sqlglot.generator
1from __future__ import annotations 2 3import logging 4import re 5import typing as t 6from collections import defaultdict 7from functools import reduce, wraps 8 9from sqlglot import exp 10from sqlglot.errors import ErrorLevel, UnsupportedError, concat_messages 11from sqlglot.helper import apply_index_offset, csv, name_sequence, seq_get 12from sqlglot.jsonpath import ALL_JSON_PATH_PARTS, JSON_PATH_PART_TRANSFORMS 13from sqlglot.time import format_time 14from sqlglot.tokens import TokenType 15 16if t.TYPE_CHECKING: 17 from sqlglot._typing import E 18 from sqlglot.dialects.dialect import DialectType 19 20 G = t.TypeVar("G", bound="Generator") 21 GeneratorMethod = t.Callable[[G, E], str] 22 23logger = logging.getLogger("sqlglot") 24 25ESCAPED_UNICODE_RE = re.compile(r"\\(\d+)") 26UNSUPPORTED_TEMPLATE = "Argument '{}' is not supported for expression '{}' when targeting {}." 27 28 29def unsupported_args( 30 *args: t.Union[str, t.Tuple[str, str]], 31) -> t.Callable[[GeneratorMethod], GeneratorMethod]: 32 """ 33 Decorator that can be used to mark certain args of an `Expression` subclass as unsupported. 34 It expects a sequence of argument names or pairs of the form (argument_name, diagnostic_msg). 35 """ 36 diagnostic_by_arg: t.Dict[str, t.Optional[str]] = {} 37 for arg in args: 38 if isinstance(arg, str): 39 diagnostic_by_arg[arg] = None 40 else: 41 diagnostic_by_arg[arg[0]] = arg[1] 42 43 def decorator(func: GeneratorMethod) -> GeneratorMethod: 44 @wraps(func) 45 def _func(generator: G, expression: E) -> str: 46 expression_name = expression.__class__.__name__ 47 dialect_name = generator.dialect.__class__.__name__ 48 49 for arg_name, diagnostic in diagnostic_by_arg.items(): 50 if expression.args.get(arg_name): 51 diagnostic = diagnostic or UNSUPPORTED_TEMPLATE.format( 52 arg_name, expression_name, dialect_name 53 ) 54 generator.unsupported(diagnostic) 55 56 return func(generator, expression) 57 58 return _func 59 60 return decorator 61 62 63class _Generator(type): 64 def __new__(cls, clsname, bases, attrs): 65 klass = super().__new__(cls, clsname, bases, attrs) 66 67 # Remove transforms that correspond to unsupported JSONPathPart expressions 68 for part in ALL_JSON_PATH_PARTS - klass.SUPPORTED_JSON_PATH_PARTS: 69 klass.TRANSFORMS.pop(part, None) 70 71 return klass 72 73 74class Generator(metaclass=_Generator): 75 """ 76 Generator converts a given syntax tree to the corresponding SQL string. 77 78 Args: 79 pretty: Whether to format the produced SQL string. 80 Default: False. 81 identify: Determines when an identifier should be quoted. Possible values are: 82 False (default): Never quote, except in cases where it's mandatory by the dialect. 83 True or 'always': Always quote. 84 'safe': Only quote identifiers that are case insensitive. 85 normalize: Whether to normalize identifiers to lowercase. 86 Default: False. 87 pad: The pad size in a formatted string. For example, this affects the indentation of 88 a projection in a query, relative to its nesting level. 89 Default: 2. 90 indent: The indentation size in a formatted string. For example, this affects the 91 indentation of subqueries and filters under a `WHERE` clause. 92 Default: 2. 93 normalize_functions: How to normalize function names. Possible values are: 94 "upper" or True (default): Convert names to uppercase. 95 "lower": Convert names to lowercase. 96 False: Disables function name normalization. 97 unsupported_level: Determines the generator's behavior when it encounters unsupported expressions. 98 Default ErrorLevel.WARN. 99 max_unsupported: Maximum number of unsupported messages to include in a raised UnsupportedError. 100 This is only relevant if unsupported_level is ErrorLevel.RAISE. 101 Default: 3 102 leading_comma: Whether the comma is leading or trailing in select expressions. 103 This is only relevant when generating in pretty mode. 104 Default: False 105 max_text_width: The max number of characters in a segment before creating new lines in pretty mode. 106 The default is on the smaller end because the length only represents a segment and not the true 107 line length. 108 Default: 80 109 comments: Whether to preserve comments in the output SQL code. 110 Default: True 111 """ 112 113 TRANSFORMS: t.Dict[t.Type[exp.Expression], t.Callable[..., str]] = { 114 **JSON_PATH_PART_TRANSFORMS, 115 exp.AllowedValuesProperty: lambda self, 116 e: f"ALLOWED_VALUES {self.expressions(e, flat=True)}", 117 exp.ArrayContainsAll: lambda self, e: self.binary(e, "@>"), 118 exp.ArrayOverlaps: lambda self, e: self.binary(e, "&&"), 119 exp.AutoRefreshProperty: lambda self, e: f"AUTO REFRESH {self.sql(e, 'this')}", 120 exp.BackupProperty: lambda self, e: f"BACKUP {self.sql(e, 'this')}", 121 exp.CaseSpecificColumnConstraint: lambda _, 122 e: f"{'NOT ' if e.args.get('not_') else ''}CASESPECIFIC", 123 exp.CharacterSetColumnConstraint: lambda self, e: f"CHARACTER SET {self.sql(e, 'this')}", 124 exp.CharacterSetProperty: lambda self, 125 e: f"{'DEFAULT ' if e.args.get('default') else ''}CHARACTER SET={self.sql(e, 'this')}", 126 exp.ClusteredColumnConstraint: lambda self, 127 e: f"CLUSTERED ({self.expressions(e, 'this', indent=False)})", 128 exp.CollateColumnConstraint: lambda self, e: f"COLLATE {self.sql(e, 'this')}", 129 exp.CommentColumnConstraint: lambda self, e: f"COMMENT {self.sql(e, 'this')}", 130 exp.ConnectByRoot: lambda self, e: f"CONNECT_BY_ROOT {self.sql(e, 'this')}", 131 exp.CopyGrantsProperty: lambda *_: "COPY GRANTS", 132 exp.DateFormatColumnConstraint: lambda self, e: f"FORMAT {self.sql(e, 'this')}", 133 exp.DefaultColumnConstraint: lambda self, e: f"DEFAULT {self.sql(e, 'this')}", 134 exp.DynamicProperty: lambda *_: "DYNAMIC", 135 exp.EmptyProperty: lambda *_: "EMPTY", 136 exp.EncodeColumnConstraint: lambda self, e: f"ENCODE {self.sql(e, 'this')}", 137 exp.EphemeralColumnConstraint: lambda self, 138 e: f"EPHEMERAL{(' ' + self.sql(e, 'this')) if e.this else ''}", 139 exp.ExcludeColumnConstraint: lambda self, e: f"EXCLUDE {self.sql(e, 'this').lstrip()}", 140 exp.ExecuteAsProperty: lambda self, e: self.naked_property(e), 141 exp.Except: lambda self, e: self.set_operations(e), 142 exp.ExternalProperty: lambda *_: "EXTERNAL", 143 exp.GlobalProperty: lambda *_: "GLOBAL", 144 exp.HeapProperty: lambda *_: "HEAP", 145 exp.IcebergProperty: lambda *_: "ICEBERG", 146 exp.InheritsProperty: lambda self, e: f"INHERITS ({self.expressions(e, flat=True)})", 147 exp.InlineLengthColumnConstraint: lambda self, e: f"INLINE LENGTH {self.sql(e, 'this')}", 148 exp.InputModelProperty: lambda self, e: f"INPUT{self.sql(e, 'this')}", 149 exp.Intersect: lambda self, e: self.set_operations(e), 150 exp.IntervalSpan: lambda self, e: f"{self.sql(e, 'this')} TO {self.sql(e, 'expression')}", 151 exp.LanguageProperty: lambda self, e: self.naked_property(e), 152 exp.LocationProperty: lambda self, e: self.naked_property(e), 153 exp.LogProperty: lambda _, e: f"{'NO ' if e.args.get('no') else ''}LOG", 154 exp.MaterializedProperty: lambda *_: "MATERIALIZED", 155 exp.NonClusteredColumnConstraint: lambda self, 156 e: f"NONCLUSTERED ({self.expressions(e, 'this', indent=False)})", 157 exp.NoPrimaryIndexProperty: lambda *_: "NO PRIMARY INDEX", 158 exp.NotForReplicationColumnConstraint: lambda *_: "NOT FOR REPLICATION", 159 exp.OnCommitProperty: lambda _, 160 e: f"ON COMMIT {'DELETE' if e.args.get('delete') else 'PRESERVE'} ROWS", 161 exp.OnProperty: lambda self, e: f"ON {self.sql(e, 'this')}", 162 exp.OnUpdateColumnConstraint: lambda self, e: f"ON UPDATE {self.sql(e, 'this')}", 163 exp.Operator: lambda self, e: self.binary(e, ""), # The operator is produced in `binary` 164 exp.OutputModelProperty: lambda self, e: f"OUTPUT{self.sql(e, 'this')}", 165 exp.PathColumnConstraint: lambda self, e: f"PATH {self.sql(e, 'this')}", 166 exp.PivotAny: lambda self, e: f"ANY{self.sql(e, 'this')}", 167 exp.ProjectionPolicyColumnConstraint: lambda self, 168 e: f"PROJECTION POLICY {self.sql(e, 'this')}", 169 exp.RemoteWithConnectionModelProperty: lambda self, 170 e: f"REMOTE WITH CONNECTION {self.sql(e, 'this')}", 171 exp.ReturnsProperty: lambda self, e: ( 172 "RETURNS NULL ON NULL INPUT" if e.args.get("null") else self.naked_property(e) 173 ), 174 exp.SampleProperty: lambda self, e: f"SAMPLE BY {self.sql(e, 'this')}", 175 exp.SecureProperty: lambda *_: "SECURE", 176 exp.SecurityProperty: lambda self, e: f"SECURITY {self.sql(e, 'this')}", 177 exp.SetConfigProperty: lambda self, e: self.sql(e, "this"), 178 exp.SetProperty: lambda _, e: f"{'MULTI' if e.args.get('multi') else ''}SET", 179 exp.SettingsProperty: lambda self, e: f"SETTINGS{self.seg('')}{(self.expressions(e))}", 180 exp.SharingProperty: lambda self, e: f"SHARING={self.sql(e, 'this')}", 181 exp.SqlReadWriteProperty: lambda _, e: e.name, 182 exp.SqlSecurityProperty: lambda _, 183 e: f"SQL SECURITY {'DEFINER' if e.args.get('definer') else 'INVOKER'}", 184 exp.StabilityProperty: lambda _, e: e.name, 185 exp.Stream: lambda self, e: f"STREAM {self.sql(e, 'this')}", 186 exp.StreamingTableProperty: lambda *_: "STREAMING", 187 exp.StrictProperty: lambda *_: "STRICT", 188 exp.SwapTable: lambda self, e: f"SWAP WITH {self.sql(e, 'this')}", 189 exp.TemporaryProperty: lambda *_: "TEMPORARY", 190 exp.TagColumnConstraint: lambda self, e: f"TAG ({self.expressions(e, flat=True)})", 191 exp.TitleColumnConstraint: lambda self, e: f"TITLE {self.sql(e, 'this')}", 192 exp.ToMap: lambda self, e: f"MAP {self.sql(e, 'this')}", 193 exp.ToTableProperty: lambda self, e: f"TO {self.sql(e.this)}", 194 exp.TransformModelProperty: lambda self, e: self.func("TRANSFORM", *e.expressions), 195 exp.TransientProperty: lambda *_: "TRANSIENT", 196 exp.Union: lambda self, e: self.set_operations(e), 197 exp.UnloggedProperty: lambda *_: "UNLOGGED", 198 exp.Uuid: lambda *_: "UUID()", 199 exp.UppercaseColumnConstraint: lambda *_: "UPPERCASE", 200 exp.VarMap: lambda self, e: self.func("MAP", e.args["keys"], e.args["values"]), 201 exp.ViewAttributeProperty: lambda self, e: f"WITH {self.sql(e, 'this')}", 202 exp.VolatileProperty: lambda *_: "VOLATILE", 203 exp.WithJournalTableProperty: lambda self, e: f"WITH JOURNAL TABLE={self.sql(e, 'this')}", 204 exp.WithProcedureOptions: lambda self, e: f"WITH {self.expressions(e, flat=True)}", 205 exp.WithSchemaBindingProperty: lambda self, e: f"WITH SCHEMA {self.sql(e, 'this')}", 206 exp.WithOperator: lambda self, e: f"{self.sql(e, 'this')} WITH {self.sql(e, 'op')}", 207 } 208 209 # Whether null ordering is supported in order by 210 # True: Full Support, None: No support, False: No support for certain cases 211 # such as window specifications, aggregate functions etc 212 NULL_ORDERING_SUPPORTED: t.Optional[bool] = True 213 214 # Whether ignore nulls is inside the agg or outside. 215 # FIRST(x IGNORE NULLS) OVER vs FIRST (x) IGNORE NULLS OVER 216 IGNORE_NULLS_IN_FUNC = False 217 218 # Whether locking reads (i.e. SELECT ... FOR UPDATE/SHARE) are supported 219 LOCKING_READS_SUPPORTED = False 220 221 # Whether the EXCEPT and INTERSECT operations can return duplicates 222 EXCEPT_INTERSECT_SUPPORT_ALL_CLAUSE = True 223 224 # Wrap derived values in parens, usually standard but spark doesn't support it 225 WRAP_DERIVED_VALUES = True 226 227 # Whether create function uses an AS before the RETURN 228 CREATE_FUNCTION_RETURN_AS = True 229 230 # Whether MERGE ... WHEN MATCHED BY SOURCE is allowed 231 MATCHED_BY_SOURCE = True 232 233 # Whether the INTERVAL expression works only with values like '1 day' 234 SINGLE_STRING_INTERVAL = False 235 236 # Whether the plural form of date parts like day (i.e. "days") is supported in INTERVALs 237 INTERVAL_ALLOWS_PLURAL_FORM = True 238 239 # Whether limit and fetch are supported (possible values: "ALL", "LIMIT", "FETCH") 240 LIMIT_FETCH = "ALL" 241 242 # Whether limit and fetch allows expresions or just limits 243 LIMIT_ONLY_LITERALS = False 244 245 # Whether a table is allowed to be renamed with a db 246 RENAME_TABLE_WITH_DB = True 247 248 # The separator for grouping sets and rollups 249 GROUPINGS_SEP = "," 250 251 # The string used for creating an index on a table 252 INDEX_ON = "ON" 253 254 # Whether join hints should be generated 255 JOIN_HINTS = True 256 257 # Whether table hints should be generated 258 TABLE_HINTS = True 259 260 # Whether query hints should be generated 261 QUERY_HINTS = True 262 263 # What kind of separator to use for query hints 264 QUERY_HINT_SEP = ", " 265 266 # Whether comparing against booleans (e.g. x IS TRUE) is supported 267 IS_BOOL_ALLOWED = True 268 269 # Whether to include the "SET" keyword in the "INSERT ... ON DUPLICATE KEY UPDATE" statement 270 DUPLICATE_KEY_UPDATE_WITH_SET = True 271 272 # Whether to generate the limit as TOP <value> instead of LIMIT <value> 273 LIMIT_IS_TOP = False 274 275 # Whether to generate INSERT INTO ... RETURNING or INSERT INTO RETURNING ... 276 RETURNING_END = True 277 278 # Whether to generate an unquoted value for EXTRACT's date part argument 279 EXTRACT_ALLOWS_QUOTES = True 280 281 # Whether TIMETZ / TIMESTAMPTZ will be generated using the "WITH TIME ZONE" syntax 282 TZ_TO_WITH_TIME_ZONE = False 283 284 # Whether the NVL2 function is supported 285 NVL2_SUPPORTED = True 286 287 # https://cloud.google.com/bigquery/docs/reference/standard-sql/query-syntax 288 SELECT_KINDS: t.Tuple[str, ...] = ("STRUCT", "VALUE") 289 290 # Whether VALUES statements can be used as derived tables. 