args.get("is_global") else "" 1824 1825 if query: 1826 in_sql = self.wrap(query) 1827 elif unnest: 1828 in_sql = self.in_unnest_op(unnest) 1829 elif field: 1830 in_sql = self.sql(field) 1831 else: 1832 in_sql = f"({self.expressions(expression, flat=True)})" 1833 1834 return f"{self.sql(expression, 'this')}{is_global} IN {in_sql}" 1835 1836 def in_unnest_op(self, unnest: exp.Unnest) -> str: 1837 return f"(SELECT {self.sql(unnest)})" 1838 1839 def interval_sql(self, expression: exp.Interval) -> str: 1840 unit = self.sql(expression, "unit") 1841 if not self.INTERVAL_ALLOWS_PLURAL_FORM: 1842 unit = self.TIME_PART_SINGULARS.get(unit.lower(), unit) 1843 unit = f" {unit}" if unit else "" 1844 1845 if self.SINGLE_STRING_INTERVAL: 1846 this = expression.this.name if expression.this else "" 1847 return f"INTERVAL '{this}{unit}'" 1848 1849 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 1850 if this: 1851 unwrapped = isinstance(expression.this, self.UNWRAPPED_INTERVAL_VALUES) 1852 this = f" {this}" if unwrapped else f" ({this})" 1853 1854 return f"INTERVAL{this}{unit}" 1855 1856 def return_sql(self, expression: exp.Return) -> str: 1857 return f"RETURN {self.sql(expression, 'this')}" 1858 1859 def reference_sql(self, expression: exp.Reference) -> str: 1860 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 1861 expressions = self.expressions(expression, flat=True) 1862 expressions = f"({expressions})" if expressions else "" 1863 options = self.expressions(expression, key="options", flat=True, sep=" ") 1864 options = f" {options}" if options else "" 1865 return f"REFERENCES {this}{expressions}{options}" 1866 1867 def anonymous_sql(self, expression: exp.Anonymous) -> str: 1868 return self.func(expression.name, *expression.expressions) 1869 1870 def paren_sql(self, expression: exp.Paren) -> str: 1871 if isinstance(expression.unnest(), exp.Select): 1872 sql = self.wrap(expression) 1873 else: 1874 sql = self.seg(self.indent(self.sql(expression, "this")), sep="") 1875 sql = f"({sql}{self.seg(')', sep='')}" 1876 1877 return self.prepend_ctes(expression, sql) 1878 1879 def neg_sql(self, expression: exp.Neg) -> str: 1880 # This makes sure we don't convert "- - 5" to "--5", which is a comment 1881 this_sql = self.sql(expression, "this") 1882 sep = " " if this_sql[0] == "-" else "" 1883 return f"-{sep}{this_sql}" 1884 1885 def not_sql(self, expression: exp.Not) -> str: 1886 return f"NOT {self.sql(expression, 'this')}" 1887 1888 def alias_sql(self, expression: exp.Alias) -> str: 1889 alias = self.sql(expression, "alias") 1890 alias = f" AS {alias}" if alias else "" 1891 return f"{self.sql(expression, 'this')}{alias}" 1892 1893 def aliases_sql(self, expression: exp.Aliases) -> str: 1894 return f"{self.sql(expression, 'this')} AS ({self.expressions(expression, flat=True)})" 1895 1896 def attimezone_sql(self, expression: exp.AtTimeZone) -> str: 1897 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 1898 zone = self.sql(expression, "zone") 1899 return f"{this} AT TIME ZONE {zone}" 1900 1901 def add_sql(self, expression: exp.Add) -> str: 1902 return self.binary(expression, "+") 1903 1904 def and_sql(self, expression: exp.And) -> str: 1905 return self.connector_sql(expression, "AND") 1906 1907 def connector_sql(self, expression: exp.Connector, op: str) -> str: 1908 if not self.pretty: 1909 return self.binary(expression, op) 1910 1911 sqls = tuple( 1912 self.maybe_comment(self.sql(e), e, e.parent.comments or []) if i != 1 else self.sql(e) 1913 for i, e in enumerate(expression.flatten(unnest=False)) 1914 ) 1915 1916 sep = "\n" if self.text_width(sqls) > self._max_text_width else " " 1917 return f"{sep}{op} ".join(sqls) 1918 1919 def bitwiseand_sql(self, expression: exp.BitwiseAnd) -> str: 1920 return self.binary(expression, "&") 1921 1922 def bitwiseleftshift_sql(self, expression: exp.BitwiseLeftShift) -> str: 1923 return self.binary(expression, "<<") 1924 1925 def bitwisenot_sql(self, expression: exp.BitwiseNot) -> str: 1926 return f"~{self.sql(expression, 'this')}" 1927 1928 def bitwiseor_sql(self, expression: exp.BitwiseOr) -> str: 1929 return self.binary(expression, "|") 1930 1931 def bitwiserightshift_sql(self, expression: exp.BitwiseRightShift) -> str: 1932 return self.binary(expression, ">>") 1933 1934 def bitwisexor_sql(self, expression: exp.BitwiseXor) -> str: 1935 return self.binary(expression, "^") 1936 1937 def cast_sql(self, expression: exp.Cast) -> str: 1938 return f"CAST({self.sql(expression, 'this')} AS {self.sql(expression, 'to')})" 1939 1940 def currentdate_sql(self, expression: exp.CurrentDate) -> str: 1941 zone = self.sql(expression, "this") 1942 return f"CURRENT_DATE({zone})" if zone else "CURRENT_DATE" 1943 1944 def collate_sql(self, expression: exp.Collate) -> str: 1945 return self.binary(expression, "COLLATE") 1946 1947 def command_sql(self, expression: exp.Command) -> str: 1948 return f"{self.sql(expression, 'this').upper()} {expression.text('expression').strip()}" 1949 1950 def comment_sql(self, expression: exp.Comment) -> str: 1951 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 1952 kind = expression.args["kind"] 1953 exists_sql = " IF EXISTS " if expression.args.get("exists") else " " 1954 expression_sql = self.sql(expression, "expression") 1955 return f"COMMENT{exists_sql}ON {kind} {this} IS {expression_sql}" 1956 1957 def mergetreettlaction_sql(self, expression: exp.MergeTreeTTLAction) -> str: 1958 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 1959 delete = " DELETE" if expression.args.get("delete") else "" 1960 recompress = self.sql(expression, "recompress") 1961 recompress = f" RECOMPRESS {recompress}" if recompress else "" 1962 to_disk = self.sql(expression, "to_disk") 1963 to_disk = f" TO DISK {to_disk}" if to_disk else "" 1964 to_volume = self.sql(expression, "to_volume") 1965 to_volume = f" TO VOLUME {to_volume}" if to_volume else "" 1966 return f"{this}{delete}{recompress}{to_disk}{to_volume}" 1967 1968 def mergetreettl_sql(self, expression: exp.MergeTreeTTL) -> str: 1969 where = self.sql(expression, "where") 1970 group = self.sql(expression, "group") 1971 aggregates = self.expressions(expression, key="aggregates") 1972 aggregates = self.seg("SET") + self.seg(aggregates) if aggregates else "" 1973 1974 if not (where or group or aggregates) and len(expression.expressions) == 1: 1975 return f"TTL {self.expressions(expression, flat=True)}" 1976 1977 return f"TTL{self.seg(self.expressions(expression))}{where}{group}{aggregates}" 1978 1979 def transaction_sql(self, expression: exp.Transaction) -> str: 1980 return "BEGIN" 1981 1982 def commit_sql(self, expression: exp.Commit) -> str: 1983 chain = expression.args.get("chain") 1984 if chain is not None: 1985 chain = " AND CHAIN" if chain else " AND NO CHAIN" 1986 1987 return f"COMMIT{chain or ''}" 1988 1989 def rollback_sql(self, expression: exp.Rollback) -> str: 1990 savepoint = expression.args.get("savepoint") 1991 savepoint = f" TO {savepoint}" if savepoint else "" 1992 return f"ROLLBACK{savepoint}" 1993 1994 def altercolumn_sql(self, expression: exp.AlterColumn) -> str: 1995 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 1996 1997 dtype = self.sql(expression, "dtype") 1998 if dtype: 1999 collate = self.sql(expression, "collate") 2000 collate = f" COLLATE {collate}" if collate else "" 2001 using = self.sql(expression, "using") 2002 using = f" USING {using}" if using else "" 2003 return f"ALTER COLUMN {this} TYPE {dtype}{collate}{using}" 2004 2005 default = self.sql(expression, "default") 2006 if default: 2007 return f"ALTER COLUMN {this} SET DEFAULT {default}" 2008 2009 if not expression.args.get("drop"): 2010 self.unsupported("Unsupported ALTER COLUMN syntax") 2011 2012 return f"ALTER COLUMN {this} DROP DEFAULT" 2013 2014 def renametable_sql(self, expression: exp.RenameTable) -> str: 2015 if not self.RENAME_TABLE_WITH_DB: 2016 # Remove db from tables 2017 expression = expression.transform( 2018 lambda n: exp.table_(n.this) if isinstance(n, exp.Table) else n 2019 ) 2020 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 2021 return f"RENAME TO {this}" 2022 2023 def altertable_sql(self, expression: exp.AlterTable) -> str: 2024 actions = expression.args["actions"] 2025 2026 if isinstance(actions[0], exp.ColumnDef): 2027 actions = self.expressions(expression, key="actions", prefix="ADD COLUMN ") 2028 elif isinstance(actions[0], exp.Schema): 2029 actions = self.expressions(expression, key="actions", prefix="ADD COLUMNS ") 2030 elif isinstance(actions[0], exp.Delete): 2031 actions = self.expressions(expression, key="actions", flat=True) 2032 else: 2033 actions = self.expressions(expression, key="actions") 2034 2035 exists = " IF EXISTS" if expression.args.get("exists") else "" 2036 return f"ALTER TABLE{exists} {self.sql(expression, 'this')} {actions}" 2037 2038 def droppartition_sql(self, expression: exp.DropPartition) -> str: 2039 expressions = self.expressions(expression) 2040 exists = " IF EXISTS " if expression.args.get("exists") else " " 2041 return f"DROP{exists}{expressions}" 2042 2043 def addconstraint_sql(self, expression: exp.AddConstraint) -> str: 2044 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 2045 expression_ = self.sql(expression, "expression") 2046 add_constraint = f"ADD CONSTRAINT {this}" if this else "ADD" 2047 2048 enforced = expression.args.get("enforced") 2049 if enforced is not None: 2050 return f"{add_constraint} CHECK ({expression_}){' ENFORCED' if enforced else ''}" 2051 2052 return f"{add_constraint} {expression_}" 2053 2054 def distinct_sql(self, expression: exp.Distinct) -> str: 2055 this = self.expressions(expression, flat=True) 2056 this = f" {this}" if this else "" 2057 2058 on = self.sql(expression, "on") 2059 on = f" ON {on}" if on else "" 2060 return f"DISTINCT{this}{on}" 2061 2062 def ignorenulls_sql(self, expression: exp.IgnoreNulls) -> str: 2063 return f"{self.sql(expression, 'this')} IGNORE NULLS" 2064 2065 def respectnulls_sql(self, expression: exp.RespectNulls) -> str: 2066 return f"{self.sql(expression, 'this')} RESPECT NULLS" 2067 2068 def intdiv_sql(self, expression: exp.IntDiv) -> str: 2069 return self.sql( 2070 exp.Cast( 2071 this=exp.Div(this=expression.this, expression=expression.expression), 2072 to=exp.DataType(this=exp.DataType.Type.INT), 2073 ) 2074 ) 2075 2076 def dpipe_sql(self, expression: exp.DPipe) -> str: 2077 return self.binary(expression, "||") 2078 2079 def div_sql(self, expression: exp.Div) -> str: 2080 return self.binary(expression, "/") 2081 2082 def overlaps_sql(self, expression: exp.Overlaps) -> str: 2083 return self.binary(expression, "OVERLAPS") 2084 2085 def distance_sql(self, expression: exp.Distance) -> str: 2086 return self.binary(expression, "<->") 2087 2088 def dot_sql(self, expression: exp.Dot) -> str: 2089 return f"{self.sql(expression, 'this')}.