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# -*- coding: utf-8 -*- 

 

""" 

requests.utils 

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 

 

This module provides utility functions that are used within Requests 

that are also useful for external consumption. 

 

""" 

 

import cgi 

import codecs 

import collections 

import io 

import os 

import platform 

import re 

import sys 

import socket 

import struct 

import warnings 

 

from . import __version__ 

from . import certs 

from .compat import parse_http_list as _parse_list_header 

from .compat import (quote, urlparse, bytes, str, OrderedDict, unquote, is_py2, 

                     builtin_str, getproxies, proxy_bypass, urlunparse, 

                     basestring) 

from .cookies import RequestsCookieJar, cookiejar_from_dict 

from .structures import CaseInsensitiveDict 

from .exceptions import InvalidURL 

 

_hush_pyflakes = (RequestsCookieJar,) 

 

NETRC_FILES = ('.netrc', '_netrc') 

 

DEFAULT_CA_BUNDLE_PATH = certs.where() 

 

 

def dict_to_sequence(d): 

    """Returns an internal sequence dictionary update.""" 

 

    if hasattr(d, 'items'): 

        d = d.items() 

 

    return d 

 

 

def super_len(o): 

    if hasattr(o, '__len__'): 

        return len(o) 

 

    if hasattr(o, 'len'): 

        return o.len 

 

    if hasattr(o, 'fileno'): 

        try: 

            fileno = o.fileno() 

        except io.UnsupportedOperation: 

            pass 

        else: 

            return os.fstat(fileno).st_size 

 

    if hasattr(o, 'getvalue'): 

        # e.g. BytesIO, cStringIO.StringIO 

        return len(o.getvalue()) 

 

 

def get_netrc_auth(url): 

    """Returns the Requests tuple auth for a given url from netrc.""" 

 

    try: 

        from netrc import netrc, NetrcParseError 

 

        netrc_path = None 

 

        for f in NETRC_FILES: 

            try: 

                loc = os.path.expanduser('~/{0}'.format(f)) 

            except KeyError: 

                # os.path.expanduser can fail when $HOME is undefined and 

                # getpwuid fails. See http://bugs.python.org/issue20164 & 

                # https://github.com/kennethreitz/requests/issues/1846 

                return 

 

            if os.path.exists(loc): 

                netrc_path = loc 

                break 

 

        # Abort early if there isn't one. 

        if netrc_path is None: 

            return 

 

        ri = urlparse(url) 

 

        # Strip port numbers from netloc 

        host = ri.netloc.split(':')[0] 

 

        try: 

            _netrc = netrc(netrc_path).authenticators(host) 

            if _netrc: 

                # Return with login / password 

                login_i = (0 if _netrc[0] else 1) 

                return (_netrc[login_i], _netrc[2]) 

        except (NetrcParseError, IOError): 

            # If there was a parsing error or a permissions issue reading the file, 

            # we'll just skip netrc auth 

            pass 

 

    # AppEngine hackiness. 

    except (ImportError, AttributeError): 

        pass 

 

 

def guess_filename(obj): 

    """Tries to guess the filename of the given object.""" 

    name = getattr(obj, 'name', None) 

    if (name and isinstance(name, basestring) and name[0] != '<' and 

            name[-1] != '>'): 

        return os.path.basename(name) 

 

 

def from_key_val_list(value): 

    """Take an object and test to see if it can be represented as a 

    dictionary. Unless it can not be represented as such, return an 

    OrderedDict, e.g., 

 

    :: 

 

        >>> from_key_val_list([('key', 'val')]) 

        OrderedDict([('key', 'val')]) 

        >>> from_key_val_list('string') 

        ValueError: need more than 1 value to unpack 

        >>> from_key_val_list({'key': 'val'}) 

        OrderedDict([('key', 'val')]) 

    """ 

    if value is None: 

        return None 

 

    if isinstance(value, (str, bytes, bool, int)): 

        raise ValueError('cannot encode objects that are not 2-tuples') 

 

    return OrderedDict(value) 

 

 

def to_key_val_list(value): 

    """Take an object and test to see if it can be represented as a 

    dictionary. If it can be, return a list of tuples, e.g., 

 

    :: 

 

        >>> to_key_val_list([('key', 'val')]) 

        [('key', 'val')] 

        >>> to_key_val_list({'key': 'val'}) 

        [('key', 'val')] 

        >>> to_key_val_list('string') 

        ValueError: cannot encode objects that are not 2-tuples. 