291 # MySQL 5 and Redshift do not allow this, so when False, it will convert 292 # SELECT * VALUES into SELECT UNION 293 VALUES_AS_TABLE = True 294 295 # Whether the word COLUMN is included when adding a column with ALTER TABLE 296 ALTER_TABLE_INCLUDE_COLUMN_KEYWORD = True 297 298 # UNNEST WITH ORDINALITY (presto) instead of UNNEST WITH OFFSET (bigquery) 299 UNNEST_WITH_ORDINALITY = True 300 301 # Whether FILTER (WHERE cond) can be used for conditional aggregation 302 AGGREGATE_FILTER_SUPPORTED = True 303 304 # Whether JOIN sides (LEFT, RIGHT) are supported in conjunction with SEMI/ANTI join kinds 305 SEMI_ANTI_JOIN_WITH_SIDE = True 306 307 # Whether to include the type of a computed column in the CREATE DDL 308 COMPUTED_COLUMN_WITH_TYPE = True 309 310 # Whether CREATE TABLE .. COPY .. is supported. False means we'll generate CLONE instead of COPY 311 SUPPORTS_TABLE_COPY = True 312 313 # Whether parentheses are required around the table sample's expression 314 TABLESAMPLE_REQUIRES_PARENS = True 315 316 # Whether a table sample clause's size needs to be followed by the ROWS keyword 317 TABLESAMPLE_SIZE_IS_ROWS = True 318 319 # The keyword(s) to use when generating a sample clause 320 TABLESAMPLE_KEYWORDS = "TABLESAMPLE" 321 322 # Whether the TABLESAMPLE clause supports a method name, like BERNOULLI 323 TABLESAMPLE_WITH_METHOD = True 324 325 # The keyword to use when specifying the seed of a sample clause 326 TABLESAMPLE_SEED_KEYWORD = "SEED" 327 328 # Whether COLLATE is a function instead of a binary operator 329 COLLATE_IS_FUNC = False 330 331 # Whether data types support additional specifiers like e.g. CHAR or BYTE (oracle) 332 DATA_TYPE_SPECIFIERS_ALLOWED = False 333 334 # Whether conditions require booleans WHERE x = 0 vs WHERE x 335 ENSURE_BOOLS = False 336 337 # Whether the "RECURSIVE" keyword is required when defining recursive CTEs 338 CTE_RECURSIVE_KEYWORD_REQUIRED = True 339 340 # Whether CONCAT requires >1 arguments 341 SUPPORTS_SINGLE_ARG_CONCAT = True 342 343 # Whether LAST_DAY function supports a date part argument 344 LAST_DAY_SUPPORTS_DATE_PART = True 345 346 # Whether named columns are allowed in table aliases 347 SUPPORTS_TABLE_ALIAS_COLUMNS = True 348 349 # Whether UNPIVOT aliases are Identifiers (False means they're Literals) 350 UNPIVOT_ALIASES_ARE_IDENTIFIERS = True 351 352 # What delimiter to use for separating JSON key/value pairs 353 JSON_KEY_VALUE_PAIR_SEP = ":" 354 355 # INSERT OVERWRITE TABLE x override 356 INSERT_OVERWRITE = " OVERWRITE TABLE" 357 358 # Whether the SELECT .. INTO syntax is used instead of CTAS 359 SUPPORTS_SELECT_INTO = False 360 361 # Whether UNLOGGED tables can be created 362 SUPPORTS_UNLOGGED_TABLES = False 363 364 # Whether the CREATE TABLE LIKE statement is supported 365 SUPPORTS_CREATE_TABLE_LIKE = True 366 367 # Whether the LikeProperty needs to be specified inside of the schema clause 368 LIKE_PROPERTY_INSIDE_SCHEMA = False 369 370 # Whether DISTINCT can be followed by multiple args in an AggFunc. If not, it will be 371 # transpiled into a series of CASE-WHEN-ELSE, ultimately using a tuple conseisting of the args 372 MULTI_ARG_DISTINCT = True 373 374 # Whether the JSON extraction operators expect a value of type JSON 375 JSON_TYPE_REQUIRED_FOR_EXTRACTION = False 376 377 # Whether bracketed keys like ["foo"] are supported in JSON paths 378 JSON_PATH_BRACKETED_KEY_SUPPORTED = True 379 380 # Whether to escape keys using single quotes in JSON paths 381 JSON_PATH_SINGLE_QUOTE_ESCAPE = False 382 383 # The JSONPathPart expressions supported by this dialect 384 SUPPORTED_JSON_PATH_PARTS = ALL_JSON_PATH_PARTS.copy() 385 386 # Whether any(f(x) for x in array) can be implemented by this dialect 387 CAN_IMPLEMENT_ARRAY_ANY = False 388 389 # Whether the function TO_NUMBER is supported 390 SUPPORTS_TO_NUMBER = True 391 392 # Whether or not set op modifiers apply to the outer set op or select. 393 # SELECT * FROM x UNION SELECT * FROM y LIMIT 1 394 # True means limit 1 happens after the set op, False means it it happens on y. 395 SET_OP_MODIFIERS = True 396 397 # Whether parameters from COPY statement are wrapped in parentheses 398 COPY_PARAMS_ARE_WRAPPED = True 399 400 # Whether values of params are set with "=" token or empty space 401 COPY_PARAMS_EQ_REQUIRED = False 402 403 # Whether COPY statement has INTO keyword 404 COPY_HAS_INTO_KEYWORD = True 405 406 # Whether the conditional TRY(expression) function is supported 407 TRY_SUPPORTED = True 408 409 # Whether the UESCAPE syntax in unicode strings is supported 410 SUPPORTS_UESCAPE = True 411 412 # The keyword to use when generating a star projection with excluded columns 413 STAR_EXCEPT = "EXCEPT" 414 415 # The HEX function name 416 HEX_FUNC = "HEX" 417 418 # The keywords to use when prefixing & separating WITH based properties 419 WITH_PROPERTIES_PREFIX = "WITH" 420 421 # Whether to quote the generated expression of exp.JsonPath 422 QUOTE_JSON_PATH = True 423 424 # Whether the text pattern/fill (3rd) parameter of RPAD()/LPAD() is optional (defaults to space) 425 PAD_FILL_PATTERN_IS_REQUIRED = False 426 427 # Whether a projection can explode into multiple rows, e.g. by unnesting an array. 428 SUPPORTS_EXPLODING_PROJECTIONS = True 429 430 # Whether ARRAY_CONCAT can be generated with varlen args or if it should be reduced to 2-arg version 431 ARRAY_CONCAT_IS_VAR_LEN = True 432 433 # Whether CONVERT_TIMEZONE() is supported; if not, it will be generated as exp.AtTimeZone 434 SUPPORTS_CONVERT_TIMEZONE = False 435 436 # Whether MEDIAN(expr) is supported; if not, it will be generated as PERCENTILE_CONT(expr, 0.5) 437 SUPPORTS_MEDIAN = True 438 439 # Whether UNIX_SECONDS(timestamp) is supported 440 SUPPORTS_UNIX_SECONDS = False 441 442 # The name to generate for the JSONPath expression. If `None`, only `this` will be generated 443 PARSE_JSON_NAME: t.Optional[str] = "PARSE_JSON" 444 445 # The function name of the exp.ArraySize expression 446 ARRAY_SIZE_NAME: str = "ARRAY_LENGTH" 447 448 # Whether exp.ArraySize should generate the dimension arg too (valid for Postgres & DuckDB) 449 # None -> Doesn't support it at all 450 # False (DuckDB) -> Has backwards-compatible support, but preferably generated without 451 # True (Postgres) -> Explicitly requires it 452 ARRAY_SIZE_DIM_REQUIRED: t.Optional[bool] = None 453 454 TYPE_MAPPING = { 455 exp.DataType.Type.NCHAR: "CHAR", 456 exp.DataType.Type.NVARCHAR: "VARCHAR", 457 exp.DataType.Type.MEDIUMTEXT: "TEXT", 458 exp.DataType.Type.LONGTEXT: "TEXT", 459 exp.DataType.Type.TINYTEXT: "TEXT", 460 exp.DataType.Type.MEDIUMBLOB: "BLOB", 461 exp.DataType.Type.LONGBLOB: "BLOB", 462 exp.DataType.Type.TINYBLOB: "BLOB", 463 exp.DataType.Type.INET: "INET", 464 exp.DataType.Type.ROWVERSION: "VARBINARY", 465 } 466 467 TIME_PART_SINGULARS = { 468 "MICROSECONDS": "MICROSECOND", 469 "SECONDS": "SECOND", 470 "MINUTES": "MINUTE", 471 "HOURS": "HOUR", 472 "DAYS": "DAY", 473 "WEEKS": "WEEK", 474 "MONTHS": "MONTH", 475 "QUARTERS": "QUARTER", 476 "YEARS": "YEAR", 477 } 478 479 AFTER_HAVING_MODIFIER_TRANSFORMS = { 480 "cluster": lambda self, e: self.sql(e, "cluster"), 481 "distribute": lambda self, e: self.sql(e, "distribute"), 482 "sort": lambda self, e: self.sql(e, "sort"), 483 "windows": lambda self, e: ( 484 self.seg("WINDOW ") + self.expressions(e, key="windows", flat=True) 485 if e.args.get("windows") 486 else "" 487 ), 488 "qualify": lambda self, e: self.sql(e, "qualify"), 489 } 490 491 TOKEN_MAPPING: t.Dict[TokenType, str] = {} 492 493 STRUCT_DELIMITER = ("<", ">") 494 495 PARAMETER_TOKEN = "@" 496 NAMED_PLACEHOLDER_TOKEN = ":" 497 498 PROPERTIES_LOCATION = { 499 exp.AllowedValuesProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 500 exp.AlgorithmProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_CREATE, 501 exp.AutoIncrementProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 502 exp.AutoRefreshProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 503 exp.BackupProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 504 exp.BlockCompressionProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_NAME, 505 exp.CharacterSetProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 506 exp.ChecksumProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_NAME, 507 exp.CollateProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 508 exp.CopyGrantsProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 509 exp.Cluster: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 510 exp.ClusteredByProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 511 exp.DistributedByProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 512 exp.DuplicateKeyProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 513 exp.DataBlocksizeProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_NAME, 514 exp.DataDeletionProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 515 exp.DefinerProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_CREATE, 516 exp.DictRange: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 517 exp.DictProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 518 exp.DynamicProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_CREATE, 519 exp.DistKeyProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 520 exp.DistStyleProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 521 exp.EmptyProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 522 exp.EngineProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 523 exp.ExecuteAsProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 524 exp.ExternalProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_CREATE, 525 exp.FallbackProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_NAME, 526 exp.FileFormatProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_WITH, 527 exp.FreespaceProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_NAME, 528 exp.GlobalProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_CREATE, 529 exp.HeapProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_WITH, 530 exp.InheritsProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 531 exp.IcebergProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_CREATE, 532 exp.InputModelProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 533 exp.IsolatedLoadingProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_NAME, 534 exp.JournalProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_NAME, 535 exp.LanguageProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 536 exp.LikeProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 537 exp.LocationProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 538 exp.LockProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 539 exp.LockingProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_ALIAS, 540 exp.LogProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_NAME, 541 exp.MaterializedProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_CREATE, 542 exp.MergeBlockRatioProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_NAME, 543 exp.NoPrimaryIndexProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_EXPRESSION, 544 exp.OnProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 545 exp.OnCommitProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_EXPRESSION, 546 exp.Order: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 547 exp.OutputModelProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 548 exp.PartitionedByProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_WITH, 549 exp.PartitionedOfProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 550 exp.PrimaryKey: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 551 exp.Property: exp.Properties.Location.POST_WITH, 552 exp.RemoteWithConnectionModelProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 553 exp.ReturnsProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 554 exp.RowFormatProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 555 exp.RowFormatDelimitedProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 556 exp.RowFormatSerdeProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 557 exp.SampleProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 558 exp.SchemaCommentProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 559 exp.SecureProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_CREATE, 560 exp.SecurityProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 561 exp.SerdeProperties: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 562 exp.Set: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 563 exp.SettingsProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 564 exp.SetProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_CREATE, 565 exp.SetConfigProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 566 exp.SharingProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_EXPRESSION, 567 exp.SequenceProperties: exp.Properties.Location.POST_EXPRESSION, 568 exp.SortKeyProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 569 exp.SqlReadWriteProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 570 exp.SqlSecurityProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_CREATE, 571 exp.StabilityProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 572 exp.StreamingTableProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_CREATE, 573 exp.StrictProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 574 exp.TemporaryProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_CREATE, 575 exp.ToTableProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 576 exp.TransientProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_CREATE, 577 exp.TransformModelProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 578 exp.MergeTreeTTL: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 579 exp.UnloggedProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_CREATE, 580 exp.ViewAttributeProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 581 exp.VolatileProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_CREATE, 582 exp.WithDataProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_EXPRESSION, 583 