{self.sql(expression, 'expression')}" 2090 2091 def eq_sql(self, expression: exp.EQ) -> str: 2092 return self.binary(expression, "=") 2093 2094 def escape_sql(self, expression: exp.Escape) -> str: 2095 return self.binary(expression, "ESCAPE") 2096 2097 def glob_sql(self, expression: exp.Glob) -> str: 2098 return self.binary(expression, "GLOB") 2099 2100 def gt_sql(self, expression: exp.GT) -> str: 2101 return self.binary(expression, ">") 2102 2103 def gte_sql(self, expression: exp.GTE) -> str: 2104 return self.binary(expression, ">=") 2105 2106 def ilike_sql(self, expression: exp.ILike) -> str: 2107 return self.binary(expression, "ILIKE") 2108 2109 def ilikeany_sql(self, expression: exp.ILikeAny) -> str: 2110 return self.binary(expression, "ILIKE ANY") 2111 2112 def is_sql(self, expression: exp.Is) -> str: 2113 return self.binary(expression, "IS") 2114 2115 def like_sql(self, expression: exp.Like) -> str: 2116 return self.binary(expression, "LIKE") 2117 2118 def likeany_sql(self, expression: exp.LikeAny) -> str: 2119 return self.binary(expression, "LIKE ANY") 2120 2121 def similarto_sql(self, expression: exp.SimilarTo) -> str: 2122 return self.binary(expression, "SIMILAR TO") 2123 2124 def lt_sql(self, expression: exp.LT) -> str: 2125 return self.binary(expression, "<") 2126 2127 def lte_sql(self, expression: exp.LTE) -> str: 2128 return self.binary(expression, "<=") 2129 2130 def mod_sql(self, expression: exp.Mod) -> str: 2131 return self.binary(expression, "%") 2132 2133 def mul_sql(self, expression: exp.Mul) -> str: 2134 return self.binary(expression, "*") 2135 2136 def neq_sql(self, expression: exp.NEQ) -> str: 2137 return self.binary(expression, "<>") 2138 2139 def nullsafeeq_sql(self, expression: exp.NullSafeEQ) -> str: 2140 return self.binary(expression, "IS NOT DISTINCT FROM") 2141 2142 def nullsafeneq_sql(self, expression: exp.NullSafeNEQ) -> str: 2143 return self.binary(expression, "IS DISTINCT FROM") 2144 2145 def or_sql(self, expression: exp.Or) -> str: 2146 return self.connector_sql(expression, "OR") 2147 2148 def slice_sql(self, expression: exp.Slice) -> str: 2149 return self.binary(expression, ":") 2150 2151 def sub_sql(self, expression: exp.Sub) -> str: 2152 return self.binary(expression, "-") 2153 2154 def trycast_sql(self, expression: exp.TryCast) -> str: 2155 return f"TRY_CAST({self.sql(expression, 'this')} AS {self.sql(expression, 'to')})" 2156 2157 def use_sql(self, expression: exp.Use) -> str: 2158 kind = self.sql(expression, "kind") 2159 kind = f" {kind}" if kind else "" 2160 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 2161 this = f" {this}" if this else "" 2162 return f"USE{kind}{this}" 2163 2164 def binary(self, expression: exp.Binary, op: str) -> str: 2165 op = self.maybe_comment(op, comments=expression.comments) 2166 return f"{self.sql(expression, 'this')} {op} {self.sql(expression, 'expression')}" 2167 2168 def function_fallback_sql(self, expression: exp.Func) -> str: 2169 args = [] 2170 for arg_value in expression.args.values(): 2171 if isinstance(arg_value, list): 2172 for value in arg_value: 2173 args.append(value) 2174 else: 2175 args.append(arg_value) 2176 2177 return self.func(expression.sql_name(), *args) 2178 2179 def func(self, name: str, *args: t.Optional[exp.Expression | str]) -> str: 2180 return f"{self.normalize_func(name)}({self.format_args(*args)})" 2181 2182 def format_args(self, *args: t.Optional[str | exp.Expression]) -> str: 2183 arg_sqls = tuple(self.sql(arg) for arg in args if arg is not None) 2184 if self.pretty and self.text_width(arg_sqls) > self._max_text_width: 2185 return self.indent("\n" + f",\n".join(arg_sqls) + "\n", skip_first=True, skip_last=True) 2186 return ", ".join(arg_sqls) 2187 2188 def text_width(self, args: t.Iterable) -> int: 2189 return sum(len(arg) for arg in args) 2190 2191 def format_time(self, expression: exp.Expression) -> t.Optional[str]: 2192 return format_time(self.sql(expression, "format"), self.time_mapping, self.time_trie) 2193 2194 def expressions( 2195 self, 2196 expression: t.Optional[exp.Expression] = None, 2197 key: t.Optional[str] = None, 2198 sqls: t.Optional[t.List[str]] = None, 2199 flat: bool = False, 2200 indent: bool = True, 2201 sep: str = ", ", 2202 prefix: str = "", 2203 ) -> str: 2204 expressions = expression.args.get(key or "expressions") if expression else sqls 2205 2206 if not expressions: 2207 return "" 2208 2209 if flat: 2210 return sep.join(self.sql(e) for e in expressions) 2211 2212 num_sqls = len(expressions) 2213 2214 # These are calculated once in case we have the leading_comma / pretty option set, correspondingly 2215 pad = " " * self.pad 2216 stripped_sep = sep.strip() 2217 2218 result_sqls = [] 2219 for i, e in enumerate(expressions): 2220 sql = self.sql(e, comment=False) 2221 comments = self.maybe_comment("", e) if isinstance(e, exp.Expression) else "" 2222 2223 if self.pretty: 2224 if self._leading_comma: 2225 result_sqls.append(f"{sep if i > 0 else pad}{prefix}{sql}{comments}") 2226 else: 2227 result_sqls.append( 2228 f"{prefix}{sql}{stripped_sep if i + 1 < num_sqls else ''}{comments}" 2229 ) 2230 else: 2231 result_sqls.append(f"{prefix}{sql}{comments}{sep if i + 1 < num_sqls else ''}") 2232 2233 result_sql = "\n".join(result_sqls) if self.pretty else "".join(result_sqls) 2234 return self.indent(result_sql, skip_first=False) if indent else result_sql 2235 2236 def op_expressions(self, op: str, expression: exp.Expression, flat: bool = False) -> str: 2237 flat = flat or isinstance(expression.parent, exp.Properties) 2238 expressions_sql = self.expressions(expression, flat=flat) 2239 if flat: 2240 return f"{op} {expressions_sql}" 2241 return f"{self.seg(op)}{self.sep() if expressions_sql else ''}{expressions_sql}" 2242 2243 def naked_property(self, expression: exp.Property) -> str: 2244 property_name = exp.Properties.PROPERTY_TO_NAME.get(expression.__class__) 2245 if not property_name: 2246 self.unsupported(f"Unsupported property {expression.__class__.__name__}") 2247 return f"{property_name} {self.sql(expression, 'this')}" 2248 2249 def set_operation(self, expression: exp.Expression, op: str) -> str: 2250 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 2251 op = self.seg(op) 2252 return self.query_modifiers( 2253 expression, f"{this}{op}{self.sep()}{self.sql(expression, 'expression')}" 2254 ) 2255 2256 def tag_sql(self, expression: exp.Tag) -> str: 2257 return f"{expression.args.get('prefix')}{self.sql(expression.this)}{expression.args.get('postfix')}" 2258 2259 def token_sql(self, token_type: TokenType) -> str: 2260 return self.TOKEN_MAPPING.get(token_type, token_type.name) 2261 2262 def userdefinedfunction_sql(self, expression: exp.UserDefinedFunction) -> str: 2263 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 2264 expressions = self.no_identify(self.expressions, expression) 2265 expressions = ( 2266 self.wrap(expressions) if expression.args.get("wrapped") else f" {expressions}" 2267 ) 2268 return f"{this}{expressions}" 2269 2270 def joinhint_sql(self, expression: exp.JoinHint) -> str: 2271 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 2272 expressions = self.expressions(expression, flat=True) 2273 return f"{this}({expressions})" 2274 2275 def kwarg_sql(self, expression: exp.Kwarg) -> str: 2276 return self.binary(expression, "=>") 2277 2278 def when_sql(self, expression: exp.When) -> str: 2279 matched = "MATCHED" if expression.args["matched"] else "NOT MATCHED" 2280 source = " BY SOURCE" if self.MATCHED_BY_SOURCE and expression.args.get("source") else "" 2281 condition = self.sql(expression, "condition") 2282 condition = f" AND {condition}" if condition else "" 2283 2284 then_expression = expression.args.get("then") 2285 if isinstance(then_expression, exp.Insert): 2286 then = f"INSERT {self.sql(then_expression, 'this')}" 2287 if "expression" in then_expression.args: 2288 then += f" VALUES {self.sql(then_expression, 'expression')}" 2289 elif isinstance(then_expression, exp.Update): 2290 if isinstance(then_expression.args.get("expressions"), exp.Star): 2291 then = f"UPDATE {self.sql(then_expression, 'expressions')}" 2292 else: 2293 then = f"UPDATE SET {self.expressions(then_expression, flat=True)}" 2294 else: 2295 then = self.sql(then_expression) 2296 return f"WHEN {matched}{source}{condition} THEN {then}" 2297 2298 def merge_sql(self, expression: exp.Merge) -> str: 2299 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 2300 using = f"USING {self.sql(expression, 'using')}" 2301 on = f"ON {self.sql(expression, 'on')}" 2302 return f"MERGE INTO {this} {using} {on} {self.expressions(expression, sep=' ')}" 2303 2304 def tochar_sql(self, expression: exp.ToChar) -> str: 2305 if expression.args.get("format"): 2306 self.unsupported("Format argument unsupported for TO_CHAR/TO_VARCHAR function") 2307 2308 return self.sql(exp.cast(expression.this, "text"))
Generator interprets the given syntax tree and produces a SQL string as an output.
