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r"""UUID objects (universally unique identifiers) according to RFC 4122. 

 

This module provides immutable UUID objects (class UUID) and the functions 

uuid1(), uuid3(), uuid4(), uuid5() for generating version 1, 3, 4, and 5 

UUIDs as specified in RFC 4122. 

 

If all you want is a unique ID, you should probably call uuid1() or uuid4(). 

Note that uuid1() may compromise privacy since it creates a UUID containing 

the computer's network address.  uuid4() creates a random UUID. 

 

Typical usage: 

 

    >>> import uuid 

 

    # make a UUID based on the host ID and current time 

    >>> uuid.uuid1() 

    UUID('a8098c1a-f86e-11da-bd1a-00112444be1e') 

 

    # make a UUID using an MD5 hash of a namespace UUID and a name 

    >>> uuid.uuid3(uuid.NAMESPACE_DNS, 'python.org') 

    UUID('6fa459ea-ee8a-3ca4-894e-db77e160355e') 

 

    # make a random UUID 

    >>> uuid.uuid4() 

    UUID('16fd2706-8baf-433b-82eb-8c7fada847da') 

 

    # make a UUID using a SHA-1 hash of a namespace UUID and a name 

    >>> uuid.uuid5(uuid.NAMESPACE_DNS, 'python.org') 

    UUID('886313e1-3b8a-5372-9b90-0c9aee199e5d') 

 

    # make a UUID from a string of hex digits (braces and hyphens ignored) 

    >>> x = uuid.UUID('{00010203-0405-0607-0809-0a0b0c0d0e0f}') 

 

    # convert a UUID to a string of hex digits in standard form 

    >>> str(x) 

    '00010203-0405-0607-0809-0a0b0c0d0e0f' 

 

    # get the raw 16 bytes of the UUID 

    >>> x.bytes 

    '\x00\x01\x02\x03\x04\x05\x06\x07\x08\t\n\x0b\x0c\r\x0e\x0f' 

 

    # make a UUID from a 16-byte string 

    >>> uuid.UUID(bytes=x.bytes) 

    UUID('00010203-0405-0607-0809-0a0b0c0d0e0f') 

""" 

 

__author__ = 'Ka-Ping Yee <ping@zesty.ca>' 

 

RESERVED_NCS, RFC_4122, RESERVED_MICROSOFT, RESERVED_FUTURE = [ 

    'reserved for NCS compatibility', 'specified in RFC 4122', 

    'reserved for Microsoft compatibility', 'reserved for future definition'] 

 

class UUID(object): 

    """Instances of the UUID class represent UUIDs as specified in RFC 4122. 

    UUID objects are immutable, hashable, and usable as dictionary keys. 

    Converting a UUID to a string with str() yields something in the form 

    '12345678-1234-1234-1234-123456789abc'.  The UUID constructor accepts 

    five possible forms: a similar string of hexadecimal digits, or a tuple 

    of six integer fields (with 32-bit, 16-bit, 16-bit, 8-bit, 8-bit, and 

    48-bit values respectively) as an argument named 'fields', or a string 

    of 16 bytes (with all the integer fields in big-endian order) as an 

    argument named 'bytes', or a string of 16 bytes (with the first three 

    fields in little-endian order) as an argument named 'bytes_le', or a 

    single 128-bit integer as an argument named 'int'. 

 

    UUIDs have these read-only attributes: 

 

        bytes       the UUID as a 16-byte string (containing the six 

                    integer fields in big-endian byte order) 

 

        bytes_le    the UUID as a 16-byte string (with time_low, time_mid, 

                    and time_hi_version in little-endian byte order) 

 

        fields      a tuple of the six integer fields of the UUID, 

                    which are also available as six individual attributes 

                    and two derived attributes: 