exp.WithJournalTableProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_NAME, 584 exp.WithProcedureOptions: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 585 exp.WithSchemaBindingProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 586 exp.WithSystemVersioningProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 587 } 588 589 # Keywords that can't be used as unquoted identifier names 590 RESERVED_KEYWORDS: t.Set[str] = set() 591 592 # Expressions whose comments are separated from them for better formatting 593 WITH_SEPARATED_COMMENTS: t.Tuple[t.Type[exp.Expression], ...] = ( 594 exp.Command, 595 exp.Create, 596 exp.Delete, 597 exp.Drop, 598 exp.From, 599 exp.Insert, 600 exp.Join, 601 exp.MultitableInserts, 602 exp.Select, 603 exp.SetOperation, 604 exp.Update, 605 exp.Where, 606 exp.With, 607 ) 608 609 # Expressions that should not have their comments generated in maybe_comment 610 EXCLUDE_COMMENTS: t.Tuple[t.Type[exp.Expression], ...] = ( 611 exp.Binary, 612 exp.SetOperation, 613 ) 614 615 # Expressions that can remain unwrapped when appearing in the context of an INTERVAL 616 UNWRAPPED_INTERVAL_VALUES: t.Tuple[t.Type[exp.Expression], ...] = ( 617 exp.Column, 618 exp.Literal, 619 exp.Neg, 620 exp.Paren, 621 ) 622 623 PARAMETERIZABLE_TEXT_TYPES = { 624 exp.DataType.Type.NVARCHAR, 625 exp.DataType.Type.VARCHAR, 626 exp.DataType.Type.CHAR, 627 exp.DataType.Type.NCHAR, 628 } 629 630 # Expressions that need to have all CTEs under them bubbled up to them 631 EXPRESSIONS_WITHOUT_NESTED_CTES: t.Set[t.Type[exp.Expression]] = set() 632 633 SENTINEL_LINE_BREAK = "__SQLGLOT__LB__" 634 635 __slots__ = ( 636 "pretty", 637 "identify", 638 "normalize", 639 "pad", 640 "_indent", 641 "normalize_functions", 642 "unsupported_level", 643 "max_unsupported", 644 "leading_comma", 645 "max_text_width", 646 "comments", 647 "dialect", 648 "unsupported_messages", 649 "_escaped_quote_end", 650 "_escaped_identifier_end", 651 "_next_name", 652 "_identifier_start", 653 "_identifier_end", 654 ) 655 656 def __init__( 657 self, 658 pretty: t.Optional[bool] = None, 659 identify: str | bool = False, 660 normalize: bool = False, 661 pad: int = 2, 662 indent: int = 2, 663 normalize_functions: t.Optional[str | bool] = None, 664 unsupported_level: ErrorLevel = ErrorLevel.WARN, 665 max_unsupported: int = 3, 666 leading_comma: bool = False, 667 max_text_width: int = 80, 668 comments: bool = True, 669 dialect: DialectType = None, 670 ): 671 import sqlglot 672 from sqlglot.dialects import Dialect 673 674 self.pretty = pretty if pretty is not None else sqlglot.pretty 675 self.identify = identify 676 self.normalize = normalize 677 self.pad = pad 678 self._indent = indent 679 self.unsupported_level = unsupported_level 680 self.max_unsupported = max_unsupported 681 self.leading_comma = leading_comma 682 self.max_text_width = max_text_width 683 self.comments = comments 684 self.dialect = Dialect.get_or_raise(dialect) 685 686 # This is both a Dialect property and a Generator argument, so we prioritize the latter 687 self.normalize_functions = ( 688 self.dialect.NORMALIZE_FUNCTIONS if normalize_functions is None else normalize_functions 689 ) 690 691 self.unsupported_messages: t.List[str] = [] 692 self._escaped_quote_end: str = ( 693 self.dialect.tokenizer_class.STRING_ESCAPES[0] + self.dialect.QUOTE_END 694 ) 695 self._escaped_identifier_end = self.dialect.IDENTIFIER_END * 2 696 697 self._next_name = name_sequence("_t") 698 699 self._identifier_start = self.dialect.IDENTIFIER_START 700 self._identifier_end = self.dialect.IDENTIFIER_END 701 702 def generate(self, expression: exp.Expression, copy: bool = True) -> str: 703 """ 704 Generates the SQL string corresponding to the given syntax tree. 705 706 Args: 707 expression: The syntax tree. 708 copy: Whether to copy the expression. The generator performs mutations so 709 it is safer to copy. 710 711 Returns: 712 The SQL string corresponding to `expression`. 713 """ 714 if copy: 715 expression = expression.copy() 716 717 expression = self.preprocess(expression) 718 719 self.unsupported_messages = [] 720 sql = self.sql(expression).strip() 721 722 if self.pretty: 723 sql = sql.replace(self.SENTINEL_LINE_BREAK, "\n") 724 725 if self.unsupported_level == ErrorLevel.IGNORE: 726 return sql 727 728 if self.unsupported_level == ErrorLevel.WARN: 729 for msg in self.unsupported_messages: 730 logger.warning(msg) 731 elif self.unsupported_level == ErrorLevel.RAISE and self.unsupported_messages: 732 raise UnsupportedError(concat_messages(self.unsupported_messages, self.max_unsupported)) 733 734 return sql 735 736 def preprocess(self, expression: exp.Expression) -> exp.Expression: 737 """Apply generic preprocessing transformations to a given expression.""" 738 expression = self._move_ctes_to_top_level(expression) 739 740 if self.ENSURE_BOOLS: 741 from sqlglot.transforms import ensure_bools 742 743 expression = ensure_bools(expression) 744 745 return expression 746 747 def _move_ctes_to_top_level(self, expression: E) -> E: 748 if ( 749 not expression.parent 750 and type(expression) in self.EXPRESSIONS_WITHOUT_NESTED_CTES 751 and any(node.parent is not expression for node in expression.find_all(exp.With)) 752 ): 753 from sqlglot.transforms import move_ctes_to_top_level 754 755 expression = move_ctes_to_top_level(expression) 756 return expression 757 758 def unsupported(self, message: str) -> None: 759 if self.unsupported_level == ErrorLevel.IMMEDIATE: 760 raise UnsupportedError(message) 761 self.unsupported_messages.append(message) 762 763 def sep(self, sep: str = " ") -> str: 764 return f"{sep.strip()}\n" if self.pretty else sep 765 766 def seg(self, sql: str, sep: str = " ") -> str: 767 return f"{self.sep(sep)}{sql}" 768 769 def pad_comment(self, comment: str) -> str: 770 comment = " " + comment if comment[0].strip() else comment 771 comment = comment + " " if comment[-1].strip() else comment 772 return comment 773 774 def maybe_comment( 775 self, 776 sql: str, 777 expression: t.Optional[exp.Expression] = None, 778 comments: t.Optional[t.List[str]] = None, 779 separated: bool = False, 780 ) -> str: 781 comments = ( 782 ((expression and expression.comments) if comments is None else comments) # type: ignore 783 if self.comments 784 else None 785 ) 786 787 if not comments or isinstance(expression, self.EXCLUDE_COMMENTS): 788 return sql 789 790 comments_sql = " ".join( 791 f"/*{self.pad_comment(comment)}*/" for comment in comments if comment 792 ) 793 794 if not comments_sql: 795 return sql 796 797 comments_sql = self._replace_line_breaks(comments_sql) 798 799 if separated or isinstance(expression, self.WITH_SEPARATED_COMMENTS): 800 return ( 801 f"{self.sep()}{comments_sql}{sql}" 802 if not sql or sql[0].isspace() 803 else f"{comments_sql}{self.sep()}{sql}" 804 ) 805 806 return f"{sql} {comments_sql}" 807 808 def wrap(self, expression: exp.Expression | str) -> str: 809 this_sql = ( 810 self.sql(expression) 811 if isinstance(expression, exp.UNWRAPPED_QUERIES) 812 else self.sql(expression, "this") 813 ) 814 if not this_sql: 815 return "()" 816 817 this_sql = self.indent(this_sql, level=1, pad=0) 818 return f"({self.sep('')}{this_sql}{self.seg(')', sep='')}" 819 820 def no_identify(self, func: t.Callable[..., str], *args, **kwargs) -> str: 821 original = self.identify 822 self.identify = False 823 result = func(*args, **kwargs) 824 self.identify = original 825 return result 826 827 def normalize_func(self, name: str) -> str: 828 if self.normalize_functions == "upper" or self.normalize_functions is True: 829 return name.upper() 830 if self.normalize_functions == "lower": 831 return name.lower() 832 return name 833 834 def indent( 835 self, 836 sql: str, 837 level: int = 0, 838 pad: t.Optional[int] = None, 839 skip_first: bool = False, 840 skip_last: bool = False, 841 ) -> str: 842 if not self.pretty or not sql: 843 return sql 844 845 pad = self.pad if pad is None else pad 846 lines = sql.split("\n") 847 848 return "\n".join( 849 ( 850 line 851 if (skip_first and i == 0) or (skip_last and i == len(lines) - 1) 852 else f"{' ' * (level * self._indent + pad)}{line}" 853 ) 854 for i, line in enumerate(lines) 855 ) 856 857 def sql( 858 self, 859 expression: t.Optional[str | exp.Expression], 860 key: t.Optional[str] = None, 861 comment: bool = True, 862 ) -> str: 863 if not expression: 864 return "" 865 866 if isinstance(expression, str): 867 return expression 868 869 if key: 870 value = expression.args.get(key) 871 if value: 872 return self.sql(value) 873 return "" 874 875 transform = self.TRANSFORMS.get(expression.__class__) 876 877 if callable(transform): 878 sql = transform(self, expression) 879 elif isinstance(expression, exp.Expression): 880 exp_handler_name = f"{expression.key}_sql" 881 882 if hasattr(self, exp_handler_name): 883 sql = getattr(self, exp_handler_name)(expression) 884 elif isinstance(expression, exp.Func): 885 sql = self.function_fallback_sql(expression) 886 elif isinstance(expression, exp.Property): 887 sql = self.property_sql(expression) 888 else: 889 raise ValueError(f"Unsupported expression type {expression.__class__.__name__}") 890 else: 891 raise ValueError(f"Expected an Expression. Received {type(expression)}: {expression}") 892 893 return self.maybe_comment(sql, expression) if self.comments and comment else sql 894 895 def uncache_sql(self, expression: exp.Uncache) -> str: 896 table = self.sql(expression, "this") 897 exists_sql = " IF EXISTS" if expression.args.get("exists") else "" 898 return f"UNCACHE TABLE{exists_sql} {table}" 899 900 def cache_sql(self, expression: exp.Cache) -> str: 901 lazy = " LAZY" if expression.args.get("lazy") else "" 902 table = self.sql(expression, "this") 903 options = expression.args.get("options") 904 options = f" OPTIONS({self.sql(options[0])} = {self.sql(options[1])})" if options else "" 905 sql = self.sql(expression, "expression") 906 sql = f" AS{self.sep()}{sql}" if sql else "" 907 sql = f"CACHE{lazy} TABLE {table}{options}{sql}" 908 return self.prepend_ctes(expression, sql) 909 910 def characterset_sql(self, expression: exp.CharacterSet) -> str: 911 if isinstance(expression.parent, exp.Cast): 912 return f"CHAR CHARACTER SET {self.sql(expression, 'this')}" 913 default = "DEFAULT " if expression.args.get("default") else "" 914 return f"{default}CHARACTER SET={self.sql(expression, 'this')}" 915 916 def column_parts(self, expression: exp.Column) -> str: 917 return ".".join( 918 self.sql(part) 919 for part in ( 920 expression.args.get("catalog"), 921 expression.args.get("db"), 922 expression.args.get("table"), 923 expression.args.get("this"), 924 ) 925 if part 926 ) 927 928 def column_sql(self, expression: exp.Column) -> str: 929 join_mark = " (+)" if expression.args.get("join_mark") else "" 930 931 if join_mark and not self.dialect.SUPPORTS_COLUMN_JOIN_MARKS: 932 join_mark = "" 933 self.unsupported("Outer join syntax using the (+) operator is not supported.") 934 935 return f"{self.column_parts(expression)}{join_mark}" 936 937 def columnposition_sql(self, expression: exp.ColumnPosition) -> str: 938 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 939 this = f" {this}" if this else "" 940 position = self.sql(expression, "position") 941 return f"{position}{this}" 942 943 def columndef_sql(self, expression: exp.ColumnDef, sep: str = " ") -> str: 944 column = self.sql(expression, "this") 945 kind = self.sql(expression, "kind") 946 constraints = self.expressions(expression, key="constraints", sep=" ", flat=True) 947 exists = "IF NOT EXISTS " if expression.args.get("exists") else "" 948 kind = f"{sep}{kind}" if kind else "" 949 constraints = f" {constraints}" if constraints else "" 950 position = self.sql(expression, "position") 951 position = f" {position}" if position else "" 952 953 if expression.find(exp.ComputedColumnConstraint) and not self.COMPUTED_COLUMN_WITH_TYPE: 954 kind = "" 955 956 return f"{exists}{column}{kind}{constraints}{position}" 957 958 def columnconstraint_sql(self, expression: exp.ColumnConstraint) -> str: 959 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 960 kind_sql = self.sql(expression, "kind").strip() 961 return f"CONSTRAINT {this} {kind_sql}" if this else kind_sql 962 963 def computedcolumnconstraint_sql(self, expression: exp.ComputedColumnConstraint) -> str: 964 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 965 if expression.args.get("not_null"): 966 persisted = " PERSISTED NOT NULL" 967 elif expression.args.get("persisted"): 968 persisted = " PERSISTED" 969 else: 970 persisted = "" 971 return f"AS {this}{persisted}" 972 973 def autoincrementcolumnconstraint_sql(self, _) -> str: 974 return self.token_sql(TokenType.AUTO_INCREMENT) 975 976 def compresscolumnconstraint_sql(self, expression: exp.CompressColumnConstraint) -> str: 977 if isinstance(expression.this, list): 978 this = self.wrap(self.expressions(expression, key="this", flat=True)) 979 else: 980 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 981 982 return f"COMPRESS {this}" 983 984 def generatedasidentitycolumnconstraint_sql( 985 self, expression: exp.GeneratedAsIdentityColumnConstraint 986 ) -> str: 987 this = "" 988 if expression.this is not None: 989 on_null = " ON NULL" if expression.args.get("on_null") else "" 990 this = " ALWAYS" if expression.this else f" BY DEFAULT{on_null}" 991 992 start = expression.args.get("start") 993 start = f"START WITH {start}" if start else "" 994 increment = expression.args.get("increment") 995 increment = f" INCREMENT BY {increment}" if increment else "" 996 minvalue = expression.args.get("minvalue") 997 minvalue = f" MINVALUE {minvalue}" if minvalue else "" 998 maxvalue = expression.args.get("maxvalue") 999 maxvalue = f" MAXVALUE {maxvalue}" if maxvalue else "" 1000 cycle = expression.args.get("cycle") 