    """ 

    if value is None: 

        return None 

 

    if isinstance(value, (str, bytes, bool, int)): 

        raise ValueError('cannot encode objects that are not 2-tuples') 

 

    if isinstance(value, collections.Mapping): 

        value = value.items() 

 

    return list(value) 

 

 

# From mitsuhiko/werkzeug (used with permission). 

def parse_list_header(value): 

    """Parse lists as described by RFC 2068 Section 2. 

 

    In particular, parse comma-separated lists where the elements of 

    the list may include quoted-strings.  A quoted-string could 

    contain a comma.  A non-quoted string could have quotes in the 

    middle.  Quotes are removed automatically after parsing. 

 

    It basically works like :func:`parse_set_header` just that items 

    may appear multiple times and case sensitivity is preserved. 

 

    The return value is a standard :class:`list`: 

 

    >>> parse_list_header('token, "quoted value"') 

    ['token', 'quoted value'] 

 

    To create a header from the :class:`list` again, use the 

    :func:`dump_header` function. 

 

    :param value: a string with a list header. 

    :return: :class:`list` 

    """ 

    result = [] 

    for item in _parse_list_header(value): 

        if item[:1] == item[-1:] == '"': 

            item = unquote_header_value(item[1:-1]) 

        result.append(item) 

    return result 

 

 

# From mitsuhiko/werkzeug (used with permission). 

def parse_dict_header(value): 

    """Parse lists of key, value pairs as described by RFC 2068 Section 2 and 

    convert them into a python dict: 

 

    >>> d = parse_dict_header('foo="is a fish", bar="as well"') 

    >>> type(d) is dict 

    True 

    >>> sorted(d.items()) 

    [('bar', 'as well'), ('foo', 'is a fish')] 

 

    If there is no value for a key it will be `None`: 

 

    >>> parse_dict_header('key_without_value') 

    {'key_without_value': None} 

 

    To create a header from the :class:`dict` again, use the 

    :func:`dump_header` function. 

 

    :param value: a string with a dict header. 

    :return: :class:`dict` 

    """ 

    result = {} 

    for item in _parse_list_header(value): 

        if '=' not in item: 

            result[item] = None 

            continue 

        name, value = item.split('=', 1) 

        if value[:1] == value[-1:] == '"': 

            value = unquote_header_value(value[1:-1]) 

        result[name] = value 

    return result 

 

 

# From mitsuhiko/werkzeug (used with permission). 

def unquote_header_value(value, is_filename=False): 

    r"""Unquotes a header value.  (Reversal of :func:`quote_header_value`). 

    This does not use the real unquoting but what browsers are actually 

    using for quoting. 

 

    :param value: the header value to unquote. 

    """ 

    if value and value[0] == value[-1] == '"': 

        # this is not the real unquoting, but fixing this so that the 

        # RFC is met will result in bugs with internet explorer and 

        # probably some other browsers as well.  IE for example is 

        # uploading files with "C:\foo\bar.txt" as filename 

        value = value[1:-1] 

 

        # if this is a filename and the starting characters look like 

        # a UNC path, then just return the value without quotes.  Using the 

        # replace sequence below on a UNC path has the effect of turning 

        # the leading double slash into a single slash and then 

        # _fix_ie_filename() doesn't work correctly.  See #458. 

        if not is_filename or value[:2] != '\\\\': 

            return value.replace('\\\\', '\\').replace('\\"', '"') 

    return value 

 

 

def dict_from_cookiejar(cj): 

    """Returns a key/value dictionary from a CookieJar. 

 

    :param cj: CookieJar object to extract cookies from. 

    """ 

 

    cookie_dict = {} 

 

    for cookie in cj: 

        cookie_dict[cookie.name] = cookie.value 

 

    return cookie_dict 

 

 

def add_dict_to_cookiejar(cj, cookie_dict): 

    """Returns a CookieJar from a key/value dictionary. 

 

    :param cj: CookieJar to insert cookies into. 

    :param cookie_dict: Dict of key/values to insert into CookieJar. 

    """ 

 

    cj2 = cookiejar_from_dict(cookie_dict) 

    cj.update(cj2) 

    return cj 

 

 

def get_encodings_from_content(content): 

    """Returns encodings from given content string. 

 

    :param content: bytestring to extract encodings from. 