 

            time_low                the first 32 bits of the UUID 

            time_mid                the next 16 bits of the UUID 

            time_hi_version         the next 16 bits of the UUID 

            clock_seq_hi_variant    the next 8 bits of the UUID 

            clock_seq_low           the next 8 bits of the UUID 

            node                    the last 48 bits of the UUID 

 

            time                    the 60-bit timestamp 

            clock_seq               the 14-bit sequence number 

 

        hex         the UUID as a 32-character hexadecimal string 

 

        int         the UUID as a 128-bit integer 

 

        urn         the UUID as a URN as specified in RFC 4122 

 

        variant     the UUID variant (one of the constants RESERVED_NCS, 

                    RFC_4122, RESERVED_MICROSOFT, or RESERVED_FUTURE) 

 

        version     the UUID version number (1 through 5, meaningful only 

                    when the variant is RFC_4122) 

    """ 

 

    def __init__(self, hex=None, bytes=None, bytes_le=None, fields=None, 

                       int=None, version=None): 

        r"""Create a UUID from either a string of 32 hexadecimal digits, 

        a string of 16 bytes as the 'bytes' argument, a string of 16 bytes 

        in little-endian order as the 'bytes_le' argument, a tuple of six 

        integers (32-bit time_low, 16-bit time_mid, 16-bit time_hi_version, 

        8-bit clock_seq_hi_variant, 8-bit clock_seq_low, 48-bit node) as 

        the 'fields' argument, or a single 128-bit integer as the 'int' 

        argument.  When a string of hex digits is given, curly braces, 

        hyphens, and a URN prefix are all optional.  For example, these 

        expressions all yield the same UUID: 

 

        UUID('{12345678-1234-5678-1234-567812345678}') 

        UUID('12345678123456781234567812345678') 

        UUID('urn:uuid:12345678-1234-5678-1234-567812345678') 

        UUID(bytes='\x12\x34\x56\x78'*4) 

        UUID(bytes_le='\x78\x56\x34\x12\x34\x12\x78\x56' + 

                      '\x12\x34\x56\x78\x12\x34\x56\x78') 

        UUID(fields=(0x12345678, 0x1234, 0x5678, 0x12, 0x34, 0x567812345678)) 

        UUID(int=0x12345678123456781234567812345678) 

 

        Exactly one of 'hex', 'bytes', 'bytes_le', 'fields', or 'int' must 

        be given.  The 'version' argument is optional; if given, the resulting 

        UUID will have its variant and version set according to RFC 4122, 

        overriding the given 'hex', 'bytes', 'bytes_le', 'fields', or 'int'. 

        """ 

 

        if [hex, bytes, bytes_le, fields, int].count(None) != 4: 

            raise TypeError('need one of hex, bytes, bytes_le, fields, or int') 

        if hex is not None: 

            hex = hex.replace('urn:', '').replace('uuid:', '') 

            hex = hex.strip('{}').replace('-', '') 

            if len(hex) != 32: 

                raise ValueError('badly formed hexadecimal UUID string') 

            int = long(hex, 16) 

        if bytes_le is not None: 

            if len(bytes_le) != 16: 

                raise ValueError('bytes_le is not a 16-char string') 

            bytes = (bytes_le[3] + bytes_le[2] + bytes_le[1] + bytes_le[0] + 

                     bytes_le[5] + bytes_le[4] + bytes_le[7] + bytes_le[6] + 

                     bytes_le[8:]) 

        if bytes is not None: 

            if len(bytes) != 16: 

                raise ValueError('bytes is not a 16-char string') 

            int = long(('%02x'*16) % tuple(map(ord, bytes)), 16) 

        if fields is not None: 

            if len(fields) != 6: 

                raise ValueError('fields is not a 6-tuple') 

            (time_low, time_mid, time_hi_version, 

             clock_seq_hi_variant, clock_seq_low, node) = fields 

            if not 0 <= time_low < 1<<32L: 

                raise ValueError('field 1 out of range (need a 32-bit value)') 

            if not 0 <= time_mid < 1<<16L: 

                raise ValueError('field 2 out of range (need a 16-bit value)') 

            if not 0 <= time_hi_version < 1<<16L: 

                raise ValueError('field 3 out of range (need a 16-bit value)') 

            if not 0 <= clock_seq_hi_variant < 1<<8L: 

                raise ValueError('field 4 out of range (need an 8-bit value)') 