1001 cycle_sql = "" 1002 1003 if cycle is not None: 1004 cycle_sql = f"{' NO' if not cycle else ''} CYCLE" 1005 cycle_sql = cycle_sql.strip() if not start and not increment else cycle_sql 1006 1007 sequence_opts = "" 1008 if start or increment or cycle_sql: 1009 sequence_opts = f"{start}{increment}{minvalue}{maxvalue}{cycle_sql}" 1010 sequence_opts = f" ({sequence_opts.strip()})" 1011 1012 expr = self.sql(expression, "expression") 1013 expr = f"({expr})" if expr else "IDENTITY" 1014 1015 return f"GENERATED{this} AS {expr}{sequence_opts}" 1016 1017 def generatedasrowcolumnconstraint_sql( 1018 self, expression: exp.GeneratedAsRowColumnConstraint 1019 ) -> str: 1020 start = "START" if expression.args.get("start") else "END" 1021 hidden = " HIDDEN" if expression.args.get("hidden") else "" 1022 return f"GENERATED ALWAYS AS ROW {start}{hidden}" 1023 1024 def periodforsystemtimeconstraint_sql( 1025 self, expression: exp.PeriodForSystemTimeConstraint 1026 ) -> str: 1027 return f"PERIOD FOR SYSTEM_TIME ({self.sql(expression, 'this')}, {self.sql(expression, 'expression')})" 1028 1029 def notnullcolumnconstraint_sql(self, expression: exp.NotNullColumnConstraint) -> str: 1030 return f"{'' if expression.args.get('allow_null') else 'NOT '}NULL" 1031 1032 def transformcolumnconstraint_sql(self, expression: exp.TransformColumnConstraint) -> str: 1033 return f"AS {self.sql(expression, 'this')}" 1034 1035 def primarykeycolumnconstraint_sql(self, expression: exp.PrimaryKeyColumnConstraint) -> str: 1036 desc = expression.args.get("desc") 1037 if desc is not None: 1038 return f"PRIMARY KEY{' DESC' if desc else ' ASC'}" 1039 return "PRIMARY KEY" 1040 1041 def uniquecolumnconstraint_sql(self, expression: exp.UniqueColumnConstraint) -> str: 1042 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 1043 this = f" {this}" if this else "" 1044 index_type = expression.args.get("index_type") 1045 index_type = f" USING {index_type}" if index_type else "" 1046 on_conflict = self.sql(expression, "on_conflict") 1047 on_conflict = f" {on_conflict}" if on_conflict else "" 1048 nulls_sql = " NULLS NOT DISTINCT" if expression.args.get("nulls") else "" 1049 return f"UNIQUE{nulls_sql}{this}{index_type}{on_conflict}" 1050 1051 def createable_sql(self, expression: exp.Create, locations: t.DefaultDict) -> str: 1052 return self.sql(expression, "this") 1053 1054 def create_sql(self, expression: exp.Create) -> str: 1055 kind = self.sql(expression, "kind") 1056 kind = self.dialect.INVERSE_CREATABLE_KIND_MAPPING.get(kind) or kind 1057 properties = expression.args.get("properties") 1058 properties_locs = self.locate_properties(properties) if properties else defaultdict() 1059 1060 this = self.createable_sql(expression, properties_locs) 1061 1062 properties_sql = "" 1063 if properties_locs.get(exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA) or properties_locs.get( 1064 exp.Properties.Location.POST_WITH 1065 ): 1066 properties_sql = self.sql( 1067 exp.Properties( 1068 expressions=[ 1069 *properties_locs[exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA], 1070 *properties_locs[exp.Properties.Location.POST_WITH], 1071 ] 1072 ) 1073 ) 1074 1075 if properties_locs.get(exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA): 1076 properties_sql = self.sep() + properties_sql 1077 elif not self.pretty: 1078 # Standalone POST_WITH properties need a leading whitespace in non-pretty mode 1079 properties_sql = f" {properties_sql}" 1080 1081 begin = " BEGIN" if expression.args.get("begin") else "" 1082 end = " END" if expression.args.get("end") else "" 1083 1084 expression_sql = self.sql(expression, "expression") 1085 if expression_sql: 1086 expression_sql = f"{begin}{self.sep()}{expression_sql}{end}" 1087 1088 if self.CREATE_FUNCTION_RETURN_AS or not isinstance(expression.expression, exp.Return): 1089 postalias_props_sql = "" 1090 if properties_locs.get(exp.Properties.Location.POST_ALIAS): 1091 postalias_props_sql = self.properties( 1092 exp.Properties( 1093 expressions=properties_locs[exp.Properties.Location.POST_ALIAS] 1094 ), 1095 wrapped=False, 1096 ) 1097 postalias_props_sql = f" {postalias_props_sql}" if postalias_props_sql else "" 1098 expression_sql = f" AS{postalias_props_sql}{expression_sql}" 1099 1100 postindex_props_sql = "" 1101 if properties_locs.get(exp.Properties.Location.POST_INDEX): 1102 postindex_props_sql = self.properties( 1103 exp.Properties(expressions=properties_locs[exp.Properties.Location.POST_INDEX]), 1104 wrapped=False, 1105 prefix=" ", 1106 ) 1107 1108 indexes = self.expressions(expression, key="indexes", indent=False, sep=" ") 1109 indexes = f" {indexes}" if indexes else "" 1110 index_sql = indexes + postindex_props_sql 1111 1112 replace = " OR REPLACE" if expression.args.get("replace") else "" 1113 refresh = " OR REFRESH" if expression.args.get("refresh") else "" 1114 unique = " UNIQUE" if expression.args.get("unique") else "" 1115 1116 clustered = expression.args.get("clustered") 1117 if clustered is None: 1118 clustered_sql = "" 1119 elif clustered: 1120 clustered_sql = " CLUSTERED COLUMNSTORE" 1121 else: 1122 clustered_sql = " NONCLUSTERED COLUMNSTORE" 1123 1124 postcreate_props_sql = "" 1125 if properties_locs.get(exp.Properties.Location.POST_CREATE): 1126 postcreate_props_sql = self.properties( 1127 exp.Properties(expressions=properties_locs[exp.Properties.Location.POST_CREATE]), 1128 sep=" ", 1129 prefix=" ", 1130 wrapped=False, 1131 ) 1132 1133 modifiers = "".join((clustered_sql, replace, refresh, unique, postcreate_props_sql)) 1134 1135 postexpression_props_sql = "" 1136 if properties_locs.get(exp.Properties.Location.POST_EXPRESSION): 1137 postexpression_props_sql = self.properties( 1138 exp.Properties( 1139 expressions=properties_locs[exp.Properties.Location.POST_EXPRESSION] 1140 ), 1141 sep=" ", 1142 prefix=" ", 1143 wrapped=False, 1144 ) 1145 1146 concurrently = " CONCURRENTLY" if expression.args.get("concurrently") else "" 1147 exists_sql = " IF NOT EXISTS" if expression.args.get("exists") else "" 1148 no_schema_binding = ( 1149 " WITH NO SCHEMA BINDING" if expression.args.get("no_schema_binding") else "" 1150 ) 1151 1152 clone = self.sql(expression, "clone") 1153 clone = f" {clone}" if clone else "" 1154 1155 expression_sql = f"CREATE{modifiers} {kind}{concurrently}{exists_sql} {this}{properties_sql}{expression_sql}{postexpression_props_sql}{index_sql}{no_schema_binding}{clone}" 1156 return self.prepend_ctes(expression, expression_sql) 1157 1158 def sequenceproperties_sql(self, expression: exp.SequenceProperties) -> str: 1159 start = self.sql(expression, "start") 1160 start = f"START WITH {start}" if start else "" 1161 increment = self.sql(expression, "increment") 1162 increment = f" INCREMENT BY {increment}" if increment else "" 1163 minvalue = self.sql(expression, "minvalue") 1164 minvalue = f" MINVALUE {minvalue}" if minvalue else "" 1165 maxvalue = self.sql(expression, "maxvalue") 1166 maxvalue = f" MAXVALUE {maxvalue}" if maxvalue else "" 1167 owned = self.sql(expression, "owned") 1168 owned = f" OWNED BY {owned}" if owned else "" 1169 1170 cache = expression.args.get("cache") 1171 if cache is None: 1172 cache_str = "" 1173 elif cache is True: 1174 cache_str = " CACHE" 1175 else: 1176 cache_str = f" CACHE {cache}" 1177 1178 options = self.expressions(expression, key="options", flat=True, sep=" ") 1179 options = f" {options}" if options else "" 1180 1181 return f"{start}{increment}{minvalue}{maxvalue}{cache_str}{options}{owned}".lstrip() 1182 1183 def clone_sql(self, expression: exp.Clone) -> str: 1184 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 1185 shallow = "SHALLOW " if expression.args.get("shallow") else "" 1186 keyword = "COPY" if expression.args.get("copy") and self.SUPPORTS_TABLE_COPY else "CLONE" 1187 return f"{shallow}{keyword} {this}" 1188 1189 def describe_sql(self, expression: exp.Describe) -> str: 1190 style = expression.args.get("style") 1191 style = f" {style}" if style else "" 1192 partition = self.sql(expression, "partition") 1193 partition = f" {partition}" if partition else "" 1194 return f"DESCRIBE{style} {self.sql(expression, 'this')}{partition}" 1195 1196 def heredoc_sql(self, expression: exp.Heredoc) -> str: 1197 tag = self.sql(expression, "tag") 1198 return f"${tag}${self.sql(expression, 'this')}${tag}$" 1199 1200 def prepend_ctes(self, expression: exp.Expression, sql: str) -> str: 1201 with_ = self.sql(expression, "with") 1202 if with_: 1203 sql = f"{with_}{self.sep()}{sql}" 1204 return sql 1205 1206 def with_sql(self, expression: exp.With) -> str: 1207 sql = self.expressions(expression, flat=True) 1208 recursive = ( 1209 "RECURSIVE " 1210 if self.CTE_RECURSIVE_KEYWORD_REQUIRED and expression.args.get("recursive") 1211 else "" 1212 ) 1213 1214 return f"WITH {recursive}{sql}" 1215 1216 def cte_sql(self, expression: exp.CTE) -> str: 1217 alias = expression.args.get("alias") 1218 if alias: 1219 alias.add_comments(expression.pop_comments()) 1220 1221 alias_sql = self.sql(expression, "alias") 1222 1223 materialized = expression.args.get("materialized") 1224 if materialized is False: 1225 materialized = "NOT MATERIALIZED " 1226 elif materialized: 1227 materialized = "MATERIALIZED " 1228 1229 return f"{alias_sql} AS {materialized or ''}{self.wrap(expression)}" 1230 1231 def tablealias_sql(self, expression: exp.TableAlias) -> str: 1232 alias = self.sql(expression, "this") 1233 columns = self.expressions(expression, key="columns", flat=True) 1234 columns = f"({columns})" if columns else "" 1235 1236 if columns and not self.SUPPORTS_TABLE_ALIAS_COLUMNS: 1237 columns = "" 1238 self.unsupported("Named columns are not supported in table alias.") 1239 1240 if not alias and not self.dialect.UNNEST_COLUMN_ONLY: 1241 alias = self._next_name() 1242 1243 return f"{alias}{columns}" 1244 1245 def bitstring_sql(self, expression: exp.BitString) -> str: 1246 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 1247 if self.dialect.BIT_START: 1248 return f"{self.dialect.BIT_START}{this}{self.dialect.BIT_END}" 1249 return f"{int(this, 2)}" 1250 1251 def hexstring_sql(self, expression: exp.HexString) -> str: 1252 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 1253 if self.dialect.HEX_START: 1254 return f"{self.dialect.HEX_START}{this}{self.dialect.HEX_END}" 1255 return f"{int(this, 16)}" 1256 1257 def bytestring_sql(self, expression: exp.ByteString) -> str: 1258 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 1259 if self.dialect.BYTE_START: 1260 return f"{self.dialect.BYTE_START}{this}{self.dialect.BYTE_END}" 1261 return this 1262 1263 def unicodestring_sql(self, expression: exp.UnicodeString) -> str: 1264 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 1265 escape = expression.args.get("escape") 1266 1267 if self.dialect.UNICODE_START: 1268 escape_substitute = r"\\\1" 1269 left_quote, right_quote = self.dialect.UNICODE_START, self.dialect.UNICODE_END 1270 else: 1271 escape_substitute = r"\\u\1" 1272 left_quote, right_quote = self.dialect.QUOTE_START, self.dialect.QUOTE_END 1273 1274 if escape: 1275 escape_pattern = re.compile(rf"{escape.name}(\d+)") 1276 escape_sql = f" UESCAPE {self.sql(escape)}" if self.SUPPORTS_UESCAPE else "" 1277 else: 1278 escape_pattern = ESCAPED_UNICODE_RE 1279 escape_sql = "" 1280 1281 if not self.dialect.UNICODE_START or (escape and not self.SUPPORTS_UESCAPE): 1282 this = escape_pattern.sub(escape_substitute, this) 1283 1284 return f"{left_quote}{this}{right_quote}{escape_sql}" 1285 1286 def rawstring_sql(self, expression: exp.RawString) -> str: 1287 string = self.escape_str(expression.this.replace("\\", "\\\\"), escape_backslash=False) 1288 return f"{self.dialect.QUOTE_START}{string}{self.dialect.QUOTE_END}" 1289 1290 def datatypeparam_sql(self, expression: exp.DataTypeParam) -> str: 1291 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 1292 specifier = self.sql(expression, "expression") 1293 specifier = f" {specifier}" if specifier and self.DATA_TYPE_SPECIFIERS_ALLOWED else "" 1294 return f"{this}{specifier}" 1295 1296 def datatype_sql(self, expression: exp.DataType) -> str: 1297 nested = "" 1298 values = "" 1299 interior = self.expressions(expression, flat=True) 1300 1301 type_value = expression.this 1302 if type_value == exp.DataType.Type.USERDEFINED and expression.args.get("kind"): 1303 type_sql = self.sql(expression, "kind") 1304 else: 1305 type_sql = ( 1306 self.TYPE_MAPPING.get(type_value, type_value.value) 1307 if isinstance(type_value, exp.DataType.Type) 1308 else type_value 1309 ) 1310 1311 if interior: 1312 if expression.args.get("nested"): 1313 nested = f"{self.STRUCT_DELIMITER[0]}{interior}{self.STRUCT_DELIMITER[1]}" 1314 if expression.args.get("values") is not None: 1315 delimiters = ("[", "]") if type_value == exp.DataType.Type.ARRAY else ("(", ")") 1316 values = self.expressions(expression, key="values", flat=True) 1317 values = f"{delimiters[0]}{values}{delimiters[1]}" 1318 elif type_value == exp.DataType.Type.INTERVAL: 1319 nested = f" {interior}" 1320 else: 1321 nested = f"({interior})" 1322 1323 type_sql = f"{type_sql}{nested}{values}" 1324 if self.TZ_TO_WITH_TIME_ZONE and type_value in ( 1325 exp.DataType.Type.TIMETZ, 1326 exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMPTZ, 1327 ): 1328 type_sql = f"{type_sql} WITH TIME ZONE" 1329 1330 return type_sql 1331 1332 def directory_sql(self, expression: exp.Directory) -> str: 1333 local = "LOCAL " if expression.args.get("local") else "" 1334 row_format = self.sql(expression, "row_format") 1335 row_format = f" {row_format}" if row_format else "" 1336 return f"{local}DIRECTORY {self.sql(expression, 'this')}{row_format}" 1337 1338 def delete_sql(self, expression: exp.Delete) -> str: 1339 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 