Arguments:
- time_mapping (dict): the dictionary of custom time mappings in which the key represents a python time format and the output the target time format
- time_trie (trie): a trie of the time_mapping keys
- pretty (bool): if set to True the returned string will be formatted. Default: False.
- quote_start (str): specifies which starting character to use to delimit quotes. Default: '.
- quote_end (str): specifies which ending character to use to delimit quotes. Default: '.
- identifier_start (str): specifies which starting character to use to delimit identifiers. Default: ".
- identifier_end (str): specifies which ending character to use to delimit identifiers. Default: ".
- bit_start (str): specifies which starting character to use to delimit bit literals. Default: None.
- bit_end (str): specifies which ending character to use to delimit bit literals. Default: None.
- hex_start (str): specifies which starting character to use to delimit hex literals. Default: None.
- hex_end (str): specifies which ending character to use to delimit hex literals. Default: None.
- byte_start (str): specifies which starting character to use to delimit byte literals. Default: None.
- byte_end (str): specifies which ending character to use to delimit byte literals. Default: None.
- identify (bool | str): 'always': always quote, 'safe': quote identifiers if they don't contain an upcase, True defaults to always.
- normalize (bool): if set to True all identifiers will lower cased
- string_escape (str): specifies a string escape character. Default: '.
- identifier_escape (str): specifies an identifier escape character. Default: ".
- pad (int): determines padding in a formatted string. Default: 2.
- indent (int): determines the size of indentation in a formatted string. Default: 4.
- unnest_column_only (bool): if true unnest table aliases are considered only as column aliases
- normalize_functions (str): normalize function names, "upper", "lower", or None Default: "upper"
- alias_post_tablesample (bool): if the table alias comes after tablesample Default: False
- unsupported_level (ErrorLevel): determines the generator's behavior when it encounters unsupported expressions. Default ErrorLevel.WARN.
- null_ordering (str): Indicates the default null ordering method to use if not explicitly set. Options are "nulls_are_small", "nulls_are_large", "nulls_are_last". Default: "nulls_are_small"
- max_unsupported (int): Maximum number of unsupported messages to include in a raised UnsupportedError. This is only relevant if unsupported_level is ErrorLevel.RAISE. Default: 3
- leading_comma (bool): if the the comma is leading or trailing in select statements Default: False
- max_text_width: The max number of characters in a segment before creating new lines in pretty mode. The default is on the smaller end because the length only represents a segment and not the true line length. Default: 80
- comments: Whether or not to preserve comments in the output SQL code. Default: True
Generator( time_mapping=None, time_trie=None, pretty=None, quote_start=None, quote_end=None, identifier_start=None, identifier_end=None, bit_start=None, bit_end=None, hex_start=None, hex_end=None, byte_start=None, byte_end=None, identify=False, normalize=False, string_escape=None, identifier_escape=None, pad=2, indent=2, index_offset=0, unnest_column_only=False, alias_post_tablesample=False, normalize_functions='upper', unsupported_level=<ErrorLevel.WARN: 'WARN'>, null_ordering=None, max_unsupported=3, leading_comma=False, max_text_width=80, comments=True)
277 def __init__( 278 self, 279 time_mapping=None, 280 time_trie=None, 281 pretty=None, 282 quote_start=None, 283 quote_end=None, 284 identifier_start=None, 285 identifier_end=None, 286 bit_start=None, 287 bit_end=None, 288 hex_start=None, 289 hex_end=None, 290 byte_start=None, 291 byte_end=None, 292 identify=False, 293 normalize=False, 294 string_escape=None, 295 identifier_escape=None, 296 pad=2, 297 indent=2, 298 index_offset=0, 299 unnest_column_only=False, 300 alias_post_tablesample=False, 301 normalize_functions="upper", 302 unsupported_level=ErrorLevel.WARN, 303 null_ordering=None, 304 max_unsupported=3, 305 leading_comma=False, 306 max_text_width=80, 307 comments=True, 308 ): 309 import sqlglot 310 311 self.time_mapping = time_mapping or {} 312 self.time_trie = time_trie 313 self.pretty = pretty if pretty is not None else sqlglot.pretty 314 self.quote_start = quote_start or "'" 315 self.quote_end = quote_end or "'" 316 self.identifier_start = identifier_start or '"' 317 self.identifier_end = identifier_end or '"' 318 self.bit_start = bit_start 319 self.bit_end = bit_end 320 self.hex_start = hex_start 321 self.hex_end = hex_end 322 self.byte_start = byte_start 323 self.byte_end = byte_end 324 self.identify = identify 325 self.normalize = normalize 326 self.string_escape = string_escape or "'" 327 self.identifier_escape = identifier_escape or '"' 328 self.pad = pad 329 self.index_offset = index_offset 330 self.unnest_column_only = unnest_column_only 331 self.alias_post_tablesample = alias_post_tablesample 332 self.normalize_functions = normalize_functions 333 self.unsupported_level = unsupported_level 334 self.unsupported_messages = [] 335 self.max_unsupported = max_unsupported 336 self.null_ordering = null_ordering 337 self._indent = indent 338 self._escaped_quote_end = self.string_escape + self.quote_end 339 self._escaped_identifier_end = self.identifier_escape + self.identifier_end 340 self._leading_comma = leading_comma 341 self._max_text_width = max_text_width 342 self._comments = comments 343 self._cache = None
def
generate( self, expression: Optional[sqlglot.expressions.Expression], cache: Optional[Dict[int, str]] = None) -> str:
345 def generate( 346 self, 347 expression: t.Optional[exp.Expression], 348 cache: t.Optional[t.Dict[int, str]] = None, 349 ) -> str: 350 """ 351 Generates a SQL string by interpreting the given syntax tree. 352 353 Args 354 expression: the syntax tree. 355 cache: an optional sql string cache. this leverages the hash of an expression which is slow, so only use this if you set _hash on each node. 356 357 Returns 358 the SQL string. 359 """ 360 if cache is not None: 361 self._cache = cache 362 self.unsupported_messages = [] 363 sql = self.sql(expression).strip() 364 self._cache = None 365 366 if self.unsupported_level == ErrorLevel.IGNORE: 367 return sql 368 369 if self.unsupported_level == ErrorLevel.WARN: 370 for msg in self.unsupported_messages: 371 logger.warning(msg) 372 elif self.unsupported_level == ErrorLevel.RAISE and self.unsupported_messages: 373 raise UnsupportedError(concat_messages(self.unsupported_messages, self.max_unsupported)) 374 375 if self.pretty: 376 sql = sql.replace(self.SENTINEL_LINE_BREAK, "\n") 377 return sql
Generates a SQL string by interpreting the given syntax tree.
Args expression: the syntax tree. cache: an optional sql string cache. this leverages the hash of an expression which is slow, so only use this if you set _hash on each node.
Returns the SQL string.
def
maybe_comment( self, sql: str, expression: Optional[sqlglot.expressions.Expression] = None, comments: Optional[List[str]] = None) -> str:
395 def maybe_comment( 396 self, 397 sql: str, 398 expression: t.Optional[exp.Expression] = None, 399 comments: t.Optional[t.List[str]] = None, 400 ) -> str: 401 comments = ((expression and expression.comments) if comments is None else comments) if self._comments else None # type: ignore 402 403 if not comments or isinstance(expression, exp.Binary): 404 return sql 405 406 sep = "\n" if self.pretty else " " 407 comments_sql = sep.join( 408 f"/*{self.pad_comment(comment)}*/" for comment in comments if comment 409 ) 410 411 if not comments_sql: 412 return sql 413 414 if isinstance(expression, self.WITH_SEPARATED_COMMENTS): 415 return ( 416 f"{self.sep()}{comments_sql}{sql}" 417 if sql[0].isspace() 418 else f"{comments_sql}{self.sep()}{sql}" 419 ) 420 421 return f"{sql} {comments_sql}"
423 def wrap(self, expression: exp.Expression | str) -> str: 424 this_sql = self.indent( 425 self.sql(expression) 426 if isinstance(expression, (exp.Select, exp.Union)) 427 else self.sql(expression, "this"), 428 level=1, 429 pad=0, 430 ) 431 return f"({self.sep('')}{this_sql}{self.seg(')', sep='')}"
def
indent( self, sql: str, level: int = 0, pad: Optional[int] = None, skip_first: bool = False, skip_last: bool = False) -> str:
447 def indent( 448 self, 449 sql: str, 450 level: int = 0, 451 pad: t.Optional[int] = None, 452 skip_first: bool = False, 453 skip_last: bool = False, 454 ) -> str: 455 if not self.pretty: 456 return sql 457 458 pad = self.pad if pad is None else pad 459 lines = sql.split("\n") 460 461 return "\n".join( 462 line 463 if (skip_first and i == 0) or (skip_last and i == len(lines) - 1) 464 else f"{' ' * (level * self._indent + pad)}{line}" 465 for i, line in enumerate(lines) 466 )
def
sql( self, expression: Union[str, sqlglot.expressions.Expression, NoneType], key: Optional[str] = None, comment: bool = True) -> str:
468 def sql( 469 self, 470 expression: t.Optional[str | exp.Expression], 471 key: t.Optional[str] = None, 472 comment: bool = True, 473 ) -> str: 474 if not expression: 475 return "" 476 477 if isinstance(expression, str): 478 return expression 479 480 if key: 481 return self.sql(expression.args.get(key)) 482 483 if self._cache is not None: 484 expression_id = hash(expression) 485 486 if expression_id in self._cache: 487 return self._cache[expression_id] 488 489 transform = self.TRANSFORMS.get(expression.__class__) 490 491 if callable(transform): 492 sql = transform(self, expression) 493 elif transform: 494 sql = transform 495 elif isinstance(expression, exp.Expression): 496 exp_handler_name = f"{expression.key}_sql" 497 498 if hasattr(self, exp_handler_name): 499 sql = getattr(self, exp_handler_name)(expression) 500 elif isinstance(expression, exp.Func): 501 sql = self.function_fallback_sql(expression) 502 elif isinstance(expression, exp.Property): 503 sql = self.property_sql(expression) 504 else: 505 raise ValueError(f"Unsupported expression type {expression.__class__.__name__}") 506 else: 507 raise ValueError(f"Expected an Expression. Received {type(expression)}: {expression}") 508 509 sql = self.maybe_comment(sql, expression) if self._comments and comment else sql 510 511 if self._cache is not None: 512 self._cache[expression_id] = sql 513 return sql