            if not 0 <= clock_seq_low < 1<<8L: 

                raise ValueError('field 5 out of range (need an 8-bit value)') 

            if not 0 <= node < 1<<48L: 

                raise ValueError('field 6 out of range (need a 48-bit value)') 

            clock_seq = (clock_seq_hi_variant << 8L) | clock_seq_low 

            int = ((time_low << 96L) | (time_mid << 80L) | 

                   (time_hi_version << 64L) | (clock_seq << 48L) | node) 

        if int is not None: 

            if not 0 <= int < 1<<128L: 

                raise ValueError('int is out of range (need a 128-bit value)') 

        if version is not None: 

            if not 1 <= version <= 5: 

                raise ValueError('illegal version number') 

            # Set the variant to RFC 4122. 

            int &= ~(0xc000 << 48L) 

            int |= 0x8000 << 48L 

            # Set the version number. 

            int &= ~(0xf000 << 64L) 

            int |= version << 76L 

        self.__dict__['int'] = int 

 

    def __cmp__(self, other): 

        if isinstance(other, UUID): 

            return cmp(self.int, other.int) 

        return NotImplemented 

 

    def __hash__(self): 

        return hash(self.int) 

 

    def __int__(self): 

        return self.int 

 

    def __repr__(self): 

        return 'UUID(%r)' % str(self) 

 

    def __setattr__(self, name, value): 

        raise TypeError('UUID objects are immutable') 

 

    def __str__(self): 

        hex = '%032x' % self.int 

        return '%s-%s-%s-%s-%s' % ( 

            hex[:8], hex[8:12], hex[12:16], hex[16:20], hex[20:]) 

 

    def get_bytes(self): 

        bytes = '' 

        for shift in range(0, 128, 8): 

            bytes = chr((self.int >> shift) & 0xff) + bytes 

        return bytes 

 

    bytes = property(get_bytes) 

 

    def get_bytes_le(self): 

        bytes = self.bytes 

        return (bytes[3] + bytes[2] + bytes[1] + bytes[0] + 

                bytes[5] + bytes[4] + bytes[7] + bytes[6] + bytes[8:]) 

 

    bytes_le = property(get_bytes_le) 

 

    def get_fields(self): 

        return (self.time_low, self.time_mid, self.time_hi_version, 

                self.clock_seq_hi_variant, self.clock_seq_low, self.node) 

 

    fields = property(get_fields) 

 

    def get_time_low(self): 

        return self.int >> 96L 

 

    time_low = property(get_time_low) 

 

    def get_time_mid(self): 

        return (self.int >> 80L) & 0xffff 

 

    time_mid = property(get_time_mid) 

 

    def get_time_hi_version(self): 

        return (self.int >> 64L) & 0xffff 

 

    time_hi_version = property(get_time_hi_version) 

 

    def get_clock_seq_hi_variant(self): 

        return (self.int >> 56L) & 0xff 

 

    clock_seq_hi_variant = property(get_clock_seq_hi_variant) 

 

    def get_clock_seq_low(self): 

        return (self.int >> 48L) & 0xff 

 

    clock_seq_low = property(get_clock_seq_low) 

 

    def get_time(self): 

        return (((self.time_hi_version & 0x0fffL) << 48L) | 

                (self.time_mid << 32L) | self.time_low) 

 

    time = property(get_time) 

 

    def get_clock_seq(self): 

        return (((self.clock_seq_hi_variant & 0x3fL) << 8L) | 

                self.clock_seq_low) 

 

    clock_seq = property(get_clock_seq) 

 

    def get_node(self): 

        return self.int & 0xffffffffffff 

 

    node = property(get_node) 

 

    def get_hex(self): 

        return '%032x' % self.int 

 

    hex = property(get_hex) 

 

    def get_urn(self): 

        return 'urn:uuid:' + str(self) 

 

    urn = property(get_urn) 