1340 this = f" FROM {this}" if this else "" 1341 using = self.sql(expression, "using") 1342 using = f" USING {using}" if using else "" 1343 cluster = self.sql(expression, "cluster") 1344 cluster = f" {cluster}" if cluster else "" 1345 where = self.sql(expression, "where") 1346 returning = self.sql(expression, "returning") 1347 limit = self.sql(expression, "limit") 1348 tables = self.expressions(expression, key="tables") 1349 tables = f" {tables}" if tables else "" 1350 if self.RETURNING_END: 1351 expression_sql = f"{this}{using}{cluster}{where}{returning}{limit}" 1352 else: 1353 expression_sql = f"{returning}{this}{using}{cluster}{where}{limit}" 1354 return self.prepend_ctes(expression, f"DELETE{tables}{expression_sql}") 1355 1356 def drop_sql(self, expression: exp.Drop) -> str: 1357 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 1358 expressions = self.expressions(expression, flat=True) 1359 expressions = f" ({expressions})" if expressions else "" 1360 kind = expression.args["kind"] 1361 kind = self.dialect.INVERSE_CREATABLE_KIND_MAPPING.get(kind) or kind 1362 exists_sql = " IF EXISTS " if expression.args.get("exists") else " " 1363 concurrently_sql = " CONCURRENTLY" if expression.args.get("concurrently") else "" 1364 on_cluster = self.sql(expression, "cluster") 1365 on_cluster = f" {on_cluster}" if on_cluster else "" 1366 temporary = " TEMPORARY" if expression.args.get("temporary") else "" 1367 materialized = " MATERIALIZED" if expression.args.get("materialized") else "" 1368 cascade = " CASCADE" if expression.args.get("cascade") else "" 1369 constraints = " CONSTRAINTS" if expression.args.get("constraints") else "" 1370 purge = " PURGE" if expression.args.get("purge") else "" 1371 return f"DROP{temporary}{materialized} {kind}{concurrently_sql}{exists_sql}{this}{on_cluster}{expressions}{cascade}{constraints}{purge}" 1372 1373 def set_operation(self, expression: exp.SetOperation) -> str: 1374 op_type = type(expression) 1375 op_name = op_type.key.upper() 1376 1377 distinct = expression.args.get("distinct") 1378 if ( 1379 distinct is False 1380 and op_type in (exp.Except, exp.Intersect) 1381 and not self.EXCEPT_INTERSECT_SUPPORT_ALL_CLAUSE 1382 ): 1383 self.unsupported(f"{op_name} ALL is not supported") 1384 1385 default_distinct = self.dialect.SET_OP_DISTINCT_BY_DEFAULT[op_type] 1386 1387 if distinct is None: 1388 distinct = default_distinct 1389 if distinct is None: 1390 self.unsupported(f"{op_name} requires DISTINCT or ALL to be specified") 1391 1392 if distinct is default_distinct: 1393 kind = "" 1394 else: 1395 kind = " DISTINCT" if distinct else " ALL" 1396 1397 by_name = " BY NAME" if expression.args.get("by_name") else "" 1398 return f"{op_name}{kind}{by_name}" 1399 1400 def set_operations(self, expression: exp.SetOperation) -> str: 1401 if not self.SET_OP_MODIFIERS: 1402 limit = expression.args.get("limit") 1403 order = expression.args.get("order") 1404 1405 if limit or order: 1406 select = self._move_ctes_to_top_level( 1407 exp.subquery(expression, "_l_0", copy=False).select("*", copy=False) 1408 ) 1409 1410 if limit: 1411 select = select.limit(limit.pop(), copy=False) 1412 if order: 1413 select = select.order_by(order.pop(), copy=False) 1414 return self.sql(select) 1415 1416 sqls: t.List[str] = [] 1417 stack: t.List[t.Union[str, exp.Expression]] = [expression] 1418 1419 while stack: 1420 node = stack.pop() 1421 1422 if isinstance(node, exp.SetOperation): 1423 stack.append(node.expression) 1424 stack.append( 1425 self.maybe_comment( 1426 self.set_operation(node), comments=node.comments, separated=True 1427 ) 1428 ) 1429 stack.append(node.this) 1430 else: 1431 sqls.append(self.sql(node)) 1432 1433 this = self.sep().join(sqls) 1434 this = self.query_modifiers(expression, this) 1435 return self.prepend_ctes(expression, this) 1436 1437 def fetch_sql(self, expression: exp.Fetch) -> str: 1438 direction = expression.args.get("direction") 1439 direction = f" {direction}" if direction else "" 1440 count = self.sql(expression, "count") 1441 count = f" {count}" if count else "" 1442 if expression.args.get("percent"): 1443 count = f"{count} PERCENT" 1444 with_ties_or_only = "WITH TIES" if expression.args.get("with_ties") else "ONLY" 1445 return f"{self.seg('FETCH')}{direction}{count} ROWS {with_ties_or_only}" 1446 1447 def filter_sql(self, expression: exp.Filter) -> str: 1448 if self.AGGREGATE_FILTER_SUPPORTED: 1449 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 1450 where = self.sql(expression, "expression").strip() 1451 return f"{this} FILTER({where})" 1452 1453 agg = expression.this 1454 agg_arg = agg.this 1455 cond = expression.expression.this 1456 agg_arg.replace(exp.If(this=cond.copy(), true=agg_arg.copy())) 1457 return self.sql(agg) 1458 1459 def hint_sql(self, expression: exp.Hint) -> str: 1460 if not self.QUERY_HINTS: 1461 self.unsupported("Hints are not supported") 1462 return "" 1463 1464 return f" /*+ {self.expressions(expression, sep=self.QUERY_HINT_SEP).strip()} */" 1465 1466 def indexparameters_sql(self, expression: exp.IndexParameters) -> str: 1467 using = self.sql(expression, "using") 1468 using = f" USING {using}" if using else "" 1469 columns = self.expressions(expression, key="columns", flat=True) 1470 columns = f"({columns})" if columns else "" 1471 partition_by = self.expressions(expression, key="partition_by", flat=True) 1472 partition_by = f" PARTITION BY {partition_by}" if partition_by else "" 1473 where = self.sql(expression, "where") 1474 include = self.expressions(expression, key="include", flat=True) 1475 if include: 1476 include = f" INCLUDE ({include})" 1477 with_storage = self.expressions(expression, key="with_storage", flat=True) 1478 with_storage = f" WITH ({with_storage})" if with_storage else "" 1479 tablespace = self.sql(expression, "tablespace") 1480 tablespace = f" USING INDEX TABLESPACE {tablespace}" if tablespace else "" 1481 on = self.sql(expression, "on") 1482 on = f" ON {on}" if on else "" 1483 1484 return f"{using}{columns}{include}{with_storage}{tablespace}{partition_by}{where}{on}" 1485 1486 def index_sql(self, expression: exp.Index) -> str: 1487 unique = "UNIQUE " if expression.args.get("unique") else "" 1488 primary = "PRIMARY " if expression.args.get("primary") else "" 1489 amp = "AMP " if expression.args.get("amp") else "" 1490 name = self.sql(expression, "this") 1491 name = f"{name} " if name else "" 1492 table = self.sql(expression, "table") 1493 table = f"{self.INDEX_ON} {table}" if table else "" 1494 1495 index = "INDEX " if not table else "" 1496 1497 params = self.sql(expression, "params") 1498 return f"{unique}{primary}{amp}{index}{name}{table}{params}" 1499 1500 def identifier_sql(self, expression: exp.Identifier) -> str: 1501 text = expression.name 1502 lower = text.lower() 1503 text = lower if self.normalize and not expression.quoted else text 1504 text = text.replace(self._identifier_end, self._escaped_identifier_end) 1505 if ( 1506 expression.quoted 1507 or self.dialect.can_identify(text, self.identify) 1508 or lower in self.RESERVED_KEYWORDS 1509 or (not self.dialect.IDENTIFIERS_CAN_START_WITH_DIGIT and text[:1].isdigit()) 1510 ): 1511 text = f"{self._identifier_start}{text}{self._identifier_end}" 1512 return text 1513 1514 def hex_sql(self, expression: exp.Hex) -> str: 1515 text = self.func(self.HEX_FUNC, self.sql(expression, "this")) 1516 if self.dialect.HEX_LOWERCASE: 1517 text = self.func("LOWER", text) 1518 1519 return text 1520 1521 def lowerhex_sql(self, expression: exp.LowerHex) -> str: 1522 text = self.func(self.HEX_FUNC, self.sql(expression, "this")) 1523 if not self.dialect.HEX_LOWERCASE: 1524 text = self.func("LOWER", text) 1525 return text 1526 1527 def inputoutputformat_sql(self, expression: exp.InputOutputFormat) -> str: 1528 input_format = self.sql(expression, "input_format") 1529 input_format = f"INPUTFORMAT {input_format}" if input_format else "" 1530 output_format = self.sql(expression, "output_format") 1531 output_format = f"OUTPUTFORMAT {output_format}" if output_format else "" 1532 return self.sep().join((input_format, output_format)) 1533 1534 def national_sql(self, expression: exp.National, prefix: str = "N") -> str: 1535 string = self.sql(exp.Literal.string(expression.name)) 1536 return f"{prefix}{string}" 1537 1538 def partition_sql(self, expression: exp.Partition) -> str: 1539 return f"PARTITION({self.expressions(expression, flat=True)})" 1540 1541 def properties_sql(self, expression: exp.Properties) -> str: 1542 root_properties = [] 1543 with_properties = [] 1544 1545 for p in expression.expressions: 1546 p_loc = self.PROPERTIES_LOCATION[p.__class__] 1547 if p_loc == exp.Properties.Location.POST_WITH: 1548 with_properties.append(p) 1549 elif p_loc == exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA: 1550 root_properties.append(p) 1551 1552 root_props = self.root_properties(exp.Properties(expressions=root_properties)) 1553 with_props = self.with_properties(exp.Properties(expressions=with_properties)) 1554 1555 if root_props and with_props and not self.pretty: 1556 with_props = " " + with_props 1557 1558 return root_props + with_props 1559 1560 def root_properties(self, properties: exp.Properties) -> str: 1561 if properties.expressions: 1562 return self.expressions(properties, indent=False, sep=" ") 1563 return "" 1564 1565 def properties( 1566 self, 1567 properties: exp.Properties, 1568 prefix: str = "", 1569 sep: str = ", ", 1570 suffix: str = "", 1571 wrapped: bool = True, 1572 ) -> str: 1573 if properties.expressions: 1574 expressions = self.expressions(properties, sep=sep, indent=False) 1575 if expressions: 1576 expressions = self.wrap(expressions) if wrapped else expressions 1577 return f"{prefix}{' ' if prefix.strip() else ''}{expressions}{suffix}" 1578 return "" 1579 1580 def with_properties(self, properties: exp.Properties) -> str: 1581 return self.properties(properties, prefix=self.seg(self.WITH_PROPERTIES_PREFIX, sep="")) 1582 1583 def locate_properties(self, properties: exp.Properties) -> t.DefaultDict: 1584 properties_locs = defaultdict(list) 1585 for p in properties.expressions: 1586 p_loc = self.PROPERTIES_LOCATION[p.__class__] 1587 if p_loc != exp.Properties.Location.UNSUPPORTED: 1588 properties_locs[p_loc].append(p) 1589 else: 1590 self.unsupported(f"Unsupported property {p.key}") 1591 1592 return properties_locs 1593 1594 def property_name(self, expression: exp.Property, string_key: bool = False) -> str: 1595 if isinstance(expression.this, exp.Dot): 1596 return self.sql(expression, "this") 1597 return f"'{expression.name}'" if string_key else expression.name 1598 1599 def property_sql(self, expression: exp.Property) -> str: 1600 property_cls = expression.__class__ 1601 if property_cls == exp.Property: 1602 return f"{self.property_name(expression)}={self.sql(expression, 'value')}" 1603 1604 property_name = exp.Properties.PROPERTY_TO_NAME.get(property_cls) 1605 if not property_name: 1606 self.unsupported(f"Unsupported property {expression.key}") 1607 1608 return f"{property_name}={self.sql(expression, 'this')}" 1609 1610 def likeproperty_sql(self, expression: exp.LikeProperty) -> str: 1611 if self.SUPPORTS_CREATE_TABLE_LIKE: 1612 options = " ".join(f"{e.name} {self.sql(e, 'value')}" for e in expression.expressions) 1613 options = f" {options}" if options else "" 1614 1615 like = f"LIKE {self.sql(expression, 'this')}{options}" 1616 if self.LIKE_PROPERTY_INSIDE_SCHEMA and not isinstance(expression.parent, exp.Schema): 1617 like = f"({like})" 1618 1619 return like 1620 1621 if expression.expressions: 1622 self.unsupported("Transpilation of LIKE property options is unsupported") 1623 1624 select = exp.select("*").from_(expression.this).limit(0) 1625 return f"AS {self.sql(select)}" 1626 1627 def fallbackproperty_sql(self, expression: exp.FallbackProperty) -> str: 1628 no = "NO " if expression.args.get("no") else "" 1629 protection = " PROTECTION" if expression.args.get("protection") else "" 1630 return f"{no}FALLBACK{protection}" 1631 1632 def journalproperty_sql(self, expression: exp.JournalProperty) -> str: 1633 no = "NO " if expression.args.get("no") else "" 1634 local = expression.args.get("local") 1635 local = f"{local} " if local else "" 1636 dual = "DUAL " if expression.args.get("dual") else "" 1637 before = "BEFORE " if expression.args.get("before") else "" 1638 after = "AFTER " if expression.args.get("after") else "" 1639 return f"{no}{local}{dual}{before}{after}JOURNAL" 1640 1641 def freespaceproperty_sql(self, expression: exp.FreespaceProperty) -> str: 1642 freespace = self.sql(expression, "this") 1643 percent = " PERCENT" if expression.args.get("percent") else "" 1644 return f"FREESPACE={freespace}{percent}" 1645 1646 def checksumproperty_sql(self, expression: exp.ChecksumProperty) -> str: 1647 if expression.args.get("default"): 1648 property = "DEFAULT" 1649 elif expression.args.get("on"): 1650 property = "ON" 1651 else: 1652 property = "OFF" 1653 return f"CHECKSUM={property}" 1654 1655 def mergeblockratioproperty_sql(self, expression: exp.MergeBlockRatioProperty) -> str: 1656 if expression.args.get("no"): 1657 return "NO MERGEBLOCKRATIO" 1658 if expression.args.get("default"): 1659 return "DEFAULT MERGEBLOCKRATIO" 1660 1661 percent = " PERCENT" if expression.args.get("percent") else "" 1662 return f"MERGEBLOCKRATIO={self.sql(expression, 'this')}{percent}" 1663 1664 def datablocksizeproperty_sql(self, expression: exp.DataBlocksizeProperty) -> str: 1665 default = expression.args.get("default") 1666 minimum = expression.args.get("minimum") 1667 maximum = expression.args.get("maximum") 1668 if default or minimum or maximum: 1669 if default: 1670 prop = "DEFAULT" 1671 elif minimum: 1672 prop = "MINIMUM" 1673 else: 