520 def cache_sql(self, expression: exp.Cache) -> str: 521 lazy = " LAZY" if expression.args.get("lazy") else "" 522 table = self.sql(expression, "this") 523 options = expression.args.get("options") 524 options = f" OPTIONS({self.sql(options[0])} = {self.sql(options[1])})" if options else "" 525 sql = self.sql(expression, "expression") 526 sql = f" AS{self.sep()}{sql}" if sql else "" 527 sql = f"CACHE{lazy} TABLE {table}{options}{sql}" 528 return self.prepend_ctes(expression, sql)
530 def characterset_sql(self, expression: exp.CharacterSet) -> str: 531 if isinstance(expression.parent, exp.Cast): 532 return f"CHAR CHARACTER SET {self.sql(expression, 'this')}" 533 default = "DEFAULT " if expression.args.get("default") else "" 534 return f"{default}CHARACTER SET={self.sql(expression, 'this')}"
554 def columndef_sql(self, expression: exp.ColumnDef, sep: str = " ") -> str: 555 column = self.sql(expression, "this") 556 kind = self.sql(expression, "kind") 557 constraints = self.expressions(expression, key="constraints", sep=" ", flat=True) 558 exists = "IF NOT EXISTS " if expression.args.get("exists") else "" 559 kind = f"{sep}{kind}" if kind else "" 560 constraints = f" {constraints}" if constraints else "" 561 position = self.sql(expression, "position") 562 position = f" {position}" if position else "" 563 564 return f"{exists}{column}{kind}{constraints}{position}"
def
compresscolumnconstraint_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.CompressColumnConstraint) -> str:
def
generatedasidentitycolumnconstraint_sql( self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.GeneratedAsIdentityColumnConstraint) -> str:
582 def generatedasidentitycolumnconstraint_sql( 583 self, expression: exp.GeneratedAsIdentityColumnConstraint 584 ) -> str: 585 this = "" 586 if expression.this is not None: 587 on_null = "ON NULL " if expression.args.get("on_null") else "" 588 this = " ALWAYS " if expression.this else f" BY DEFAULT {on_null}" 589 590 start = expression.args.get("start") 591 start = f"START WITH {start}" if start else "" 592 increment = expression.args.get("increment") 593 increment = f" INCREMENT BY {increment}" if increment else "" 594 minvalue = expression.args.get("minvalue") 595 minvalue = f" MINVALUE {minvalue}" if minvalue else "" 596 maxvalue = expression.args.get("maxvalue") 597 maxvalue = f" MAXVALUE {maxvalue}" if maxvalue else "" 598 cycle = expression.args.get("cycle") 599 cycle_sql = "" 600 if cycle is not None: 601 cycle_sql = f"{' NO' if not cycle else ''} CYCLE" 602 cycle_sql = cycle_sql.strip() if not start and not increment else cycle_sql 603 sequence_opts = "" 604 if start or increment or cycle_sql: 605 sequence_opts = f"{start}{increment}{minvalue}{maxvalue}{cycle_sql}" 606 sequence_opts = f" ({sequence_opts.strip()})" 607 return f"GENERATED{this}AS IDENTITY{sequence_opts}"
def
notnullcolumnconstraint_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.NotNullColumnConstraint) -> str:
def
primarykeycolumnconstraint_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.PrimaryKeyColumnConstraint) -> str:
621 def create_sql(self, expression: exp.Create) -> str: 622 kind = self.sql(expression, "kind").upper() 623 properties = expression.args.get("properties") 624 properties_exp = expression.copy() 625 properties_locs = self.locate_properties(properties) if properties else {} 626 if properties_locs.get(exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA) or properties_locs.get( 627 exp.Properties.Location.POST_WITH 628 ): 629 properties_exp.set( 630 "properties", 631 exp.Properties( 632 expressions=[ 633 *properties_locs[exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA], 634 *properties_locs[exp.Properties.Location.POST_WITH], 635 ] 636 ), 637 ) 638 if kind == "TABLE" and properties_locs.get(exp.Properties.Location.POST_NAME): 639 this_name = self.sql(expression.this, "this") 640 this_properties = self.properties( 641 exp.Properties(expressions=properties_locs[exp.Properties.Location.POST_NAME]), 642 wrapped=False, 643 ) 644 this_schema = f"({self.expressions(expression.this)})" 645 this = f"{this_name}, {this_properties} {this_schema}" 646 properties_sql = "" 647 else: 648 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 649 properties_sql = self.sql(properties_exp, "properties") 650 begin = " BEGIN" if expression.args.get("begin") else "" 651 expression_sql = self.sql(expression, "expression") 652 if expression_sql: 653 expression_sql = f"{begin}{self.sep()}{expression_sql}" 654 655 if self.CREATE_FUNCTION_RETURN_AS or not isinstance(expression.expression, exp.Return): 656 if properties_locs.get(exp.Properties.Location.POST_ALIAS): 657 postalias_props_sql = self.properties( 658 exp.Properties( 659 expressions=properties_locs[exp.Properties.Location.POST_ALIAS] 660 ), 661 wrapped=False, 662 ) 663 expression_sql = f" AS {postalias_props_sql}{expression_sql}" 664 else: 665 expression_sql = f" AS{expression_sql}" 666 667 postindex_props_sql = "" 668 if properties_locs.get(exp.Properties.Location.POST_INDEX): 669 postindex_props_sql = self.properties( 670 exp.Properties(expressions=properties_locs[exp.Properties.Location.POST_INDEX]), 671 wrapped=False, 672 prefix=" ", 673 ) 674 675 indexes = expression.args.get("indexes") 676 if indexes: 677 indexes_sql: t.List[str] = [] 678 for index in indexes: 679 ind_unique = " UNIQUE" if index.args.get("unique") else "" 680 ind_primary = " PRIMARY" if index.args.get("primary") else "" 681 ind_amp = " AMP" if index.args.get("amp") else "" 682 ind_name = f" {index.name}" if index.name else "" 683 ind_columns = ( 684 f' ({self.expressions(index, key="columns", flat=True)})' 685 if index.args.get("columns") 686 else "" 687 ) 688 ind_sql = f"{ind_unique}{ind_primary}{ind_amp} INDEX{ind_name}{ind_columns}" 689 690 if indexes_sql: 691 indexes_sql.append(ind_sql) 692 else: 693 indexes_sql.append( 694 f"{ind_sql}{postindex_props_sql}" 695 if index.args.get("primary") 696 else f"{postindex_props_sql}{ind_sql}" 697 ) 698 699 index_sql = "".join(indexes_sql) 700 else: 701 index_sql = postindex_props_sql 702 703 replace = " OR REPLACE" if expression.args.get("replace") else "" 704 unique = " UNIQUE" if expression.args.get("unique") else "" 705 706 postcreate_props_sql = "" 707 if properties_locs.get(exp.Properties.Location.POST_CREATE): 708 postcreate_props_sql = self.properties( 709 exp.Properties(expressions=properties_locs[exp.Properties.Location.POST_CREATE]), 710 sep=" ", 711 prefix=" ", 712 wrapped=False, 713 ) 714 715 modifiers = "".join((replace, unique, postcreate_props_sql)) 716 717 postexpression_props_sql = "" 718 if properties_locs.get(exp.Properties.Location.POST_EXPRESSION): 719 postexpression_props_sql = self.properties( 720 exp.Properties( 721 expressions=properties_locs[exp.Properties.Location.POST_EXPRESSION] 722 ), 723 sep=" ", 724 prefix=" ", 725 wrapped=False, 726 ) 727 728 exists_sql = " IF NOT EXISTS" if expression.args.get("exists") else "" 729 no_schema_binding = ( 730 " WITH NO SCHEMA BINDING" if expression.args.get("no_schema_binding") else "" 731 ) 732 733 clone = self.sql(expression, "clone") 734 clone = f" {clone}" if clone else "" 735 736 expression_sql = f"CREATE{modifiers} {kind}{exists_sql} {this}{properties_sql}{expression_sql}{postexpression_props_sql}{index_sql}{no_schema_binding}{clone}" 737 return self.prepend_ctes(expression, expression_sql)
739 def clone_sql(self, expression: exp.Clone) -> str: 740 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 741 when = self.sql(expression, "when") 742 743 if when: 744 kind = self.sql(expression, "kind") 745 expr = self.sql(expression, "expression") 746 return f"CLONE {this} {when} ({kind} => {expr})" 747 748 return f"CLONE {this}"
799 def datatype_sql(self, expression: exp.DataType) -> str: 800 type_value = expression.this 801 type_sql = self.TYPE_MAPPING.get(type_value, type_value.value) 802 nested = "" 803 interior = self.expressions(expression, flat=True) 804 values = "" 805 if interior: 806 if expression.args.get("nested"): 807 nested = f"{self.STRUCT_DELIMITER[0]}{interior}{self.STRUCT_DELIMITER[1]}" 808 if expression.args.get("values") is not None: 809 delimiters = ("[", "]") if type_value == exp.DataType.Type.ARRAY else ("(", ")") 810 values = f"{delimiters[0]}{self.expressions(expression, key='values')}{delimiters[1]}" 811 else: 812 nested = f"({interior})" 813 814 return f"{type_sql}{nested}{values}"
816 def directory_sql(self, expression: exp.Directory) -> str: 817 local = "LOCAL " if expression.args.get("local") else "" 818 row_format = self.sql(expression, "row_format") 819 row_format = f" {row_format}" if row_format else "" 820 return f"{local}DIRECTORY {self.sql(expression, 'this')}{row_format}"
822 def delete_sql(self, expression: exp.Delete) -> str: 823 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 824 this = f" FROM {this}" if this else "" 825 using_sql = ( 826 f" USING {self.expressions(expression, key='using', sep=', USING ')}" 827 if expression.args.get("using") 828 else "" 829 ) 830 where_sql = self.sql(expression, "where") 831 returning = self.sql(expression, "returning") 832 sql = f"DELETE{this}{using_sql}{where_sql}{returning}" 833 return self.prepend_ctes(expression, sql)
835 def drop_sql(self, expression: exp.Drop) -> str: 836 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 837 kind = expression.args["kind"] 838 exists_sql = " IF EXISTS " if expression.args.get("exists") else " " 839 temporary = " TEMPORARY" if expression.args.get("temporary") else "" 840 materialized = " MATERIALIZED" if expression.args.get("materialized") else "" 841 cascade = " CASCADE" if expression.args.get("cascade") else "" 842 constraints = " CONSTRAINTS" if expression.args.get("constraints") else "" 843 purge = " PURGE" if expression.args.get("purge") else "" 844 return ( 845 f"DROP{temporary}{materialized} {kind}{exists_sql}{this}{cascade}{constraints}{purge}" 846 )