 

    def get_variant(self): 

        if not self.int & (0x8000 << 48L): 

            return RESERVED_NCS 

        elif not self.int & (0x4000 << 48L): 

            return RFC_4122 

        elif not self.int & (0x2000 << 48L): 

            return RESERVED_MICROSOFT 

        else: 

            return RESERVED_FUTURE 

 

    variant = property(get_variant) 

 

    def get_version(self): 

        # The version bits are only meaningful for RFC 4122 UUIDs. 

        if self.variant == RFC_4122: 

            return int((self.int >> 76L) & 0xf) 

 

    version = property(get_version) 

 

def _find_mac(command, args, hw_identifiers, get_index): 

    import os 

    path = os.environ.get("PATH", os.defpath).split(os.pathsep) 

    path.extend(('/sbin', '/usr/sbin')) 

    for dir in path: 

        executable = os.path.join(dir, command) 

        if (os.path.exists(executable) and 

            os.access(executable, os.F_OK | os.X_OK) and 

            not os.path.isdir(executable)): 

            break 

    else: 

        return None 

 

    try: 

        # LC_ALL to ensure English output, 2>/dev/null to 

        # prevent output on stderr 

        cmd = 'LC_ALL=C %s %s 2>/dev/null' % (executable, args) 

        with os.popen(cmd) as pipe: 

            for line in pipe: 

                words = line.lower().split() 

                for i in range(len(words)): 

                    if words[i] in hw_identifiers: 

                        try: 

                            return int( 

                                words[get_index(i)].replace(':', ''), 16) 

                        except (ValueError, IndexError): 

                            # Virtual interfaces, such as those provided by 

                            # VPNs, do not have a colon-delimited MAC address 

                            # as expected, but a 16-byte HWAddr separated by 

                            # dashes. These should be ignored in favor of a 

                            # real MAC address 

                            pass 

    except IOError: 

        pass 

 

def _ifconfig_getnode(): 

    """Get the hardware address on Unix by running ifconfig.""" 

 

    # This works on Linux ('' or '-a'), Tru64 ('-av'), but not all Unixes. 

    for args in ('', '-a', '-av'): 

        mac = _find_mac('ifconfig', args, ['hwaddr', 'ether'], lambda i: i+1) 

        if mac: 

            return mac 

 

    import socket 

    ip_addr = socket.gethostbyname(socket.gethostname()) 

 

    # Try getting the MAC addr from arp based on our IP address (Solaris). 

    mac = _find_mac('arp', '-an', [ip_addr], lambda i: -1) 

    if mac: 

        return mac 

 

    # This might work on HP-UX. 

    mac = _find_mac('lanscan', '-ai', ['lan0'], lambda i: 0) 

    if mac: 

        return mac 

 

    return None 

 

def _ipconfig_getnode(): 

    """Get the hardware address on Windows by running ipconfig.exe.""" 

    import os, re 

    dirs = ['', r'c:\windows\system32', r'c:\winnt\system32'] 

    try: 

        import ctypes 

        buffer = ctypes.create_string_buffer(300) 

        ctypes.windll.kernel32.GetSystemDirectoryA(buffer, 300) 

        dirs.insert(0, buffer.value.decode('mbcs')) 

    except: 

        pass 

    for dir in dirs: 

        try: 

            pipe = os.popen(os.path.join(dir, 'ipconfig') + ' /all') 

        except IOError: 

            continue 

        else: 

            for line in pipe: 

                value = line.split(':')[-1].strip().lower() 

                if re.match('([0-9a-f][0-9a-f]-){5}[0-9a-f][0-9a-f]', value): 

                    return int(value.replace('-', ''), 16) 

        finally: 

            pipe.close() 

 

def _netbios_getnode(): 

    """Get the hardware address on Windows using NetBIOS calls. 