1674 prop = "MAXIMUM" 1675 return f"{prop} DATABLOCKSIZE" 1676 units = expression.args.get("units") 1677 units = f" {units}" if units else "" 1678 return f"DATABLOCKSIZE={self.sql(expression, 'size')}{units}" 1679 1680 def blockcompressionproperty_sql(self, expression: exp.BlockCompressionProperty) -> str: 1681 autotemp = expression.args.get("autotemp") 1682 always = expression.args.get("always") 1683 default = expression.args.get("default") 1684 manual = expression.args.get("manual") 1685 never = expression.args.get("never") 1686 1687 if autotemp is not None: 1688 prop = f"AUTOTEMP({self.expressions(autotemp)})" 1689 elif always: 1690 prop = "ALWAYS" 1691 elif default: 1692 prop = "DEFAULT" 1693 elif manual: 1694 prop = "MANUAL" 1695 elif never: 1696 prop = "NEVER" 1697 return f"BLOCKCOMPRESSION={prop}" 1698 1699 def isolatedloadingproperty_sql(self, expression: exp.IsolatedLoadingProperty) -> str: 1700 no = expression.args.get("no") 1701 no = " NO" if no else "" 1702 concurrent = expression.args.get("concurrent") 1703 concurrent = " CONCURRENT" if concurrent else "" 1704 target = self.sql(expression, "target") 1705 target = f" {target}" if target else "" 1706 return f"WITH{no}{concurrent} ISOLATED LOADING{target}" 1707 1708 def partitionboundspec_sql(self, expression: exp.PartitionBoundSpec) -> str: 1709 if isinstance(expression.this, list): 1710 return f"IN ({self.expressions(expression, key='this', flat=True)})" 1711 if expression.this: 1712 modulus = self.sql(expression, "this") 1713 remainder = self.sql(expression, "expression") 1714 return f"WITH (MODULUS {modulus}, REMAINDER {remainder})" 1715 1716 from_expressions = self.expressions(expression, key="from_expressions", flat=True) 1717 to_expressions = self.expressions(expression, key="to_expressions", flat=True) 1718 return f"FROM ({from_expressions}) TO ({to_expressions})" 1719 1720 def partitionedofproperty_sql(self, expression: exp.PartitionedOfProperty) -> str: 1721 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 1722 1723 for_values_or_default = expression.expression 1724 if isinstance(for_values_or_default, exp.PartitionBoundSpec): 1725 for_values_or_default = f" FOR VALUES {self.sql(for_values_or_default)}" 1726 else: 1727 for_values_or_default = " DEFAULT" 1728 1729 return f"PARTITION OF {this}{for_values_or_default}" 1730 1731 def lockingproperty_sql(self, expression: exp.LockingProperty) -> str: 1732 kind = expression.args.get("kind") 1733 this = f" {self.sql(expression, 'this')}" if expression.this else "" 1734 for_or_in = expression.args.get("for_or_in") 1735 for_or_in = f" {for_or_in}" if for_or_in else "" 1736 lock_type = expression.args.get("lock_type") 1737 override = " OVERRIDE" if expression.args.get("override") else "" 1738 return f"LOCKING {kind}{this}{for_or_in} {lock_type}{override}" 1739 1740 def withdataproperty_sql(self, expression: exp.WithDataProperty) -> str: 1741 data_sql = f"WITH {'NO ' if expression.args.get('no') else ''}DATA" 1742 statistics = expression.args.get("statistics") 1743 statistics_sql = "" 1744 if statistics is not None: 1745 statistics_sql = f" AND {'NO ' if not statistics else ''}STATISTICS" 1746 return f"{data_sql}{statistics_sql}" 1747 1748 def withsystemversioningproperty_sql(self, expression: exp.WithSystemVersioningProperty) -> str: 1749 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 1750 this = f"HISTORY_TABLE={this}" if this else "" 1751 data_consistency: t.Optional[str] = self.sql(expression, "data_consistency") 1752 data_consistency = ( 1753 f"DATA_CONSISTENCY_CHECK={data_consistency}" if data_consistency else None 1754 ) 1755 retention_period: t.Optional[str] = self.sql(expression, "retention_period") 1756 retention_period = ( 1757 f"HISTORY_RETENTION_PERIOD={retention_period}" if retention_period else None 1758 ) 1759 1760 if this: 1761 on_sql = self.func("ON", this, data_consistency, retention_period) 1762 else: 1763 on_sql = "ON" if expression.args.get("on") else "OFF" 1764 1765 sql = f"SYSTEM_VERSIONING={on_sql}" 1766 1767 return f"WITH({sql})" if expression.args.get("with") else sql 1768 1769 def insert_sql(self, expression: exp.Insert) -> str: 1770 hint = self.sql(expression, "hint") 1771 overwrite = expression.args.get("overwrite") 1772 1773 if isinstance(expression.this, exp.Directory): 1774 this = " OVERWRITE" if overwrite else " INTO" 1775 else: 1776 this = self.INSERT_OVERWRITE if overwrite else " INTO" 1777 1778 stored = self.sql(expression, "stored") 1779 stored = f" {stored}" if stored else "" 1780 alternative = expression.args.get("alternative") 1781 alternative = f" OR {alternative}" if alternative else "" 1782 ignore = " IGNORE" if expression.args.get("ignore") else "" 1783 is_function = expression.args.get("is_function") 1784 if is_function: 1785 this = f"{this} FUNCTION" 1786 this = f"{this} {self.sql(expression, 'this')}" 1787 1788 exists = " IF EXISTS" if expression.args.get("exists") else "" 1789 where = self.sql(expression, "where") 1790 where = f"{self.sep()}REPLACE WHERE {where}" if where else "" 1791 expression_sql = f"{self.sep()}{self.sql(expression, 'expression')}" 1792 on_conflict = self.sql(expression, "conflict") 1793 on_conflict = f" {on_conflict}" if on_conflict else "" 1794 by_name = " BY NAME" if expression.args.get("by_name") else "" 1795 returning = self.sql(expression, "returning") 1796 1797 if self.RETURNING_END: 1798 expression_sql = f"{expression_sql}{on_conflict}{returning}" 1799 else: 1800 expression_sql = f"{returning}{expression_sql}{on_conflict}" 1801 1802 partition_by = self.sql(expression, "partition") 1803 partition_by = f" {partition_by}" if partition_by else "" 1804 settings = self.sql(expression, "settings") 1805 settings = f" {settings}" if settings else "" 1806 1807 source = self.sql(expression, "source") 1808 source = f"TABLE {source}" if source else "" 1809 1810 sql = f"INSERT{hint}{alternative}{ignore}{this}{stored}{by_name}{exists}{partition_by}{settings}{where}{expression_sql}{source}" 1811 return self.prepend_ctes(expression, sql) 1812 1813 def introducer_sql(self, expression: exp.Introducer) -> str: 1814 return f"{self.sql(expression, 'this')} {self.sql(expression, 'expression')}" 1815 1816 def kill_sql(self, expression: exp.Kill) -> str: 1817 kind = self.sql(expression, "kind") 1818 kind = f" {kind}" if kind else "" 1819 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 1820 this = f" {this}" if this else "" 1821 return f"KILL{kind}{this}" 1822 1823 def pseudotype_sql(self, expression: exp.PseudoType) -> str: 1824 return expression.name 1825 1826 def objectidentifier_sql(self, expression: exp.ObjectIdentifier) -> str: 1827 return expression.name 1828 1829 def onconflict_sql(self, expression: exp.OnConflict) -> str: 1830 conflict = "ON DUPLICATE KEY" if expression.args.get("duplicate") else "ON CONFLICT" 1831 1832 constraint = self.sql(expression, "constraint") 1833 constraint = f" ON CONSTRAINT {constraint}" if constraint else "" 1834 1835 conflict_keys = self.expressions(expression, key="conflict_keys", flat=True) 1836 conflict_keys = f"({conflict_keys}) " if conflict_keys else " " 1837 action = self.sql(expression, "action") 1838 1839 expressions = self.expressions(expression, flat=True) 1840 if expressions: 1841 set_keyword = "SET " if self.DUPLICATE_KEY_UPDATE_WITH_SET else "" 1842 expressions = f" {set_keyword}{expressions}" 1843 1844 return f"{conflict}{constraint}{conflict_keys}{action}{expressions}" 1845 1846 def returning_sql(self, expression: exp.Returning) -> str: 1847 return f"{self.seg('RETURNING')} {self.expressions(expression, flat=True)}" 1848 1849 def rowformatdelimitedproperty_sql(self, expression: exp.RowFormatDelimitedProperty) -> str: 1850 fields = self.sql(expression, "fields") 1851 fields = f" FIELDS TERMINATED BY {fields}" if fields else "" 1852 escaped = self.sql(expression, "escaped") 1853 escaped = f" ESCAPED BY {escaped}" if escaped else "" 1854 items = self.sql(expression, "collection_items") 1855 items = f" COLLECTION ITEMS TERMINATED BY {items}" if items else "" 1856 keys = self.sql(expression, "map_keys") 1857 keys = f" MAP KEYS TERMINATED BY {keys}" if keys else "" 1858 lines = self.sql(expression, "lines") 1859 lines = f" LINES TERMINATED BY {lines}" if lines else "" 1860 null = self.sql(expression, "null") 1861 null = f" NULL DEFINED AS {null}" if null else "" 1862 return f"ROW FORMAT DELIMITED{fields}{escaped}{items}{keys}{lines}{null}" 1863 1864 def withtablehint_sql(self, expression: exp.WithTableHint) -> str: 1865 return f"WITH ({self.expressions(expression, flat=True)})" 1866 1867 def indextablehint_sql(self, expression: exp.IndexTableHint) -> str: 1868 this = f"{self.sql(expression, 'this')} INDEX" 1869 target = self.sql(expression, "target") 1870 target = f" FOR {target}" if target else "" 1871 return f"{this}{target} ({self.expressions(expression, flat=True)})" 1872 1873 def historicaldata_sql(self, expression: exp.HistoricalData) -> str: 1874 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 1875 kind = self.sql(expression, "kind") 1876 expr = self.sql(expression, "expression") 1877 return f"{this} ({kind} => {expr})" 1878 1879 def table_parts(self, expression: exp.Table) -> str: 1880 return ".".join( 1881 self.sql(part) 1882 for part in ( 1883 expression.args.get("catalog"), 1884 expression.args.get("db"), 1885 expression.args.get("this"), 1886 ) 1887 if part is not None 1888 ) 1889 1890 def table_sql(self, expression: exp.Table, sep: str = " AS ") -> str: 1891 table = self.table_parts(expression) 1892 only = "ONLY " if expression.args.get("only") else "" 1893 partition = self.sql(expression, "partition") 1894 partition = f" {partition}" if partition else "" 1895 version = self.sql(expression, "version") 1896 version = f" {version}" if version else "" 1897 alias = self.sql(expression, "alias") 1898 alias = f"{sep}{alias}" if alias else "" 1899 1900 sample = self.sql(expression, "sample") 1901 if self.dialect.ALIAS_POST_TABLESAMPLE: 1902 sample_pre_alias = sample 1903 sample_post_alias = "" 1904 else: 1905 sample_pre_alias = "" 1906 sample_post_alias = sample 1907 1908 hints = self.expressions(expression, key="hints", sep=" ") 1909 hints = f" {hints}" if hints and self.TABLE_HINTS else "" 1910 pivots = self.expressions(expression, key="pivots", sep="", flat=True) 1911 joins = self.indent( 1912 self.expressions(expression, key="joins", sep="", flat=True), skip_first=True 1913 ) 1914 laterals = self.expressions(expression, key="laterals", sep="") 1915 1916 file_format = self.sql(expression, "format") 1917 if file_format: 1918 pattern = self.sql(expression, "pattern") 1919 pattern = f", PATTERN => {pattern}" if pattern else "" 1920 file_format = f" (FILE_FORMAT => {file_format}{pattern})" 1921 1922 ordinality = expression.args.get("ordinality") or "" 1923 if ordinality: 1924 ordinality = f" WITH ORDINALITY{alias}" 1925 alias = "" 1926 1927 when = self.sql(expression, "when") 1928 if when: 1929 table = f"{table} {when}" 1930 1931 changes = self.sql(expression, "changes") 1932 changes = f" {changes}" if changes else "" 1933 1934 rows_from = self.expressions(expression, key="rows_from") 1935 if rows_from: 1936 table = f"ROWS FROM {self.wrap(rows_from)}" 1937 1938 return f"{only}{table}{changes}{partition}{version}{file_format}{sample_pre_alias}{alias}{hints}{pivots}{sample_post_alias}{joins}{laterals}{ordinality}" 1939 1940 def tablesample_sql( 1941 self, 1942 expression: exp.TableSample, 1943 tablesample_keyword: t.Optional[str] = None, 1944 ) -> str: 1945 method = self.sql(expression, "method") 1946 method = f"{method} " if method and self.TABLESAMPLE_WITH_METHOD else "" 1947 numerator = self.sql(expression, "bucket_numerator") 1948 denominator = self.sql(expression, "bucket_denominator") 1949 field = self.sql(expression, "bucket_field") 1950 field = f" ON {field}" if field else "" 1951 bucket = f"BUCKET {numerator} OUT OF {denominator}{field}" if numerator else "" 1952 seed = self.sql(expression, "seed") 1953 seed = f" {self.TABLESAMPLE_SEED_KEYWORD} ({seed})" if seed else "" 1954 1955 size = self.sql(expression, "size") 1956 if size and self.TABLESAMPLE_SIZE_IS_ROWS: 1957 size = f"{size} ROWS" 1958 1959 percent = self.sql(expression, "percent") 1960 if percent and not self.dialect.TABLESAMPLE_SIZE_IS_PERCENT: 1961 percent = f"{percent} PERCENT" 1962 1963 expr = f"{bucket}{percent}{size}" 1964 if self.TABLESAMPLE_REQUIRES_PARENS: 1965 expr = f"({expr})" 1966 1967 return f" {tablesample_keyword or self.TABLESAMPLE_KEYWORDS} {method}{expr}{seed}" 1968 1969 def pivot_sql(self, expression: exp.Pivot) -> str: 1970 expressions = self.expressions(expression, flat=True) 1971 1972 if expression.this: 1973 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 1974 if not expressions: 1975 return f"UNPIVOT {this}" 1976 1977 on = f"{self.seg('ON')} {expressions}" 1978 using = self.expressions(expression, key="using", flat=True) 1979 using = f"{self.seg('USING')} {using}" if using else "" 1980 group = self.sql(expression, "group") 1981 return f"PIVOT {this}{on}{using}{group}" 1982 1983 alias = self.sql(expression, "alias") 1984 alias = f" AS {alias}" if alias else "" 1985 direction = self.seg("UNPIVOT" if expression.unpivot else "PIVOT") 1986 1987 field = self.sql(expression, "field") 1988 1989 include_nulls = expression.args.get("include_nulls") 1990 if include_nulls is not None: 1991 nulls = " INCLUDE NULLS " if include_nulls else " EXCLUDE NULLS " 1992 else: 1993 nulls = "" 1994 1995 default_on_null = self.sql(expression, "default_on_null") 1996 default_on_null = f" DEFAULT ON NULL ({default_on_null})" if default_on_null else "" 1997 return f"{direction}{nulls}({expressions} FOR {field}{default_on_null}){alias}" 1998 1999 def version_sql(self, expression: exp.Version) -> str: 2000 this = f"FOR {expression.name}" 2001 kind = expression.text("kind") 2002 expr = self.sql(expression, "expression") 2003 return f"{this} {kind} {expr}" 2004 2005 def tuple_sql(self, expression: exp.Tuple) -> str: 2006 return f"({self.expressions(expression, dynamic=True, new_line=True, skip_first=True, skip_last=True)})" 2007 2008 def update_sql(self, expression: exp.Update) -> str: 2009 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 2010 set_sql = self.expressions(expression, flat=True) 2011 from_sql = self.sql(expression, "from") 2012 where_sql = self.sql(expression, "where") 2013 returning = self.sql(expression, "returning") 2014 order = self.sql(expression, "order") 2015 limit = self.sql(expression, "limit") 2016 if self.RETURNING_END: 2017 expression_sql = f"{from_sql}{where_sql}{returning}" 2018 else: 2019 expression_sql = f"{returning}{from_sql}{where_sql}" 2020 sql = f"UPDATE {this} SET {set_sql}{expression_sql}{order}{limit}" 2021 return self.prepend_ctes(expression, sql) 2022 2023 def values_sql(self, expression: exp.Values, values_as_table: bool = True) -> str: 2024 values_as_table = values_as_table and self.VALUES_AS_TABLE 2025 2026 # The VALUES clause is still valid in an `INSERT INTO ..