    """ 

    warnings.warn(( 

        'In requests 3.0, get_encodings_from_content will be removed. For ' 

        'more information, please see the discussion on issue #2266. (This' 

        ' warning should only appear once.)'), 

        DeprecationWarning) 

 

    charset_re = re.compile(r'<meta.*?charset=["\']*(.+?)["\'>]', flags=re.I) 

    pragma_re = re.compile(r'<meta.*?content=["\']*;?charset=(.+?)["\'>]', flags=re.I) 

    xml_re = re.compile(r'^<\?xml.*?encoding=["\']*(.+?)["\'>]') 

 

    return (charset_re.findall(content) + 

            pragma_re.findall(content) + 

            xml_re.findall(content)) 

 

 

def get_encoding_from_headers(headers): 

    """Returns encodings from given HTTP Header Dict. 

 

    :param headers: dictionary to extract encoding from. 

    """ 

 

    content_type = headers.get('content-type') 

 

    if not content_type: 

        return None 

 

    content_type, params = cgi.parse_header(content_type) 

 

    if 'charset' in params: 

        return params['charset'].strip("'\"") 

 

    if 'text' in content_type: 

        return 'ISO-8859-1' 

 

 

def stream_decode_response_unicode(iterator, r): 

    """Stream decodes a iterator.""" 

 

    if r.encoding is None: 

        for item in iterator: 

            yield item 

        return 

 

    decoder = codecs.getincrementaldecoder(r.encoding)(errors='replace') 

    for chunk in iterator: 

        rv = decoder.decode(chunk) 

        if rv: 

            yield rv 

    rv = decoder.decode(b'', final=True) 

    if rv: 

        yield rv 

 

 

def iter_slices(string, slice_length): 

    """Iterate over slices of a string.""" 

    pos = 0 

    while pos < len(string): 

        yield string[pos:pos + slice_length] 

        pos += slice_length 

 

 

def get_unicode_from_response(r): 

    """Returns the requested content back in unicode. 

 

    :param r: Response object to get unicode content from. 

 

    Tried: 

 

    1. charset from content-type 

    2. fall back and replace all unicode characters 

 

    """ 

    warnings.warn(( 

        'In requests 3.0, get_unicode_from_response will be removed. For ' 

        'more information, please see the discussion on issue #2266. (This' 

        ' warning should only appear once.)'), 

        DeprecationWarning) 

 

    tried_encodings = [] 

 

    # Try charset from content-type 

    encoding = get_encoding_from_headers(r.headers) 

 

    if encoding: 

        try: 

            return str(r.content, encoding) 

        except UnicodeError: 

            tried_encodings.append(encoding) 

 

    # Fall back: 

    try: 

        return str(r.content, encoding, errors='replace') 

    except TypeError: 

        return r.content 

 

 

# The unreserved URI characters (RFC 3986) 

UNRESERVED_SET = frozenset( 

    "ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz" 

    + "0123456789-._~") 

 

 

def unquote_unreserved(uri): 

    """Un-escape any percent-escape sequences in a URI that are unreserved 

    characters. This leaves all reserved, illegal and non-ASCII bytes encoded. 

    """ 

    parts = uri.split('%') 

    for i in range(1, len(parts)): 

        h = parts[i][0:2] 

        if len(h) == 2 and h.isalnum(): 

            try: 

                c = chr(int(h, 16)) 

            except ValueError: 

                raise InvalidURL("Invalid percent-escape sequence: '%s'" % h) 

 

            if c in UNRESERVED_SET: 

                parts[i] = c + parts[i][2:] 

            else: 

                parts[i] = '%' + parts[i] 

        else: 

            parts[i] = '%' + parts[i] 

    return ''.join(parts) 

 

 

def requote_uri(uri): 

    """Re-quote the given URI. 

 

    This function passes the given URI through an unquote/quote cycle to 

    ensure that it is fully and consistently quoted. 

    """ 

    safe_with_percent = "!#$%&'()*+,/:;=?@[]~" 

    safe_without_percent = "!#$&'()*+,/:;=?@[]~" 

    try: 

        # Unquote only the unreserved characters 

        # Then quote only illegal characters (do not quote reserved, 

        # unreserved, or '%') 

        return quote(unquote_unreserved(uri), safe=safe_with_percent) 

    except InvalidURL: 

        # We couldn't unquote the given URI, so let's try quoting it, but 

        # there may be unquoted '%'s in the URI. We need to make sure they're 

        # properly quoted so they do not cause issues elsewhere. 

        return quote(uri, safe=safe_without_percent) 

 

 

def address_in_network(ip, net): 

    """ 