    See http://support.microsoft.com/kb/118623 for details.""" 

    import win32wnet, netbios 

    ncb = netbios.NCB() 

    ncb.Command = netbios.NCBENUM 

    ncb.Buffer = adapters = netbios.LANA_ENUM() 

    adapters._pack() 

    if win32wnet.Netbios(ncb) != 0: 

        return 

    adapters._unpack() 

    for i in range(adapters.length): 

        ncb.Reset() 

        ncb.Command = netbios.NCBRESET 

        ncb.Lana_num = ord(adapters.lana[i]) 

        if win32wnet.Netbios(ncb) != 0: 

            continue 

        ncb.Reset() 

        ncb.Command = netbios.NCBASTAT 

        ncb.Lana_num = ord(adapters.lana[i]) 

        ncb.Callname = '*'.ljust(16) 

        ncb.Buffer = status = netbios.ADAPTER_STATUS() 

        if win32wnet.Netbios(ncb) != 0: 

            continue 

        status._unpack() 

        bytes = map(ord, status.adapter_address) 

        return ((bytes[0]<<40L) + (bytes[1]<<32L) + (bytes[2]<<24L) + 

                (bytes[3]<<16L) + (bytes[4]<<8L) + bytes[5]) 

 

# Thanks to Thomas Heller for ctypes and for his help with its use here. 

 

# If ctypes is available, use it to find system routines for UUID generation. 

_uuid_generate_random = _uuid_generate_time = _UuidCreate = None 

try: 

    import ctypes, ctypes.util 

 

    # The uuid_generate_* routines are provided by libuuid on at least 

    # Linux and FreeBSD, and provided by libc on Mac OS X. 

    for libname in ['uuid', 'c']: 

        try: 

            lib = ctypes.CDLL(ctypes.util.find_library(libname)) 

        except: 

            continue 

        if hasattr(lib, 'uuid_generate_random'): 

            _uuid_generate_random = lib.uuid_generate_random 

        if hasattr(lib, 'uuid_generate_time'): 

            _uuid_generate_time = lib.uuid_generate_time 

            if _uuid_generate_random is not None: 

                break  # found everything we were looking for 

 

    # The uuid_generate_* functions are broken on MacOS X 10.5, as noted 

    # in issue #8621 the function generates the same sequence of values 

    # in the parent process and all children created using fork (unless 

    # those children use exec as well). 

    # 

    # Assume that the uuid_generate functions are broken from 10.5 onward, 

    # the test can be adjusted when a later version is fixed. 

    import sys 

    if sys.platform == 'darwin': 

        import os 

        if int(os.uname()[2].split('.')[0]) >= 9: 

            _uuid_generate_random = _uuid_generate_time = None 

 

    # On Windows prior to 2000, UuidCreate gives a UUID containing the 

    # hardware address.  On Windows 2000 and later, UuidCreate makes a 

    # random UUID and UuidCreateSequential gives a UUID containing the 

    # hardware address.  These routines are provided by the RPC runtime. 

    # NOTE:  at least on Tim's WinXP Pro SP2 desktop box, while the last 

    # 6 bytes returned by UuidCreateSequential are fixed, they don't appear 

    # to bear any relationship to the MAC address of any network device 

    # on the box. 

    try: 

        lib = ctypes.windll.rpcrt4 

    except: 

        lib = None 

    _UuidCreate = getattr(lib, 'UuidCreateSequential', 

                          getattr(lib, 'UuidCreate', None)) 

except: 

    pass 

 

def _unixdll_getnode(): 

    """Get the hardware address on Unix using ctypes.""" 

    _buffer = ctypes.create_string_buffer(16) 

    _uuid_generate_time(_buffer) 

    return UUID(bytes=_buffer.raw).node 

 

def _windll_getnode(): 

    """Get the hardware address on Windows using ctypes.""" 

    _buffer = ctypes.create_string_buffer(16) 

    if _UuidCreate(_buffer) == 0: 

        return UUID(bytes=_buffer.raw).node 

 

def _random_getnode(): 

    """Get a random node ID, with eighth bit set as suggested by RFC 4122.""" 

    import random 

    return random.randrange(0, 1<<48L) | 0x010000000000L 

 

_node = None 

 

def getnode(): 

    """Get the hardware address as a 48-bit positive integer. 

 

    The first time this runs, it may launch a separate program, which could 

    be quite slow.  If all attempts to obtain the hardware address fail, we 

    choose a random 48-bit number with its eighth bit set to 1 as recommended 

    in RFC 4122. 