857 def fetch_sql(self, expression: exp.Fetch) -> str: 858 direction = expression.args.get("direction") 859 direction = f" {direction.upper()}" if direction else "" 860 count = expression.args.get("count") 861 count = f" {count}" if count else "" 862 if expression.args.get("percent"): 863 count = f"{count} PERCENT" 864 with_ties_or_only = "WITH TIES" if expression.args.get("with_ties") else "ONLY" 865 return f"{self.seg('FETCH')}{direction}{count} ROWS {with_ties_or_only}"
883 def identifier_sql(self, expression: exp.Identifier) -> str: 884 text = expression.name 885 lower = text.lower() 886 text = lower if self.normalize and not expression.quoted else text 887 text = text.replace(self.identifier_end, self._escaped_identifier_end) 888 if ( 889 expression.quoted 890 or should_identify(text, self.identify) 891 or lower in self.RESERVED_KEYWORDS 892 ): 893 text = f"{self.identifier_start}{text}{self.identifier_end}" 894 return text
896 def inputoutputformat_sql(self, expression: exp.InputOutputFormat) -> str: 897 input_format = self.sql(expression, "input_format") 898 input_format = f"INPUTFORMAT {input_format}" if input_format else "" 899 output_format = self.sql(expression, "output_format") 900 output_format = f"OUTPUTFORMAT {output_format}" if output_format else "" 901 return self.sep().join((input_format, output_format))
909 def properties_sql(self, expression: exp.Properties) -> str: 910 root_properties = [] 911 with_properties = [] 912 913 for p in expression.expressions: 914 p_loc = self.PROPERTIES_LOCATION[p.__class__] 915 if p_loc == exp.Properties.Location.POST_WITH: 916 with_properties.append(p) 917 elif p_loc == exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA: 918 root_properties.append(p) 919 920 return self.root_properties( 921 exp.Properties(expressions=root_properties) 922 ) + self.with_properties(exp.Properties(expressions=with_properties))
def
properties( self, properties: sqlglot.expressions.Properties, prefix: str = '', sep: str = ', ', suffix: str = '', wrapped: bool = True) -> str:
929 def properties( 930 self, 931 properties: exp.Properties, 932 prefix: str = "", 933 sep: str = ", ", 934 suffix: str = "", 935 wrapped: bool = True, 936 ) -> str: 937 if properties.expressions: 938 expressions = self.expressions(properties, sep=sep, indent=False) 939 expressions = self.wrap(expressions) if wrapped else expressions 940 return f"{prefix}{' ' if prefix and prefix != ' ' else ''}{expressions}{suffix}" 941 return ""
def
locate_properties( self, properties: sqlglot.expressions.Properties) -> Dict[sqlglot.expressions.Properties.Location, list[sqlglot.expressions.Property]]:
946 def locate_properties( 947 self, properties: exp.Properties 948 ) -> t.Dict[exp.Properties.Location, list[exp.Property]]: 949 properties_locs: t.Dict[exp.Properties.Location, list[exp.Property]] = { 950 key: [] for key in exp.Properties.Location 951 } 952 953 for p in properties.expressions: 954 p_loc = self.PROPERTIES_LOCATION[p.__class__] 955 if p_loc == exp.Properties.Location.POST_NAME: 956 properties_locs[exp.Properties.Location.POST_NAME].append(p) 957 elif p_loc == exp.Properties.Location.POST_INDEX: 958 properties_locs[exp.Properties.Location.POST_INDEX].append(p) 959 elif p_loc == exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA: 960 properties_locs[exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA].append(p) 961 elif p_loc == exp.Properties.Location.POST_WITH: 962 properties_locs[exp.Properties.Location.POST_WITH].append(p) 963 elif p_loc == exp.Properties.Location.POST_CREATE: 964 properties_locs[exp.Properties.Location.POST_CREATE].append(p) 965 elif p_loc == exp.Properties.Location.POST_ALIAS: 966 properties_locs[exp.Properties.Location.POST_ALIAS].append(p) 967 elif p_loc == exp.Properties.Location.POST_EXPRESSION: 968 properties_locs[exp.Properties.Location.POST_EXPRESSION].append(p) 969 elif p_loc == exp.Properties.Location.UNSUPPORTED: 970 self.unsupported(f"Unsupported property {p.key}") 971 972 return properties_locs
974 def property_sql(self, expression: exp.Property) -> str: 975 property_cls = expression.__class__ 976 if property_cls == exp.Property: 977 return f"{expression.name}={self.sql(expression, 'value')}" 978 979 property_name = exp.Properties.PROPERTY_TO_NAME.get(property_cls) 980 if not property_name: 981 self.unsupported(f"Unsupported property {expression.key}") 982 983 return f"{property_name}={self.sql(expression, 'this')}"
1006 def afterjournalproperty_sql(self, expression: exp.AfterJournalProperty) -> str: 1007 no = "NO " if expression.args.get("no") else "" 1008 dual = "DUAL " if expression.args.get("dual") else "" 1009 local = "" 1010 if expression.args.get("local") is not None: 1011 local = "LOCAL " if expression.args.get("local") else "NOT LOCAL " 1012 return f"{no}{dual}{local}AFTER JOURNAL"
def
mergeblockratioproperty_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.MergeBlockRatioProperty) -> str:
1023 def mergeblockratioproperty_sql(self, expression: exp.MergeBlockRatioProperty) -> str: 1024 if expression.args.get("no"): 1025 return "NO MERGEBLOCKRATIO" 1026 if expression.args.get("default"): 1027 return "DEFAULT MERGEBLOCKRATIO" 1028 1029 percent = " PERCENT" if expression.args.get("percent") else "" 1030 return f"MERGEBLOCKRATIO={self.sql(expression, 'this')}{percent}"
1032 def datablocksizeproperty_sql(self, expression: exp.DataBlocksizeProperty) -> str: 1033 default = expression.args.get("default") 1034 min = expression.args.get("min") 1035 if default is not None or min is not None: 1036 if default: 1037 property = "DEFAULT" 1038 elif min: 1039 property = "MINIMUM" 1040 else: 1041 property = "MAXIMUM" 1042 return f"{property} DATABLOCKSIZE" 1043 else: 1044 units = expression.args.get("units") 1045 units = f" {units}" if units else "" 1046 return f"DATABLOCKSIZE={self.sql(expression, 'size')}{units}"
def
blockcompressionproperty_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.BlockCompressionProperty) -> str:
1048 def blockcompressionproperty_sql(self, expression: exp.BlockCompressionProperty) -> str: 1049 autotemp = expression.args.get("autotemp") 1050 always = expression.args.get("always") 1051 default = expression.args.get("default") 1052 manual = expression.args.get("manual") 1053 never = expression.args.get("never") 1054 1055 if autotemp is not None: 1056 property = f"AUTOTEMP({self.expressions(autotemp)})" 1057 elif always: 1058 property = "ALWAYS" 1059 elif default: 1060 property = "DEFAULT" 1061 elif manual: 1062 property = "MANUAL" 1063 elif never: 1064 property = "NEVER" 1065 return f"BLOCKCOMPRESSION={property}"
def
isolatedloadingproperty_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.IsolatedLoadingProperty) -> str:
1067 def isolatedloadingproperty_sql(self, expression: exp.IsolatedLoadingProperty) -> str: 1068 no = expression.args.get("no") 1069 no = " NO" if no else "" 1070 concurrent = expression.args.get("concurrent") 1071 concurrent = " CONCURRENT" if concurrent else "" 1072 1073 for_ = "" 1074 if expression.args.get("for_all"): 1075 for_ = " FOR ALL" 1076 elif expression.args.get("for_insert"): 1077 for_ = " FOR INSERT" 1078 elif expression.args.get("for_none"): 1079 for_ = " FOR NONE" 1080 return f"WITH{no}{concurrent} ISOLATED LOADING{for_}"
1082 def lockingproperty_sql(self, expression: exp.LockingProperty) -> str: 1083 kind = expression.args.get("kind") 1084 this: str = f" {this}" if expression.this else "" 1085 for_or_in = expression.args.get("for_or_in") 1086 lock_type = expression.args.get("lock_type") 1087 override = " OVERRIDE" if expression.args.get("override") else "" 1088 return f"LOCKING {kind}{this} {for_or_in} {lock_type}{override}"
1090 def withdataproperty_sql(self, expression: exp.WithDataProperty) -> str: 1091 data_sql = f"WITH {'NO ' if expression.args.get('no') else ''}DATA" 1092 statistics = expression.args.get("statistics") 1093 statistics_sql = "" 1094 if statistics is not None: 1095 statistics_sql = f" AND {'NO ' if not statistics else ''}STATISTICS" 1096 return f"{data_sql}{statistics_sql}"
1098 def insert_sql(self, expression: exp.Insert) -> str: 1099 overwrite = expression.args.get("overwrite") 1100 1101 if isinstance(expression.this, exp.Directory): 1102 this = "OVERWRITE " if overwrite else "INTO " 1103 else: 1104 this = "OVERWRITE TABLE " if overwrite else "INTO " 1105 1106 alternative = expression.args.get("alternative") 1107 alternative = f" OR {alternative} " if alternative else " " 1108 this = f"{this}{self.sql(expression, 'this')}" 1109 1110 exists = " IF EXISTS " if expression.args.get("exists") else " " 1111 partition_sql = ( 1112 self.sql(expression, "partition") if expression.args.get("partition") else "" 1113 ) 1114 expression_sql = self.sql(expression, "expression") 1115 conflict = self.sql(expression, "conflict") 1116 returning = self.sql(expression, "returning") 1117 sep = self.sep() if partition_sql else "" 1118 sql = f"INSERT{alternative}{this}{exists}{partition_sql}{sep}{expression_sql}{conflict}{returning}" 1119 return self.prepend_ctes(expression, sql)
1136 def onconflict_sql(self, expression: exp.OnConflict) -> str: 1137 conflict = "ON DUPLICATE KEY" if expression.args.get("duplicate") else "ON CONFLICT" 1138 constraint = self.sql(expression, "constraint") 1139 if constraint: 1140 constraint = f"ON CONSTRAINT {constraint}" 1141 key = self.expressions(expression, key="key", flat=True) 1142 do = "" if expression.args.get("duplicate") else " DO " 1143 nothing = "NOTHING" if expression.args.get("nothing") else "" 1144 expressions = self.expressions(expression, flat=True) 1145 if expressions: 1146 expressions = f"UPDATE SET {expressions}" 1147 return f"{self.seg(conflict)} {constraint}{key}{do}{nothing}{expressions}"
def
rowformatdelimitedproperty_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.RowFormatDelimitedProperty) -> str:
1152 def rowformatdelimitedproperty_sql(self, expression: exp.RowFormatDelimitedProperty) -> str: 1153 fields = expression.args.get("fields") 1154 fields = f" FIELDS TERMINATED BY {fields}" if fields else "" 1155 escaped = expression.args.get("escaped") 1156 escaped = f" ESCAPED BY {escaped}" if escaped else "" 1157 items = expression.args.get("collection_items") 1158 items = f" COLLECTION ITEMS TERMINATED BY {items}" if items else "" 1159 keys = expression.args.get("map_keys") 1160 keys = f" MAP KEYS TERMINATED BY {keys}" if keys else "" 1161 lines = expression.args.get("lines") 1162 lines = f" LINES TERMINATED BY {lines}" if lines else "" 1163 null = expression.args.get("null") 1164 null = f" NULL DEFINED AS {null}" if null else "" 1165 return f"ROW FORMAT DELIMITED{fields}{escaped}{items}{keys}{lines}{null}"
1167 def table_sql(self, expression: exp.Table, sep: str = " AS ") -> str: 1168 table = ".".join( 1169 part 1170 for part in [ 1171 self.sql(expression, "catalog"), 1172 self.sql(expression, "db"), 1173 self.sql(expression, "this"), 1174 ] 1175 if part 1176 ) 1177 1178 alias = self.sql(expression, "alias") 1179 alias = f"{sep}{alias}" if alias else "" 1180 hints = self.expressions(expression, key="hints", flat=True) 1181 hints = f" WITH ({hints})" if hints and self.TABLE_HINTS else "" 1182 pivots = self.expressions(expression, key="pivots", sep=" ", flat=True) 1183 pivots = f" {pivots}" if pivots else "" 1184 joins = self.expressions(expression, key="joins", sep="") 1185 laterals = self.expressions(expression, key="laterals", sep="") 1186 system_time = expression.args.get("system_time") 1187 system_time = f" {self.sql(expression, 'system_time')}" if system_time else "" 1188 1189 return f"{table}{system_time}{alias}{hints}{pivots}{joins}{laterals}"
def
tablesample_sql( self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.TableSample, seed_prefix: str = 'SEED', sep=' AS ') -> str:
1191 def tablesample_sql( 1192 self, expression: exp.TableSample, seed_prefix: str = "SEED", sep=" AS " 1193 ) -> str: 1194 if self.alias_post_tablesample and expression.this.alias: 1195 table = expression.this.copy() 1196 table.set("alias", None) 1197 this = self.sql(table) 1198 alias = f"{sep}{self.sql(expression.this, 'alias')}" 1199 else: 1200 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 1201 alias = "" 1202 method = self.sql(expression, "method") 1203 method = f"{method.upper()} " if method and self.TABLESAMPLE_WITH_METHOD else "" 1204 numerator = self.sql(expression, "bucket_numerator") 1205 denominator = self.sql(expression, "bucket_denominator") 1206 field = self.sql(expression, "bucket_field") 1207 field = f" ON {field}" if field else "" 1208 bucket = f"BUCKET {numerator} OUT OF {denominator}{field}" if numerator else "" 1209 percent = self.sql(expression, "percent") 1210 percent = f"{percent} PERCENT" if percent else "" 1211 rows = self.sql(expression, "rows") 1212 rows = f"{rows} ROWS" if rows else "" 1213 size = self.sql(expression, "size") 1214 if size and self.TABLESAMPLE_SIZE_IS_PERCENT: 1215 size = f"{size} PERCENT" 1216 seed = self.sql(expression, "seed") 1217 seed = f" {seed_prefix} ({seed})" if seed else "" 1218 kind = expression.args.get("kind", "TABLESAMPLE") 1219 return f"{this} {kind} {method}({bucket}{percent}{rows}{size}){seed}{alias}"
1221 def pivot_sql(self, expression: exp.Pivot) -> str: 1222 alias = self.sql(expression, "alias") 1223 alias = f" AS {alias}" if alias else "" 1224 unpivot = expression.args.get("unpivot") 1225 direction = "UNPIVOT" if unpivot else "PIVOT" 1226 expressions = self.expressions(expression, flat=True) 1227 field = self.sql(expression, "field") 1228 return f"{direction}({expressions} FOR {field}){alias}"
1233 def update_sql(self, expression: exp.Update) -> str: 1234 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 1235 set_sql = self.expressions(expression, flat=True) 1236 from_sql = self.sql(expression, "from") 1237 where_sql = self.sql(expression, "where") 1238 returning = self.sql(expression, "returning") 1239 sql = f"UPDATE {this} SET {set_sql}{from_sql}{where_sql}{returning}" 1240 return self.prepend_ctes(expression, sql)
1242 def values_sql(self, expression: exp.Values) -> str: 1243 args = self.expressions(expression) 1244 alias = self.sql(expression, "alias") 1245 values = f"VALUES{self.seg('')}{args}" 1246 values = ( 1247 f"({values})" 1248 if self.WRAP_DERIVED_VALUES and (alias or isinstance(expression.parent, exp.From)) 1249 else values 1250 ) 1251 return f"{values} AS {alias}" if alias else values
1264 def group_sql(self, expression: exp.Group) -> str: 1265 group_by = self.op_expressions("GROUP BY", expression) 1266 grouping_sets = self.expressions(expression, key="grouping_sets", indent=False) 1267 grouping_sets = ( 1268 f"{self.seg('GROUPING SETS')} {self.wrap(grouping_sets)}" if grouping_sets else "" 1269 ) 1270 1271 cube = expression.args.get("cube", []) 1272 if seq_get(cube, 0) is True: 1273 return f"{group_by}{self.seg('WITH CUBE')}" 1274 else: 1275 cube_sql = self.expressions(expression, key="cube", indent=False) 1276 cube_sql = f"{self.seg('CUBE')} {self.wrap(cube_sql)}" if cube_sql else "" 1277 1278 rollup = expression.args.get("rollup", []) 1279 if seq_get(rollup, 0) is True: 1280 return f"{group_by}{self.seg('WITH ROLLUP')}" 1281 else: 1282 rollup_sql = self.expressions(expression, key="rollup", indent=False) 1283 rollup_sql = f"{self.seg('ROLLUP')} {self.wrap(rollup_sql)}" if rollup_sql else "" 1284 1285 groupings = csv( 1286 grouping_sets, 1287 cube_sql, 1288 rollup_sql, 1289 self.seg("WITH TOTALS") if expression.args.get("totals") else "", 1290 sep=self.GROUPINGS_SEP, 1291 ) 1292 1293 if expression.args.get("expressions") and groupings: 1294 group_by = f"{group_by}{self.GROUPINGS_SEP}" 1295 1296 return f"{group_by}{groupings}"
1302 def join_sql(self, expression: exp.Join) -> str: 1303 op_sql = " ".join( 1304 op 1305 for op in ( 1306 "NATURAL" if expression.args.get("natural") else None, 1307 "GLOBAL" if expression.args.get("global") else None, 1308 expression.side, 1309 expression.kind, 1310 expression.hint if self.JOIN_HINTS else None, 1311 ) 1312 if op 1313 ) 1314 on_sql = self.sql(expression, "on") 1315 using = expression.args.get("using") 1316 1317 if not on_sql and using: 1318 on_sql = csv(*(self.sql(column) for column in using)) 1319 1320 this_sql = self.sql(expression, "this") 1321 1322 if on_sql: 1323 on_sql = self.indent(on_sql, skip_first=True) 1324 space = self.seg(" " * self.pad) if self.pretty else " " 1325 if using: 1326 on_sql = f"{space}USING ({on_sql})" 1327 else: 1328 on_sql = f"{space}ON {on_sql}" 1329 elif not op_sql: 1330 return f", {this_sql}" 1331 1332 op_sql = f"{op_sql} JOIN" if op_sql else "JOIN" 1333 return f"{self.seg(op_sql)} {this_sql}{on_sql}"
1340 def lateral_sql(self, expression: exp.Lateral) -> str: 1341 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 1342 1343 if isinstance(expression.this, exp.Subquery): 1344 return f"LATERAL {this}" 1345 1346 if expression.args.get("view"): 1347 alias = expression.args["alias"] 1348 columns = self.expressions(alias, key="columns", flat=True) 1349 table = f" {alias.name}" if alias.name else "" 1350 columns = f" AS {columns}" if columns else "" 1351 op_sql = self.seg(f"LATERAL VIEW{' OUTER' if expression.args.get('outer') else ''}") 1352 return f"{op_sql}{self.sep()}{this}{table}{columns}" 1353 1354 alias = self.sql(expression, "alias") 1355 alias = f" AS {alias}" if alias else "" 1356 return f"LATERAL {this}{alias}"
1366 def setitem_sql(self, expression: exp.SetItem) -> str: 1367 kind = self.sql(expression, "kind") 1368 kind = f"{kind} " if kind else "" 1369 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 1370 expressions = self.expressions(expression) 1371 collate = self.sql(expression, "collate") 1372 collate = f" COLLATE {collate}" if collate else "" 1373 global_ = "GLOBAL " if expression.args.get("global") else "" 1374 return f"{global_}{kind}{this}{expressions}{collate}"
1385 def lock_sql(self, expression: exp.Lock) -> str: 1386 if self.LOCKING_READS_SUPPORTED: 1387 lock_type = "UPDATE" if expression.args["update"] else "SHARE" 1388 return self.seg(f"FOR {lock_type}") 1389 1390 self.unsupported("Locking reads using 'FOR UPDATE/SHARE' are not supported") 1391 return ""
1393 def literal_sql(self, expression: exp.Literal) -> str: 1394 text = expression.this or "" 1395 if expression.is_string: 1396 text = text.replace(self.quote_end, self._escaped_quote_end) 1397 if self.pretty: 1398 text = text.replace("\n", self.SENTINEL_LINE_BREAK) 1399 text = f"{self.quote_start}{text}{self.quote_end}" 1400 return text
1402 def loaddata_sql(self, expression: exp.LoadData) -> str: 1403 local = " LOCAL" if expression.args.get("local") else "" 1404 inpath = f" INPATH {self.sql(expression, 'inpath')}" 1405 overwrite = " OVERWRITE" if expression.args.get("overwrite") else "" 1406 this = f" INTO TABLE {self.sql(expression, 'this')}" 1407 partition = self.sql(expression, "partition") 1408 partition = f" {partition}" if partition else "" 1409 input_format = self.sql(expression, "input_format") 1410 input_format = f" INPUTFORMAT {input_format}" if input_format else "" 1411 serde = self.sql(expression, "serde") 1412 serde = f" SERDE {serde}" if serde else "" 1413 return f"LOAD DATA{local}{inpath}{overwrite}{this}{partition}{input_format}{serde}"
1435 def ordered_sql(self, expression: exp.Ordered) -> str: 1436 desc = expression.args.get("desc") 1437 asc = not desc 1438 1439 nulls_first = expression.args.get("nulls_first") 1440 nulls_last = not nulls_first 1441 nulls_are_large = self.null_ordering == "nulls_are_large" 1442 nulls_are_small = self.null_ordering == "nulls_are_small" 1443 nulls_are_last = self.null_ordering == "nulls_are_last" 1444 1445 sort_order = " DESC" if desc else "" 1446 nulls_sort_change = "" 1447 if nulls_first and ( 1448 (asc and nulls_are_large) or (desc and nulls_are_small) or nulls_are_last 1449 ): 1450 nulls_sort_change = " NULLS FIRST" 1451 elif ( 1452 nulls_last 1453 and ((asc and nulls_are_small) or (desc and nulls_are_large)) 1454 and not nulls_are_last 1455 ): 1456 nulls_sort_change = " NULLS LAST" 1457 1458 if nulls_sort_change and not self.NULL_ORDERING_SUPPORTED: 1459 self.unsupported( 1460 "Sorting in an ORDER BY on NULLS FIRST/NULLS LAST is not supported by this dialect" 1461 ) 1462 nulls_sort_change = "" 1463 1464 return f"{self.sql(expression, 'this')}{sort_order}{nulls_sort_change}"