    This function allows you to check if on IP belongs to a network subnet 

    Example: returns True if ip = 192.168.1.1 and net = 192.168.1.0/24 

             returns False if ip = 192.168.1.1 and net = 192.168.100.0/24 

    """ 

    ipaddr = struct.unpack('=L', socket.inet_aton(ip))[0] 

    netaddr, bits = net.split('/') 

    netmask = struct.unpack('=L', socket.inet_aton(dotted_netmask(int(bits))))[0] 

    network = struct.unpack('=L', socket.inet_aton(netaddr))[0] & netmask 

    return (ipaddr & netmask) == (network & netmask) 

 

 

def dotted_netmask(mask): 

    """ 

    Converts mask from /xx format to xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx 

    Example: if mask is 24 function returns 255.255.255.0 

    """ 

    bits = 0xffffffff ^ (1 << 32 - mask) - 1 

    return socket.inet_ntoa(struct.pack('>I', bits)) 

 

 

def is_ipv4_address(string_ip): 

    try: 

        socket.inet_aton(string_ip) 

    except socket.error: 

        return False 

    return True 

 

 

def is_valid_cidr(string_network): 

    """Very simple check of the cidr format in no_proxy variable""" 

    if string_network.count('/') == 1: 

        try: 

            mask = int(string_network.split('/')[1]) 

        except ValueError: 

            return False 

 

        if mask < 1 or mask > 32: 

            return False 

 

        try: 

            socket.inet_aton(string_network.split('/')[0]) 

        except socket.error: 

            return False 

    else: 

        return False 

    return True 

 

 

def should_bypass_proxies(url): 

    """ 

    Returns whether we should bypass proxies or not. 

    """ 

    get_proxy = lambda k: os.environ.get(k) or os.environ.get(k.upper()) 

 

    # First check whether no_proxy is defined. If it is, check that the URL 

    # we're getting isn't in the no_proxy list. 

    no_proxy = get_proxy('no_proxy') 

    netloc = urlparse(url).netloc 

 

    if no_proxy: 

        # We need to check whether we match here. We need to see if we match 

        # the end of the netloc, both with and without the port. 

        no_proxy = no_proxy.replace(' ', '').split(',') 

 

        ip = netloc.split(':')[0] 

        if is_ipv4_address(ip): 

            for proxy_ip in no_proxy: 

                if is_valid_cidr(proxy_ip): 

                    if address_in_network(ip, proxy_ip): 

                        return True 

        else: 

            for host in no_proxy: 

                if netloc.endswith(host) or netloc.split(':')[0].endswith(host): 

                    # The URL does match something in no_proxy, so we don't want 

                    # to apply the proxies on this URL. 

                    return True 

 

    # If the system proxy settings indicate that this URL should be bypassed, 

    # don't proxy. 

    # The proxy_bypass function is incredibly buggy on OS X in early versions 

    # of Python 2.6, so allow this call to fail. Only catch the specific 

    # exceptions we've seen, though: this call failing in other ways can reveal 

    # legitimate problems. 

    try: 

        bypass = proxy_bypass(netloc) 

    except (TypeError, socket.gaierror): 

        bypass = False 

 

    if bypass: 

        return True 

 

    return False 

 

def get_environ_proxies(url): 

    """Return a dict of environment proxies.""" 

    if should_bypass_proxies(url): 

        return {} 

    else: 

        return getproxies() 

 

 

def default_user_agent(name="python-requests"): 

    """Return a string representing the default user agent.""" 

    _implementation = platform.python_implementation() 

 

    if _implementation == 'CPython': 

        _implementation_version = platform.python_version() 

    elif _implementation == 'PyPy': 

        _implementation_version = '%s.%s.%s' % (sys.pypy_version_info.major, 

                                                sys.pypy_version_info.minor, 

                                                sys.pypy_version_info.micro) 

        if sys.pypy_version_info.releaselevel != 'final': 

            _implementation_version = ''.join([_implementation_version, sys.pypy_version_info.releaselevel]) 

    elif _implementation == 'Jython': 

        _implementation_version = platform.python_version()  # Complete Guess 

    elif _implementation == 'IronPython': 

        _implementation_version = platform.python_version()  # Complete Guess 

    else: 

        _implementation_version = 'Unknown' 

 

    try: 

        p_system = platform.system() 

        p_release = platform.release() 

    except IOError: 

        p_system = 'Unknown' 

        p_release = 'Unknown' 

 

    return " ".join(['%s/%s' % (name, __version__), 

                     '%s/%s' % (_implementation, _implementation_version), 

                     '%s/%s' % (p_system, p_release)]) 

 

 

def default_headers(): 

    return CaseInsensitiveDict({ 

        'User-Agent': default_user_agent(), 

        'Accept-Encoding': ', '.join(('gzip', 'deflate')), 

        'Accept': '*/*', 

        'Connection': 'keep-alive', 

    }) 

 

 

def parse_header_links(value): 

    """Return a dict of parsed link headers proxies. 