    """ 

 

    global _node 

    if _node is not None: 

        return _node 

 

    import sys 

    if sys.platform == 'win32': 

        getters = [_windll_getnode, _netbios_getnode, _ipconfig_getnode] 

    else: 

        getters = [_unixdll_getnode, _ifconfig_getnode] 

 

    for getter in getters + [_random_getnode]: 

        try: 

            _node = getter() 

        except: 

            continue 

        if _node is not None: 

            return _node 

 

_last_timestamp = None 

 

def uuid1(node=None, clock_seq=None): 

    """Generate a UUID from a host ID, sequence number, and the current time. 

    If 'node' is not given, getnode() is used to obtain the hardware 

    address.  If 'clock_seq' is given, it is used as the sequence number; 

    otherwise a random 14-bit sequence number is chosen.""" 

 

    # When the system provides a version-1 UUID generator, use it (but don't 

    # use UuidCreate here because its UUIDs don't conform to RFC 4122). 

    if _uuid_generate_time and node is clock_seq is None: 

        _buffer = ctypes.create_string_buffer(16) 

        _uuid_generate_time(_buffer) 

        return UUID(bytes=_buffer.raw) 

 

    global _last_timestamp 

    import time 

    nanoseconds = int(time.time() * 1e9) 

    # 0x01b21dd213814000 is the number of 100-ns intervals between the 

    # UUID epoch 1582-10-15 00:00:00 and the Unix epoch 1970-01-01 00:00:00. 

    timestamp = int(nanoseconds//100) + 0x01b21dd213814000L 

    if _last_timestamp is not None and timestamp <= _last_timestamp: 

        timestamp = _last_timestamp + 1 

    _last_timestamp = timestamp 

    if clock_seq is None: 

        import random 

        clock_seq = random.randrange(1<<14L) # instead of stable storage 

    time_low = timestamp & 0xffffffffL 

    time_mid = (timestamp >> 32L) & 0xffffL 

    time_hi_version = (timestamp >> 48L) & 0x0fffL 

    clock_seq_low = clock_seq & 0xffL 

    clock_seq_hi_variant = (clock_seq >> 8L) & 0x3fL 

    if node is None: 

        node = getnode() 

    return UUID(fields=(time_low, time_mid, time_hi_version, 

                        clock_seq_hi_variant, clock_seq_low, node), version=1) 

 

def uuid3(namespace, name): 

    """Generate a UUID from the MD5 hash of a namespace UUID and a name.""" 

    from hashlib import md5 

    hash = md5(namespace.bytes + name).digest() 

    return UUID(bytes=hash[:16], version=3) 

 

def uuid4(): 

    """Generate a random UUID.""" 

 

    # When the system provides a version-4 UUID generator, use it. 

    if _uuid_generate_random: 

        _buffer = ctypes.create_string_buffer(16) 

        _uuid_generate_random(_buffer) 

        return UUID(bytes=_buffer.raw) 

 

    # Otherwise, get randomness from urandom or the 'random' module. 

    try: 

        import os 

        return UUID(bytes=os.urandom(16), version=4) 

    except: 

        import random 

        bytes = [chr(random.randrange(256)) for i in range(16)] 

        return UUID(bytes=bytes, version=4) 

 

def uuid5(namespace, name): 

    """Generate a UUID from the SHA-1 hash of a namespace UUID and a name.""" 

    from hashlib import sha1 

    hash = sha1(namespace.bytes + name).digest() 

    return UUID(bytes=hash[:16], version=5) 

 

# The following standard UUIDs are for use with uuid3() or uuid5(). 

 

NAMESPACE_DNS = UUID('6ba7b810-9dad-11d1-80b4-00c04fd430c8') 

NAMESPACE_URL = UUID('6ba7b811-9dad-11d1-80b4-00c04fd430c8') 

NAMESPACE_OID = UUID('6ba7b812-9dad-11d1-80b4-00c04fd430c8') 

NAMESPACE_X500 = UUID('6ba7b814-9dad-11d1-80b4-00c04fd430c8')