1466 def matchrecognize_sql(self, expression: exp.MatchRecognize) -> str: 1467 partition = self.partition_by_sql(expression) 1468 order = self.sql(expression, "order") 1469 measures = self.expressions(expression, key="measures") 1470 measures = self.seg(f"MEASURES{self.seg(measures)}") if measures else "" 1471 rows = self.sql(expression, "rows") 1472 rows = self.seg(rows) if rows else "" 1473 after = self.sql(expression, "after") 1474 after = self.seg(after) if after else "" 1475 pattern = self.sql(expression, "pattern") 1476 pattern = self.seg(f"PATTERN ({pattern})") if pattern else "" 1477 definition_sqls = [ 1478 f"{self.sql(definition, 'alias')} AS {self.sql(definition, 'this')}" 1479 for definition in expression.args.get("define", []) 1480 ] 1481 definitions = self.expressions(sqls=definition_sqls) 1482 define = self.seg(f"DEFINE{self.seg(definitions)}") if definitions else "" 1483 body = "".join( 1484 ( 1485 partition, 1486 order, 1487 measures, 1488 rows, 1489 after, 1490 pattern, 1491 define, 1492 ) 1493 ) 1494 alias = self.sql(expression, "alias") 1495 alias = f" {alias}" if alias else "" 1496 return f"{self.seg('MATCH_RECOGNIZE')} {self.wrap(body)}{alias}"
1498 def query_modifiers(self, expression: exp.Expression, *sqls: str) -> str: 1499 limit = expression.args.get("limit") 1500 1501 if self.LIMIT_FETCH == "LIMIT" and isinstance(limit, exp.Fetch): 1502 limit = exp.Limit(expression=limit.args.get("count")) 1503 elif self.LIMIT_FETCH == "FETCH" and isinstance(limit, exp.Limit): 1504 limit = exp.Fetch(direction="FIRST", count=limit.expression) 1505 1506 fetch = isinstance(limit, exp.Fetch) 1507 1508 return csv( 1509 *sqls, 1510 *[self.sql(join) for join in expression.args.get("joins") or []], 1511 self.sql(expression, "match"), 1512 *[self.sql(lateral) for lateral in expression.args.get("laterals") or []], 1513 self.sql(expression, "where"), 1514 self.sql(expression, "group"), 1515 self.sql(expression, "having"), 1516 *self.after_having_modifiers(expression), 1517 self.sql(expression, "order"), 1518 self.sql(expression, "offset") if fetch else self.sql(limit), 1519 self.sql(limit) if fetch else self.sql(expression, "offset"), 1520 *self.after_limit_modifiers(expression), 1521 sep="", 1522 )
1538 def select_sql(self, expression: exp.Select) -> str: 1539 hint = self.sql(expression, "hint") 1540 distinct = self.sql(expression, "distinct") 1541 distinct = f" {distinct}" if distinct else "" 1542 kind = expression.args.get("kind") 1543 kind = f" AS {kind}" if kind else "" 1544 expressions = self.expressions(expression) 1545 expressions = f"{self.sep()}{expressions}" if expressions else expressions 1546 sql = self.query_modifiers( 1547 expression, 1548 f"SELECT{hint}{distinct}{kind}{expressions}", 1549 self.sql(expression, "into", comment=False), 1550 self.sql(expression, "from", comment=False), 1551 ) 1552 return self.prepend_ctes(expression, sql)
1560 def star_sql(self, expression: exp.Star) -> str: 1561 except_ = self.expressions(expression, key="except", flat=True) 1562 except_ = f"{self.seg(self.STAR_MAPPING['except'])} ({except_})" if except_ else "" 1563 replace = self.expressions(expression, key="replace", flat=True) 1564 replace = f"{self.seg(self.STAR_MAPPING['replace'])} ({replace})" if replace else "" 1565 return f"*{except_}{replace}"
1582 def subquery_sql(self, expression: exp.Subquery, sep: str = " AS ") -> str: 1583 alias = self.sql(expression, "alias") 1584 alias = f"{sep}{alias}" if alias else "" 1585 1586 pivots = self.expressions(expression, key="pivots", sep=" ", flat=True) 1587 pivots = f" {pivots}" if pivots else "" 1588 1589 sql = self.query_modifiers(expression, self.wrap(expression), alias, pivots) 1590 return self.prepend_ctes(expression, sql)
1607 def unnest_sql(self, expression: exp.Unnest) -> str: 1608 args = self.expressions(expression, flat=True) 1609 alias = expression.args.get("alias") 1610 if alias and self.unnest_column_only: 1611 columns = alias.columns 1612 alias = self.sql(columns[0]) if columns else "" 1613 else: 1614 alias = self.sql(expression, "alias") 1615 alias = f" AS {alias}" if alias else alias 1616 ordinality = " WITH ORDINALITY" if expression.args.get("ordinality") else "" 1617 offset = expression.args.get("offset") 1618 offset = f" WITH OFFSET AS {self.sql(offset)}" if offset else "" 1619 return f"UNNEST({args}){ordinality}{alias}{offset}"
1625 def window_sql(self, expression: exp.Window) -> str: 1626 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 1627 1628 partition = self.partition_by_sql(expression) 1629 1630 order = expression.args.get("order") 1631 order_sql = self.order_sql(order, flat=True) if order else "" 1632 1633 partition_sql = partition + " " if partition and order else partition 1634 1635 spec = expression.args.get("spec") 1636 spec_sql = " " + self.windowspec_sql(spec) if spec else "" 1637 1638 alias = self.sql(expression, "alias") 1639 over = self.sql(expression, "over") or "OVER" 1640 this = f"{this} {'AS' if expression.arg_key == 'windows' else over}" 1641 1642 first = expression.args.get("first") 1643 if first is not None: 1644 first = " FIRST " if first else " LAST " 1645 first = first or "" 1646 1647 if not partition and not order and not spec and alias: 1648 return f"{this} {alias}" 1649 1650 window_args = alias + first + partition_sql + order_sql + spec_sql 1651 1652 return f"{this} ({window_args.strip()})"
def
partition_by_sql( self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Window | sqlglot.expressions.MatchRecognize) -> str:
1658 def windowspec_sql(self, expression: exp.WindowSpec) -> str: 1659 kind = self.sql(expression, "kind") 1660 start = csv(self.sql(expression, "start"), self.sql(expression, "start_side"), sep=" ") 1661 end = ( 1662 csv(self.sql(expression, "end"), self.sql(expression, "end_side"), sep=" ") 1663 or "CURRENT ROW" 1664 ) 1665 return f"{kind} BETWEEN {start} AND {end}"
1696 def case_sql(self, expression: exp.Case) -> str: 1697 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 1698 statements = [f"CASE {this}" if this else "CASE"] 1699 1700 for e in expression.args["ifs"]: 1701 statements.append(f"WHEN {self.sql(e, 'this')}") 1702 statements.append(f"THEN {self.sql(e, 'true')}") 1703 1704 default = self.sql(expression, "default") 1705 1706 if default: 1707 statements.append(f"ELSE {default}") 1708 1709 statements.append("END") 1710 1711 if self.pretty and self.text_width(statements) > self._max_text_width: 1712 return self.indent("\n".join(statements), skip_first=True, skip_last=True) 1713 1714 return " ".join(statements)
1731 def trim_sql(self, expression: exp.Trim) -> str: 1732 trim_type = self.sql(expression, "position") 1733 1734 if trim_type == "LEADING": 1735 return self.func("LTRIM", expression.this) 1736 elif trim_type == "TRAILING": 1737 return self.func("RTRIM", expression.this) 1738 else: 1739 return self.func("TRIM", expression.this, expression.expression)
1750 def foreignkey_sql(self, expression: exp.ForeignKey) -> str: 1751 expressions = self.expressions(expression, flat=True) 1752 reference = self.sql(expression, "reference") 1753 reference = f" {reference}" if reference else "" 1754 delete = self.sql(expression, "delete") 1755 delete = f" ON DELETE {delete}" if delete else "" 1756 update = self.sql(expression, "update") 1757 update = f" ON UPDATE {update}" if update else "" 1758 return f"FOREIGN KEY ({expressions}){reference}{delete}{update}"
1760 def primarykey_sql(self, expression: exp.ForeignKey) -> str: 1761 expressions = self.expressions(expression, flat=True) 1762 options = self.expressions(expression, key="options", flat=True, sep=" ") 1763 options = f" {options}" if options else "" 1764 return f"PRIMARY KEY ({expressions}){options}"
1783 def jsonobject_sql(self, expression: exp.JSONObject) -> str: 1784 expressions = self.expressions(expression) 1785 null_handling = expression.args.get("null_handling") 1786 null_handling = f" {null_handling}" if null_handling else "" 1787 unique_keys = expression.args.get("unique_keys") 1788 if unique_keys is not None: 1789 unique_keys = f" {'WITH' if unique_keys else 'WITHOUT'} UNIQUE KEYS" 1790 else: 1791 unique_keys = "" 1792 return_type = self.sql(expression, "return_type") 1793 return_type = f" RETURNING {return_type}" if return_type else "" 1794 format_json = " FORMAT JSON" if expression.args.get("format_json") else "" 1795 encoding = self.sql(expression, "encoding") 1796 encoding = f" ENCODING {encoding}" if encoding else "" 1797 return f"JSON_OBJECT({expressions}{null_handling}{unique_keys}{return_type}{format_json}{encoding})"
1799 def openjsoncolumndef_sql(self, expression: exp.OpenJSONColumnDef) -> str: 1800 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 1801 kind = self.sql(expression, "kind") 1802 path = self.sql(expression, "path") 1803 path = f" {path}" if path else "" 1804 as_json = " AS JSON" if expression.args.get("as_json") else "" 1805 return f"{this} {kind}{path}{as_json}"
1807 def openjson_sql(self, expression: exp.OpenJSON) -> str: 1808 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 1809 path = self.sql(expression, "path") 1810 path = f", {path}" if path else "" 1811 expressions = self.expressions(expression) 1812 with_ = ( 1813 f" WITH ({self.seg(self.indent(expressions), sep='')}{self.seg(')', sep='')}" 1814 if expressions 1815 else "" 1816 ) 1817 return f"OPENJSON({this}{path}){with_}"
1819 def in_sql(self, expression: exp.In) -> str: 1820 query = expression.args.get("query") 1821 unnest = expression.args.get("unnest") 1822 field = expression.args.get("field") 1823 is_global = " GLOBAL" if expression.args.get("is_global") else "" 1824 1825 if query: 1826 in_sql = self.wrap(query) 1827 elif unnest: 1828 in_sql = self.in_unnest_op(unnest) 1829 elif field: 1830 in_sql = self.sql(field) 1831 else: 1832 in_sql = f"({self.expressions(expression, flat=True)})" 1833 1834 return f"{self.sql(expression, 'this')}{is_global} IN {in_sql}"