` statement, for example 2027 if values_as_table or not expression.find_ancestor(exp.From, exp.Join): 2028 args = self.expressions(expression) 2029 alias = self.sql(expression, "alias") 2030 values = f"VALUES{self.seg('')}{args}" 2031 values = ( 2032 f"({values})" 2033 if self.WRAP_DERIVED_VALUES 2034 and (alias or isinstance(expression.parent, (exp.From, exp.Table))) 2035 else values 2036 ) 2037 return f"{values} AS {alias}" if alias else values 2038 2039 # Converts `VALUES...` expression into a series of select unions. 2040 alias_node = expression.args.get("alias") 2041 column_names = alias_node and alias_node.columns 2042 2043 selects: t.List[exp.Query] = [] 2044 2045 for i, tup in enumerate(expression.expressions): 2046 row = tup.expressions 2047 2048 if i == 0 and column_names: 2049 row = [ 2050 exp.alias_(value, column_name) for value, column_name in zip(row, column_names) 2051 ] 2052 2053 selects.append(exp.Select(expressions=row)) 2054 2055 if self.pretty: 2056 # This may result in poor performance for large-cardinality `VALUES` tables, due to 2057 # the deep nesting of the resulting exp.Unions. If this is a problem, either increase 2058 # `sys.setrecursionlimit` to avoid RecursionErrors, or don't set `pretty`. 2059 query = reduce(lambda x, y: exp.union(x, y, distinct=False, copy=False), selects) 2060 return self.subquery_sql(query.subquery(alias_node and alias_node.this, copy=False)) 2061 2062 alias = f" AS {self.sql(alias_node, 'this')}" if alias_node else "" 2063 unions = " UNION ALL ".join(self.sql(select) for select in selects) 2064 return f"({unions}){alias}" 2065 2066 def var_sql(self, expression: exp.Var) -> str: 2067 return self.sql(expression, "this") 2068 2069 @unsupported_args("expressions") 2070 def into_sql(self, expression: exp.Into) -> str: 2071 temporary = " TEMPORARY" if expression.args.get("temporary") else "" 2072 unlogged = " UNLOGGED" if expression.args.get("unlogged") else "" 2073 return f"{self.seg('INTO')}{temporary or unlogged} {self.sql(expression, 'this')}" 2074 2075 def from_sql(self, expression: exp.From) -> str: 2076 return f"{self.seg('FROM')} {self.sql(expression, 'this')}" 2077 2078 def groupingsets_sql(self, expression: exp.GroupingSets) -> str: 2079 grouping_sets = self.expressions(expression, indent=False) 2080 return f"GROUPING SETS {self.wrap(grouping_sets)}" 2081 2082 def rollup_sql(self, expression: exp.Rollup) -> str: 2083 expressions = self.expressions(expression, indent=False) 2084 return f"ROLLUP {self.wrap(expressions)}" if expressions else "WITH ROLLUP" 2085 2086 def cube_sql(self, expression: exp.Cube) -> str: 2087 expressions = self.expressions(expression, indent=False) 2088 return f"CUBE {self.wrap(expressions)}" if expressions else "WITH CUBE" 2089 2090 def group_sql(self, expression: exp.Group) -> str: 2091 group_by_all = expression.args.get("all") 2092 if group_by_all is True: 2093 modifier = " ALL" 2094 elif group_by_all is False: 2095 modifier = " DISTINCT" 2096 else: 2097 modifier = "" 2098 2099 group_by = self.op_expressions(f"GROUP BY{modifier}", expression) 2100 2101 grouping_sets = self.expressions(expression, key="grouping_sets") 2102 cube = self.expressions(expression, key="cube") 2103 rollup = self.expressions(expression, key="rollup") 2104 2105 groupings = csv( 2106 self.seg(grouping_sets) if grouping_sets else "", 2107 self.seg(cube) if cube else "", 2108 self.seg(rollup) if rollup else "", 2109 self.seg("WITH TOTALS") if expression.args.get("totals") else "", 2110 sep=self.GROUPINGS_SEP, 2111 ) 2112 2113 if ( 2114 expression.expressions 2115 and groupings 2116 and groupings.strip() not in ("WITH CUBE", "WITH ROLLUP") 2117 ): 2118 group_by = f"{group_by}{self.GROUPINGS_SEP}" 2119 2120 return f"{group_by}{groupings}" 2121 2122 def having_sql(self, expression: exp.Having) -> str: 2123 this = self.indent(self.sql(expression, "this")) 2124 return f"{self.seg('HAVING')}{self.sep()}{this}" 2125 2126 def connect_sql(self, expression: exp.Connect) -> str: 2127 start = self.sql(expression, "start") 2128 start = self.seg(f"START WITH {start}") if start else "" 2129 nocycle = " NOCYCLE" if expression.args.get("nocycle") else "" 2130 connect = self.sql(expression, "connect") 2131 connect = self.seg(f"CONNECT BY{nocycle} {connect}") 2132 return start + connect 2133 2134 def prior_sql(self, expression: exp.Prior) -> str: 2135 return f"PRIOR {self.sql(expression, 'this')}" 2136 2137 def join_sql(self, expression: exp.Join) -> str: 2138 if not self.SEMI_ANTI_JOIN_WITH_SIDE and expression.kind in ("SEMI", "ANTI"): 2139 side = None 2140 else: 2141 side = expression.side 2142 2143 op_sql = " ".join( 2144 op 2145 for op in ( 2146 expression.method, 2147 "GLOBAL" if expression.args.get("global") else None, 2148 side, 2149 expression.kind, 2150 expression.hint if self.JOIN_HINTS else None, 2151 ) 2152 if op 2153 ) 2154 match_cond = self.sql(expression, "match_condition") 2155 match_cond = f" MATCH_CONDITION ({match_cond})" if match_cond else "" 2156 on_sql = self.sql(expression, "on") 2157 using = expression.args.get("using") 2158 2159 if not on_sql and using: 2160 on_sql = csv(*(self.sql(column) for column in using)) 2161 2162 this = expression.this 2163 this_sql = self.sql(this) 2164 2165 exprs = self.expressions(expression) 2166 if exprs: 2167 this_sql = f"{this_sql},{self.seg(exprs)}" 2168 2169 if on_sql: 2170 on_sql = self.indent(on_sql, skip_first=True) 2171 space = self.seg(" " * self.pad) if self.pretty else " " 2172 if using: 2173 on_sql = f"{space}USING ({on_sql})" 2174 else: 2175 on_sql = f"{space}ON {on_sql}" 2176 elif not op_sql: 2177 if isinstance(this, exp.Lateral) and this.args.get("cross_apply") is not None: 2178 return f" {this_sql}" 2179 2180 return f", {this_sql}" 2181 2182 if op_sql != "STRAIGHT_JOIN": 2183 op_sql = f"{op_sql} JOIN" if op_sql else "JOIN" 2184 2185 return f"{self.seg(op_sql)} {this_sql}{match_cond}{on_sql}" 2186 2187 def lambda_sql(self, expression: exp.Lambda, arrow_sep: str = "->") -> str: 2188 args = self.expressions(expression, flat=True) 2189 args = f"({args})" if len(args.split(",")) > 1 else args 2190 return f"{args} {arrow_sep} {self.sql(expression, 'this')}" 2191 2192 def lateral_op(self, expression: exp.Lateral) -> str: 2193 cross_apply = expression.args.get("cross_apply") 2194 2195 # https://www.mssqltips.com/sqlservertip/1958/sql-server-cross-apply-and-outer-apply/ 2196 if cross_apply is True: 2197 op = "INNER JOIN " 2198 elif cross_apply is False: 2199 op = "LEFT JOIN " 2200 else: 2201 op = "" 2202 2203 return f"{op}LATERAL" 2204 2205 def lateral_sql(self, expression: exp.Lateral) -> str: 2206 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 2207 2208 if expression.args.get("view"): 2209 alias = expression.args["alias"] 2210 columns = self.expressions(alias, key="columns", flat=True) 2211 table = f" {alias.name}" if alias.name else "" 2212 columns = f" AS {columns}" if columns else "" 2213 op_sql = self.seg(f"LATERAL VIEW{' OUTER' if expression.args.get('outer') else ''}") 2214 return f"{op_sql}{self.sep()}{this}{table}{columns}" 2215 2216 alias = self.sql(expression, "alias") 2217 alias = f" AS {alias}" if alias else "" 2218 return f"{self.lateral_op(expression)} {this}{alias}" 2219 2220 def limit_sql(self, expression: exp.Limit, top: bool = False) -> str: 2221 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 2222 2223 args = [ 2224 self._simplify_unless_literal(e) if self.LIMIT_ONLY_LITERALS else e 2225 for e in (expression.args.get(k) for k in ("offset", "expression")) 2226 if e 2227 ] 2228 2229 args_sql = ", ".join(self.sql(e) for e in args) 2230 args_sql = f"({args_sql})" if top and any(not e.is_number for e in args) else args_sql 2231 expressions = self.expressions(expression, flat=True) 2232 expressions = f" BY {expressions}" if expressions else "" 2233 2234 return f"{this}{self.seg('TOP' if top else 'LIMIT')} {args_sql}{expressions}" 2235 2236 def offset_sql(self, expression: exp.Offset) -> str: 2237 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 2238 value = expression.expression 2239 value = self._simplify_unless_literal(value) if self.LIMIT_ONLY_LITERALS else value 2240 expressions = self.expressions(expression, flat=True) 2241 expressions = f" BY {expressions}" if expressions else "" 2242 return f"{this}{self.seg('OFFSET')} {self.sql(value)}{expressions}" 2243 2244 def setitem_sql(self, expression: exp.SetItem) -> str: 2245 kind = self.sql(expression, "kind") 2246 kind = f"{kind} " if kind else "" 2247 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 2248 expressions = self.expressions(expression) 2249 collate = self.sql(expression, "collate") 2250 collate = f" COLLATE {collate}" if collate else "" 2251 global_ = "GLOBAL " if expression.args.get("global") else "" 2252 return f"{global_}{kind}{this}{expressions}{collate}" 2253 2254 def set_sql(self, expression: exp.Set) -> str: 2255 expressions = ( 2256 f" {self.expressions(expression, flat=True)}" if expression.expressions else "" 2257 ) 2258 tag = " TAG" if expression.args.get("tag") else "" 2259 return f"{'UNSET' if expression.args.get('unset') else 'SET'}{tag}{expressions}" 2260 2261 def pragma_sql(self, expression: exp.Pragma) -> str: 2262 return f"PRAGMA {self.sql(expression, 'this')}" 2263 2264 def lock_sql(self, expression: exp.Lock) -> str: 2265 if not self.LOCKING_READS_SUPPORTED: 2266 self.unsupported("Locking reads using 'FOR UPDATE/SHARE' are not supported") 2267 return "" 2268 2269 lock_type = "FOR UPDATE" if expression.args["update"] else "FOR SHARE" 2270 expressions = self.expressions(expression, flat=True) 2271 expressions = f" OF {expressions}" if expressions else "" 2272 wait = expression.args.get("wait") 2273 2274 if wait is not None: 2275 if isinstance(wait, exp.Literal): 2276 wait = f" WAIT {self.sql(wait)}" 2277 else: 2278 wait = " NOWAIT" if wait else " SKIP LOCKED" 2279 2280 return f"{lock_type}{expressions}{wait or ''}" 2281 2282 def literal_sql(self, expression: exp.Literal) -> str: 2283 text = expression.this or "" 2284 if expression.is_string: 2285 text = f"{self.dialect.QUOTE_START}{self.escape_str(text)}{self.dialect.QUOTE_END}" 2286 return text 2287 2288 def escape_str(self, text: str, escape_backslash: bool = True) -> str: 2289 if self.dialect.ESCAPED_SEQUENCES: 2290 to_escaped = self.dialect.ESCAPED_SEQUENCES 2291 text = "".join( 2292 to_escaped.get(ch, ch) if escape_backslash or ch != "\\" else ch for ch in text 2293 ) 2294 2295 return self._replace_line_breaks(text).replace( 2296 self.dialect.QUOTE_END, self._escaped_quote_end 2297 ) 2298 2299 def loaddata_sql(self, expression: exp.LoadData) -> str: 2300 local = " LOCAL" if expression.args.get("local") else "" 2301 inpath = f" INPATH {self.sql(expression, 'inpath')}" 2302 overwrite = " OVERWRITE" if expression.args.get("overwrite") else "" 2303 this = f" INTO TABLE {self.sql(expression, 'this')}" 2304 partition = self.sql(expression, "partition") 2305 partition = f" {partition}" if partition else "" 2306 input_format = self.sql(expression, "input_format") 2307 input_format = f" INPUTFORMAT {input_format}" if input_format else "" 2308 serde = self.sql(expression, "serde") 2309 serde = f" SERDE {serde}" if serde else "" 2310 return f"LOAD DATA{local}{inpath}{overwrite}{this}{partition}{input_format}{serde}" 2311 2312 def null_sql(self, *_) -> str: 2313 return "NULL" 2314 2315 def boolean_sql(self, expression: exp.Boolean) -> str: 2316 return "TRUE" if expression.this else "FALSE" 2317 2318 def order_sql(self, expression: exp.Order, flat: bool = False) -> str: 2319 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 2320 this = f"{this} " if this else this 2321 siblings = "SIBLINGS " if expression.args.get("siblings") else "" 2322 return self.op_expressions(f"{this}ORDER {siblings}BY", expression, flat=this or flat) # type: ignore 2323 2324 def withfill_sql(self, expression: exp.WithFill) -> str: 2325 from_sql = self.sql(expression, "from") 2326 from_sql = f" FROM {from_sql}" if from_sql else "" 2327 to_sql = self.sql(expression, "to") 2328 to_sql = f" TO {to_sql}" if to_sql else "" 2329 step_sql = self.sql(expression, "step") 2330 step_sql = f" STEP {step_sql}" if step_sql else "" 2331 interpolated_values = [ 2332 f"{self.sql(e, 'alias')} AS {self.sql(e, 'this')}" 2333 if isinstance(e, exp.Alias) 2334 else self.sql(e, "this") 2335 for e in expression.args.get("interpolate") or [] 2336 ] 2337 interpolate = ( 2338 f" INTERPOLATE ({', '.join(interpolated_values)})" if