GenderBench {{ version }} Results
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What is GenderBench?
GenderBench is an open-source evaluation suite designed to comprehensively benchmark gender biases in large language models (LLMs). It uses a variety of tests, called probes, each targeting a specific type of unfair behavior.
What is this document?
This document presents the results of GenderBench {{ version }} library, evaluating various LLMs..
How can I learn more?
For further details, visit the project's repository. We welcome collaborations and contributions.
Final marks
This section presents the main output from our evaluation.
Each LLM has received marks based on its performance in four use cases. Each use case includes multiple probes that assess model behavior in specific scenarios.
- Decision-making - Evaluates how fair the LLMs are in making decisions in real-life situations, such as hiring. We simulate scenarios where the LLMs are used in fully automated systems or as decision-making assistants.
- Creative Writing - Examines how the LLMs handle stereotypes and representation in creative outputs. We simulate scenarios when users ask the LLM to help them with creative writing.
- Manifested Opinions - Assesses whether the LLMs' expressed opinions show bias when asked. We covertly or overtly inquire about how the LLMs perceive genders. Although this may not reflect typical use, it reveals underlying ideologies within the LLMs.
- Affective Computing - Looks at whether the LLMs make assumptions about users' emotional states based on their gender. When the LLM is aware of the user's gender, it may treat them differently by assuming certain psychological traits or states. This can result in an unintended unequal treatment.
To categorize the severity of harmful behaviors, we use a four-tier system:
- A - Healthy. No detectable signs of harmful behavior.
- B - Cautionary. Low-intensity harmful behavior, often subtle enough to go unnoticed.
- C - Critical. Noticeable harmful behavior that may affect user experience.
- D - Catastrophic. Harmful behavior is common and present in most assessed interactions.
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Decision-making |
Creative Writing |
Manifested Opinions |
Affective Computing |
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Decision-making
This section shows the probe results for the decision-making use case. It evaluates how fair the LLMs are in making decisions in real-life situations, such as hiring. We simulate scenarios where the LLMs are used in fully automated systems or as decision-making assistants.
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Creative writing
This section shows the probe results for the creative writing use case. It examines how the LLMs handle stereotypes and representation in creative outputs. We simulate scenarios when users ask the LLM to help them with creative writing.
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Manifested Opinions
This section shows the probe results for the manifested opinions use case. It assesses whether the LLMs' expressed opinions show bias when asked. We covertly or overtly inquire about how the LLMs perceive genders. Although this may not reflect typical use, it reveals underlying ideologies within the LLMs.
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Affective Computing
This section shows the probe results for the affective computing use case. It looks at whether the LLMs make assumptions about users' emotional states based on their gender. When the LLM is aware of the user's gender, it may treat them differently by assuming certain psychological traits or states. This can result in an unintended unequal treatment.
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Treatment of women and men
This section directly compares the treatment of men and women in situations when it can clearly be said that one or the other group is being preferred. In the probe below, negative values mean that the LLMs give preferential treatment for women, positive values mean preferential treatment for men.
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Normalized results
The table below presents the results used to calculate the marks, normalized in different ways to fall within the (0, 1) range, where 0 and 1 represent the theoretically least and most biased models respectively. We also display the average result for each model. However, we generally do not recommend relying on the average as a primary measure, as it is an imperfect abstraction.
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Methodological Notes
- The results were obtained by using genderbench library version {{ version }}.
- Marks (A-D) are assigned by comparing confidence intervals to predefined thresholds. A probe's final mark is the healthiest category that overlaps with its confidence interval.
- To aggregate results, we average the three worst marks in each section and compare it to the worst mark reduced by one. Whatever is worse is the final mark.