1839 def interval_sql(self, expression: exp.Interval) -> str: 1840 unit = self.sql(expression, "unit") 1841 if not self.INTERVAL_ALLOWS_PLURAL_FORM: 1842 unit = self.TIME_PART_SINGULARS.get(unit.lower(), unit) 1843 unit = f" {unit}" if unit else "" 1844 1845 if self.SINGLE_STRING_INTERVAL: 1846 this = expression.this.name if expression.this else "" 1847 return f"INTERVAL '{this}{unit}'" 1848 1849 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 1850 if this: 1851 unwrapped = isinstance(expression.this, self.UNWRAPPED_INTERVAL_VALUES) 1852 this = f" {this}" if unwrapped else f" ({this})" 1853 1854 return f"INTERVAL{this}{unit}"
1859 def reference_sql(self, expression: exp.Reference) -> str: 1860 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 1861 expressions = self.expressions(expression, flat=True) 1862 expressions = f"({expressions})" if expressions else "" 1863 options = self.expressions(expression, key="options", flat=True, sep=" ") 1864 options = f" {options}" if options else "" 1865 return f"REFERENCES {this}{expressions}{options}"
1870 def paren_sql(self, expression: exp.Paren) -> str: 1871 if isinstance(expression.unnest(), exp.Select): 1872 sql = self.wrap(expression) 1873 else: 1874 sql = self.seg(self.indent(self.sql(expression, "this")), sep="") 1875 sql = f"({sql}{self.seg(')', sep='')}" 1876 1877 return self.prepend_ctes(expression, sql)
1907 def connector_sql(self, expression: exp.Connector, op: str) -> str: 1908 if not self.pretty: 1909 return self.binary(expression, op) 1910 1911 sqls = tuple( 1912 self.maybe_comment(self.sql(e), e, e.parent.comments or []) if i != 1 else self.sql(e) 1913 for i, e in enumerate(expression.flatten(unnest=False)) 1914 ) 1915 1916 sep = "\n" if self.text_width(sqls) > self._max_text_width else " " 1917 return f"{sep}{op} ".join(sqls)
1950 def comment_sql(self, expression: exp.Comment) -> str: 1951 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 1952 kind = expression.args["kind"] 1953 exists_sql = " IF EXISTS " if expression.args.get("exists") else " " 1954 expression_sql = self.sql(expression, "expression") 1955 return f"COMMENT{exists_sql}ON {kind} {this} IS {expression_sql}"
1957 def mergetreettlaction_sql(self, expression: exp.MergeTreeTTLAction) -> str: 1958 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 1959 delete = " DELETE" if expression.args.get("delete") else "" 1960 recompress = self.sql(expression, "recompress") 1961 recompress = f" RECOMPRESS {recompress}" if recompress else "" 1962 to_disk = self.sql(expression, "to_disk") 1963 to_disk = f" TO DISK {to_disk}" if to_disk else "" 1964 to_volume = self.sql(expression, "to_volume") 1965 to_volume = f" TO VOLUME {to_volume}" if to_volume else "" 1966 return f"{this}{delete}{recompress}{to_disk}{to_volume}"
1968 def mergetreettl_sql(self, expression: exp.MergeTreeTTL) -> str: 1969 where = self.sql(expression, "where") 1970 group = self.sql(expression, "group") 1971 aggregates = self.expressions(expression, key="aggregates") 1972 aggregates = self.seg("SET") + self.seg(aggregates) if aggregates else "" 1973 1974 if not (where or group or aggregates) and len(expression.expressions) == 1: 1975 return f"TTL {self.expressions(expression, flat=True)}" 1976 1977 return f"TTL{self.seg(self.expressions(expression))}{where}{group}{aggregates}"
1994 def altercolumn_sql(self, expression: exp.AlterColumn) -> str: 1995 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 1996 1997 dtype = self.sql(expression, "dtype") 1998 if dtype: 1999 collate = self.sql(expression, "collate") 2000 collate = f" COLLATE {collate}" if collate else "" 2001 using = self.sql(expression, "using") 2002 using = f" USING {using}" if using else "" 2003 return f"ALTER COLUMN {this} TYPE {dtype}{collate}{using}" 2004 2005 default = self.sql(expression, "default") 2006 if default: 2007 return f"ALTER COLUMN {this} SET DEFAULT {default}" 2008 2009 if not expression.args.get("drop"): 2010 self.unsupported("Unsupported ALTER COLUMN syntax") 2011 2012 return f"ALTER COLUMN {this} DROP DEFAULT"
2014 def renametable_sql(self, expression: exp.RenameTable) -> str: 2015 if not self.RENAME_TABLE_WITH_DB: 2016 # Remove db from tables 2017 expression = expression.transform( 2018 lambda n: exp.table_(n.this) if isinstance(n, exp.Table) else n 2019 ) 2020 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 2021 return f"RENAME TO {this}"
2023 def altertable_sql(self, expression: exp.AlterTable) -> str: 2024 actions = expression.args["actions"] 2025 2026 if isinstance(actions[0], exp.ColumnDef): 2027 actions = self.expressions(expression, key="actions", prefix="ADD COLUMN ") 2028 elif isinstance(actions[0], exp.Schema): 2029 actions = self.expressions(expression, key="actions", prefix="ADD COLUMNS ") 2030 elif isinstance(actions[0], exp.Delete): 2031 actions = self.expressions(expression, key="actions", flat=True) 2032 else: 2033 actions = self.expressions(expression, key="actions") 2034 2035 exists = " IF EXISTS" if expression.args.get("exists") else "" 2036 return f"ALTER TABLE{exists} {self.sql(expression, 'this')} {actions}"
2043 def addconstraint_sql(self, expression: exp.AddConstraint) -> str: 2044 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 2045 expression_ = self.sql(expression, "expression") 2046 add_constraint = f"ADD CONSTRAINT {this}" if this else "ADD" 2047 2048 enforced = expression.args.get("enforced") 2049 if enforced is not None: 2050 return f"{add_constraint} CHECK ({expression_}){' ENFORCED' if enforced else ''}" 2051 2052 return f"{add_constraint} {expression_}"
2168 def function_fallback_sql(self, expression: exp.Func) -> str: 2169 args = [] 2170 for arg_value in expression.args.values(): 2171 if isinstance(arg_value, list): 2172 for value in arg_value: 2173 args.append(value) 2174 else: 2175 args.append(arg_value) 2176 2177 return self.func(expression.sql_name(), *args)
2182 def format_args(self, *args: t.Optional[str | exp.Expression]) -> str: 2183 arg_sqls = tuple(self.sql(arg) for arg in args if arg is not None) 2184 if self.pretty and self.text_width(arg_sqls) > self._max_text_width: 2185 return self.indent("\n" + f",\n".join(arg_sqls) + "\n", skip_first=True, skip_last=True) 2186 return ", ".join(arg_sqls)
def
expressions( self, expression: Optional[sqlglot.expressions.Expression] = None, key: Optional[str] = None, sqls: Optional[List[str]] = None, flat: bool = False, indent: bool = True, sep: str = ', ', prefix: str = '') -> str:
2194 def expressions( 2195 self, 2196 expression: t.Optional[exp.Expression] = None, 2197 key: t.Optional[str] = None, 2198 sqls: t.Optional[t.List[str]] = None, 2199 flat: bool = False, 2200 indent: bool = True, 2201 sep: str = ", ", 2202 prefix: str = "", 2203 ) -> str: 2204 expressions = expression.args.get(key or "expressions") if expression else sqls 2205 2206 if not expressions: 2207 return "" 2208 2209 if flat: 2210 return sep.join(self.sql(e) for e in expressions) 2211 2212 num_sqls = len(expressions) 2213 2214 # These are calculated once in case we have the leading_comma / pretty option set, correspondingly 2215 pad = " " * self.pad 2216 stripped_sep = sep.strip() 2217 2218 result_sqls = [] 2219 for i, e in enumerate(expressions): 2220 sql = self.sql(e, comment=False) 2221 comments = self.maybe_comment("", e) if isinstance(e, exp.Expression) else "" 2222 2223 if self.pretty: 2224 if self._leading_comma: 2225 result_sqls.append(f"{sep if i > 0 else pad}{prefix}{sql}{comments}") 2226 else: 2227 result_sqls.append( 2228 f"{prefix}{sql}{stripped_sep if i + 1 < num_sqls else ''}{comments}" 2229 ) 2230 else: 2231 result_sqls.append(f"{prefix}{sql}{comments}{sep if i + 1 < num_sqls else ''}") 2232 2233 result_sql = "\n".join(result_sqls) if self.pretty else "".join(result_sqls) 2234 return self.indent(result_sql, skip_first=False) if indent else result_sql
def
op_expressions( self, op: str, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Expression, flat: bool = False) -> str:
2236 def op_expressions(self, op: str, expression: exp.Expression, flat: bool = False) -> str: 2237 flat = flat or isinstance(expression.parent, exp.Properties) 2238 expressions_sql = self.expressions(expression, flat=flat) 2239 if flat: 2240 return f"{op} {expressions_sql}" 2241 return f"{self.seg(op)}{self.sep() if expressions_sql else ''}{expressions_sql}"
2243 def naked_property(self, expression: exp.Property) -> str: 2244 property_name = exp.Properties.PROPERTY_TO_NAME.get(expression.__class__) 2245 if not property_name: 2246 self.unsupported(f"Unsupported property {expression.__class__.__name__}") 2247 return f"{property_name} {self.sql(expression, 'this')}"
2262 def userdefinedfunction_sql(self, expression: exp.UserDefinedFunction) -> str: 2263 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 2264 expressions = self.no_identify(self.expressions, expression) 2265 expressions = ( 2266 self.wrap(expressions) if expression.args.get("wrapped") else f" {expressions}" 2267 ) 2268 return f"{this}{expressions}"
2278 def when_sql(self, expression: exp.When) -> str: 2279 matched = "MATCHED" if expression.args["matched"] else "NOT MATCHED" 2280 source = " BY SOURCE" if self.MATCHED_BY_SOURCE and expression.args.get("source") else "" 2281 condition = self.sql(expression, "condition") 2282 condition = f" AND {condition}" if condition else "" 2283 2284 then_expression = expression.args.get("then") 2285 if isinstance(then_expression, exp.Insert): 2286 then = f"INSERT {self.sql(then_expression, 'this')}" 2287 if "expression" in then_expression.args: 2288 then += f" VALUES {self.sql(then_expression, 'expression')}" 2289 elif isinstance(then_expression, exp.Update): 2290 if isinstance(then_expression.args.get("expressions"), exp.Star): 2291 then = f"UPDATE {self.sql(then_expression, 'expressions')}" 2292 else: 2293 then = f"UPDATE SET {self.expressions(then_expression, flat=True)}" 2294 else: 2295 then = self.sql(then_expression) 2296 return f"WHEN {matched}{source}{condition} THEN {then}"