 

    i.e. Link: <http:/.../front.jpeg>; rel=front; type="image/jpeg",<http://.../back.jpeg>; rel=back;type="image/jpeg" 

 

    """ 

 

    links = [] 

 

    replace_chars = " '\"" 

 

    for val in re.split(", *<", value): 

        try: 

            url, params = val.split(";", 1) 

        except ValueError: 

            url, params = val, '' 

 

        link = {} 

 

        link["url"] = url.strip("<> '\"") 

 

        for param in params.split(";"): 

            try: 

                key, value = param.split("=") 

            except ValueError: 

                break 

 

            link[key.strip(replace_chars)] = value.strip(replace_chars) 

 

        links.append(link) 

 

    return links 

 

 

# Null bytes; no need to recreate these on each call to guess_json_utf 

_null = '\x00'.encode('ascii')  # encoding to ASCII for Python 3 

_null2 = _null * 2 

_null3 = _null * 3 

 

 

def guess_json_utf(data): 

    # JSON always starts with two ASCII characters, so detection is as 

    # easy as counting the nulls and from their location and count 

    # determine the encoding. Also detect a BOM, if present. 

    sample = data[:4] 

    if sample in (codecs.BOM_UTF32_LE, codecs.BOM32_BE): 

        return 'utf-32'     # BOM included 

    if sample[:3] == codecs.BOM_UTF8: 

        return 'utf-8-sig'  # BOM included, MS style (discouraged) 

    if sample[:2] in (codecs.BOM_UTF16_LE, codecs.BOM_UTF16_BE): 

        return 'utf-16'     # BOM included 

    nullcount = sample.count(_null) 

    if nullcount == 0: 

        return 'utf-8' 

    if nullcount == 2: 

        if sample[::2] == _null2:   # 1st and 3rd are null 

            return 'utf-16-be' 

        if sample[1::2] == _null2:  # 2nd and 4th are null 

            return 'utf-16-le' 

        # Did not detect 2 valid UTF-16 ascii-range characters 

    if nullcount == 3: 

        if sample[:3] == _null3: 

            return 'utf-32-be' 

        if sample[1:] == _null3: 

            return 'utf-32-le' 

        # Did not detect a valid UTF-32 ascii-range character 

    return None 

 

 

def prepend_scheme_if_needed(url, new_scheme): 

    '''Given a URL that may or may not have a scheme, prepend the given scheme. 

    Does not replace a present scheme with the one provided as an argument.''' 

    scheme, netloc, path, params, query, fragment = urlparse(url, new_scheme) 

 

    # urlparse is a finicky beast, and sometimes decides that there isn't a 

    # netloc present. Assume that it's being over-cautious, and switch netloc 

    # and path if urlparse decided there was no netloc. 

    if not netloc: 

        netloc, path = path, netloc 

 

    return urlunparse((scheme, netloc, path, params, query, fragment)) 

 

 

def get_auth_from_url(url): 

    """Given a url with authentication components, extract them into a tuple of 

    username,password.""" 

    parsed = urlparse(url) 

 

    try: 

        auth = (unquote(parsed.username), unquote(parsed.password)) 

    except (AttributeError, TypeError): 

        auth = ('', '') 

 

    return auth 

 

 

def to_native_string(string, encoding='ascii'): 

    """ 

    Given a string object, regardless of type, returns a representation of that 

    string in the native string type, encoding and decoding where necessary. 

    This assumes ASCII unless told otherwise. 

    """ 

    out = None 

 

    if isinstance(string, builtin_str): 

        out = string 

    else: 

        if is_py2: 

            out = string.encode(encoding) 

        else: 

            out = string.decode(encoding) 

 

    return out 

 

 

def urldefragauth(url): 

    """ 

    Given a url remove the fragment and the authentication part 

    """ 

    scheme, netloc, path, params, query, fragment = urlparse(url) 

 

    # see func:`prepend_scheme_if_needed` 

    if not netloc: 

        netloc, path = path, netloc 

 

    netloc = netloc.rsplit('@', 1)[-1] 

 

    return urlunparse((scheme, netloc, path, params, query, ''))