interpolated_values else "" 2339 ) 2340 return f"WITH FILL{from_sql}{to_sql}{step_sql}{interpolate}" 2341 2342 def cluster_sql(self, expression: exp.Cluster) -> str: 2343 return self.op_expressions("CLUSTER BY", expression) 2344 2345 def distribute_sql(self, expression: exp.Distribute) -> str: 2346 return self.op_expressions("DISTRIBUTE BY", expression) 2347 2348 def sort_sql(self, expression: exp.Sort) -> str: 2349 return self.op_expressions("SORT BY", expression) 2350 2351 def ordered_sql(self, expression: exp.Ordered) -> str: 2352 desc = expression.args.get("desc") 2353 asc = not desc 2354 2355 nulls_first = expression.args.get("nulls_first") 2356 nulls_last = not nulls_first 2357 nulls_are_large = self.dialect.NULL_ORDERING == "nulls_are_large" 2358 nulls_are_small = self.dialect.NULL_ORDERING == "nulls_are_small" 2359 nulls_are_last = self.dialect.NULL_ORDERING == "nulls_are_last" 2360 2361 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 2362 2363 sort_order = " DESC" if desc else (" ASC" if desc is False else "") 2364 nulls_sort_change = "" 2365 if nulls_first and ( 2366 (asc and nulls_are_large) or (desc and nulls_are_small) or nulls_are_last 2367 ): 2368 nulls_sort_change = " NULLS FIRST" 2369 elif ( 2370 nulls_last 2371 and ((asc and nulls_are_small) or (desc and nulls_are_large)) 2372 and not nulls_are_last 2373 ): 2374 nulls_sort_change = " NULLS LAST" 2375 2376 # If the NULLS FIRST/LAST clause is unsupported, we add another sort key to simulate it 2377 if nulls_sort_change and not self.NULL_ORDERING_SUPPORTED: 2378 window = expression.find_ancestor(exp.Window, exp.Select) 2379 if isinstance(window, exp.Window) and window.args.get("spec"): 2380 self.unsupported( 2381 f"'{nulls_sort_change.strip()}' translation not supported in window functions" 2382 ) 2383 nulls_sort_change = "" 2384 elif ( 2385 self.NULL_ORDERING_SUPPORTED is False 2386 and (isinstance(expression.find_ancestor(exp.AggFunc, exp.Select), exp.AggFunc)) 2387 and ( 2388 (asc and nulls_sort_change == " NULLS LAST") 2389 or (desc and nulls_sort_change == " NULLS FIRST") 2390 ) 2391 ): 2392 self.unsupported( 2393 f"'{nulls_sort_change.strip()}' translation not supported for aggregate functions with {sort_order} sort order" 2394 ) 2395 nulls_sort_change = "" 2396 elif self.NULL_ORDERING_SUPPORTED is None: 2397 if expression.this.is_int: 2398 self.unsupported( 2399 f"'{nulls_sort_change.strip()}' translation not supported with positional ordering" 2400 ) 2401 elif not isinstance(expression.this, exp.Rand): 2402 null_sort_order = " DESC" if nulls_sort_change == " NULLS FIRST" else "" 2403 this = f"CASE WHEN {this} IS NULL THEN 1 ELSE 0 END{null_sort_order}, {this}" 2404 nulls_sort_change = "" 2405 2406 with_fill = self.sql(expression, "with_fill") 2407 with_fill = f" {with_fill}" if with_fill else "" 2408 2409 return f"{this}{sort_order}{nulls_sort_change}{with_fill}" 2410 2411 def matchrecognizemeasure_sql(self, expression: exp.MatchRecognizeMeasure) -> str: 2412 window_frame = self.sql(expression, "window_frame") 2413 window_frame = f"{window_frame} " if window_frame else "" 2414 2415 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 2416 2417 return f"{window_frame}{this}" 2418 2419 def matchrecognize_sql(self, expression: exp.MatchRecognize) -> str: 2420 partition = self.partition_by_sql(expression) 2421 order = self.sql(expression, "order") 2422 measures = self.expressions(expression, key="measures") 2423 measures = self.seg(f"MEASURES{self.seg(measures)}") if measures else "" 2424 rows = self.sql(expression, "rows") 2425 rows = self.seg(rows) if rows else "" 2426 after = self.sql(expression, "after") 2427 after = self.seg(after) if after else "" 2428 pattern = self.sql(expression, "pattern") 2429 pattern = self.seg(f"PATTERN ({pattern})") if pattern else "" 2430 definition_sqls = [ 2431 f"{self.sql(definition, 'alias')} AS {self.sql(definition, 'this')}" 2432 for definition in expression.args.get("define", []) 2433 ] 2434 definitions = self.expressions(sqls=definition_sqls) 2435 define = self.seg(f"DEFINE{self.seg(definitions)}") if definitions else "" 2436 body = "".join( 2437 ( 2438 partition, 2439 order, 2440 measures, 2441 rows, 2442 after, 2443 pattern, 2444 define, 2445 ) 2446 ) 2447 alias = self.sql(expression, "alias") 2448 alias = f" {alias}" if alias else "" 2449 return f"{self.seg('MATCH_RECOGNIZE')} {self.wrap(body)}{alias}" 2450 2451 def query_modifiers(self, expression: exp.Expression, *sqls: str) -> str: 2452 limit = expression.args.get("limit") 2453 2454 if self.LIMIT_FETCH == "LIMIT" and isinstance(limit, exp.Fetch): 2455 limit = exp.Limit(expression=exp.maybe_copy(limit.args.get("count"))) 2456 elif self.LIMIT_FETCH == "FETCH" and isinstance(limit, exp.Limit): 2457 limit = exp.Fetch(direction="FIRST", count=exp.maybe_copy(limit.expression)) 2458 2459 return csv( 2460 *sqls, 2461 *[self.sql(join) for join in expression.args.get("joins") or []], 2462 self.sql(expression, "connect"), 2463 self.sql(expression, "match"), 2464 *[self.sql(lateral) for lateral in expression.args.get("laterals") or []], 2465 self.sql(expression, "prewhere"), 2466 self.sql(expression, "where"), 2467 self.sql(expression, "group"), 2468 self.sql(expression, "having"), 2469 *[gen(self, expression) for gen in self.AFTER_HAVING_MODIFIER_TRANSFORMS.values()], 2470 self.sql(expression, "order"), 2471 *self.offset_limit_modifiers(expression, isinstance(limit, exp.Fetch), limit), 2472 *self.after_limit_modifiers(expression), 2473 self.options_modifier(expression), 2474 sep="", 2475 ) 2476 2477 def options_modifier(self, expression: exp.Expression) -> str: 2478 options = self.expressions(expression, key="options") 2479 return f" {options}" if options else "" 2480 2481 def queryoption_sql(self, expression: exp.QueryOption) -> str: 2482 return "" 2483 2484 def offset_limit_modifiers( 2485 self, expression: exp.Expression, fetch: bool, limit: t.Optional[exp.Fetch | exp.Limit] 2486 ) -> t.List[str]: 2487 return [ 2488 self.sql(expression, "offset") if fetch else self.sql(limit), 2489 self.sql(limit) if fetch else self.sql(expression, "offset"), 2490 ] 2491 2492 def after_limit_modifiers(self, expression: exp.Expression) -> t.List[str]: 2493 locks = self.expressions(expression, key="locks", sep=" ") 2494 locks = f" {locks}" if locks else "" 2495 return [locks, self.sql(expression, "sample")] 2496 2497 def select_sql(self, expression: exp.Select) -> str: 2498 into = expression.args.get("into") 2499 if not self.SUPPORTS_SELECT_INTO and into: 2500 into.pop() 2501 2502 hint = self.sql(expression, "hint") 2503 distinct = self.sql(expression, "distinct") 2504 distinct = f" {distinct}" if distinct else "" 2505 kind = self.sql(expression, "kind") 2506 2507 limit = expression.args.get("limit") 2508 if isinstance(limit, exp.Limit) and self.LIMIT_IS_TOP: 2509 top = self.limit_sql(limit, top=True) 2510 limit.pop() 2511 else: 2512 top = "" 2513 2514 expressions = self.expressions(expression) 2515 2516 if kind: 2517 if kind in self.SELECT_KINDS: 2518 kind = f" AS {kind}" 2519 else: 2520 if kind == "STRUCT": 2521 expressions = self.expressions( 2522 sqls=[ 2523 self.sql( 2524 exp.Struct( 2525 expressions=[ 2526 exp.PropertyEQ(this=e.args.get("alias"), expression=e.this) 2527 if isinstance(e, exp.Alias) 2528 else e 2529 for e in expression.expressions 2530 ] 2531 ) 2532 ) 2533 ] 2534 ) 2535 kind = "" 2536 2537 operation_modifiers = self.expressions(expression, key="operation_modifiers", sep=" ") 2538 operation_modifiers = f"{self.sep()}{operation_modifiers}" if operation_modifiers else "" 2539 2540 # We use LIMIT_IS_TOP as a proxy for whether DISTINCT should go first because tsql and Teradata 2541 # are the only dialects that use LIMIT_IS_TOP and both place DISTINCT first. 2542 top_distinct = f"{distinct}{hint}{top}" if self.LIMIT_IS_TOP else f"{top}{hint}{distinct}" 2543 expressions = f"{self.sep()}{expressions}" if expressions else expressions 2544 sql = self.query_modifiers( 2545 expression, 2546 f"SELECT{top_distinct}{operation_modifiers}{kind}{expressions}", 2547 self.sql(expression, "into", comment=False), 2548 self.sql(expression, "from", comment=False), 2549 ) 2550 2551 # If both the CTE and SELECT clauses have comments, generate the latter earlier 2552 if expression.args.get("with"): 2553 sql = self.maybe_comment(sql, expression) 2554 expression.pop_comments() 2555 2556 sql = self.prepend_ctes(expression, sql) 2557 2558 if not self.SUPPORTS_SELECT_INTO and into: 2559 if into.args.get("temporary"): 2560 table_kind = " TEMPORARY" 2561 elif self.SUPPORTS_UNLOGGED_TABLES and into.args.get("unlogged"): 2562 table_kind = " UNLOGGED" 2563 else: 2564 table_kind = "" 2565 sql = f"CREATE{table_kind} TABLE {self.sql(into.this)} AS {sql}" 2566 2567 return sql 2568 2569 def schema_sql(self, expression: exp.Schema) -> str: 2570 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 2571 sql = self.schema_columns_sql(expression) 2572 return f"{this} {sql}" if this and sql else this or sql 2573 2574 def schema_columns_sql(self, expression: exp.Schema) -> str: 2575 if expression.expressions: 2576 return f"({self.sep('')}{self.expressions(expression)}{self.seg(')', sep='')}" 2577 return "" 2578 2579 def star_sql(self, expression: exp.Star) -> str: 2580 except_ = self.expressions(expression, key="except", flat=True) 2581 except_ = f"{self.seg(self.STAR_EXCEPT)} ({except_})" if except_ else "" 2582 replace = self.expressions(expression, key="replace", flat=True) 2583 replace = f"{self.seg('REPLACE')} ({replace})" if replace else "" 2584 rename = self.expressions(expression, key="rename", flat=True) 2585 rename = f"{self.seg('RENAME')} ({rename})" if rename else "" 2586 return f"*{except_}{replace}{rename}" 2587 2588 def parameter_sql(self, expression: exp.Parameter) -> str: 2589 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 2590 return f"{self.PARAMETER_TOKEN}{this}" 2591 2592 def sessionparameter_sql(self, expression: exp.SessionParameter) -> str: 2593 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 2594 kind = expression.text("kind") 2595 if kind: 2596 kind = f"{kind}." 2597 return f"@@{kind}{this}" 2598 2599 def placeholder_sql(self, expression: exp.Placeholder) -> str: 2600 return f"{self.NAMED_PLACEHOLDER_TOKEN}{expression.name}" if expression.this else "?" 2601 2602 def subquery_sql(self, expression: exp.Subquery, sep: str = " AS ") -> str: 2603 alias = self.sql(expression, "alias") 2604 alias = f"{sep}{alias}" if alias else "" 2605 sample = self.sql(expression, "sample") 2606 if self.dialect.ALIAS_POST_TABLESAMPLE and sample: 2607 alias = f"{sample}{alias}" 2608 2609 # Set to None so it's not generated again by self.query_modifiers() 2610 expression.set("sample", None) 2611 2612 pivots = self.expressions(expression, key="pivots", sep="", flat=True) 2613 sql = self.query_modifiers(expression, self.wrap(expression), alias, pivots) 2614 return self.prepend_ctes(expression, sql) 2615 2616 def qualify_sql(self, expression: exp.Qualify) -> str: 2617 this = self.indent(self.sql(expression, "this")) 2618 return f"{self.seg('QUALIFY')}{self.sep()}{this}" 2619 2620 def unnest_sql(self, expression: exp.Unnest) -> str: 2621 args = self.expressions(expression, flat=True) 2622 2623 alias = expression.args.get("alias") 2624 offset = expression.args.get("offset") 2625 2626 if self.UNNEST_WITH_ORDINALITY: 2627 if alias and isinstance(offset, exp.Expression): 2628 alias.append("columns", offset) 2629 2630 if alias and self.dialect.UNNEST_COLUMN_ONLY: 2631 columns = alias.columns 2632 alias = self.sql(columns[0]) if columns else "" 2633 else: 2634 alias = self.sql(alias) 2635 2636 alias = f" AS {alias}" if alias else alias 2637 if self.UNNEST_WITH_ORDINALITY: 2638 suffix = f" WITH ORDINALITY{alias}" if offset else alias 2639 else: 2640 if isinstance(offset, exp.Expression): 2641 suffix = f"{alias} WITH OFFSET AS {self.sql(offset)}" 2642 elif offset: 2643 suffix = f"{alias} WITH OFFSET" 2644 else: 2645 suffix = alias 2646 2647 return f"UNNEST({args}){suffix}" 2648 2649 def prewhere_sql(self, expression: exp.PreWhere) -> str: 2650 return "" 2651 2652 def where_sql(self, expression: exp.Where) -> str: 2653 this = self.indent(self.sql(expression, "this")) 2654 return f"{self.seg('WHERE')}{self.sep()}{this}" 2655 2656 def window_sql(self, expression: exp.Window) -> str: 2657 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 2658 partition = self.partition_by_sql(expression) 2659 order = expression.args.get("order") 2660 order = self.order_sql(order, flat=True) if order else "" 2661 spec = self.sql(expression, "spec") 2662 alias = self.sql(expression, "alias") 2663 over = self.sql(expression, "over") or "OVER" 2664 2665 this = f"{this} {'AS' if expression.arg_key == 'windows' else over}" 2666 2667 first = expression.args.get("first") 2668 if first is None: 2669 first = "" 2670 else: 2671 first = "FIRST" if first else "LAST" 2672 2673 if not partition and not order and not spec and alias: 2674 return f"{this} {alias}" 2675 2676 args = " ".join(arg for arg in (alias, first, partition, order, spec) if arg) 2677 return f"{this} ({args})" 2678 2679 def partition_by_sql(self, expression: exp.Window | exp.MatchRecognize) -> str: 2680 partition = self.expressions(expression, key="partition_by", flat=True) 2681 return f"PARTITION BY {partition}" if partition else "" 2682 2683 def windowspec_sql(self, expression: exp.WindowSpec) -> str: 2684 kind = self.sql(expression, "kind") 2685 start = csv(self.sql(expression, "start"), self.sql(expression, "start_side"), sep=" ") 2686 end = ( 2687 csv(self.sql(expression, "end"), self.sql(expression, "end_side"), sep=" ") 2688 or "CURRENT ROW" 2689 ) 2690 return f"{kind} BETWEEN {start} AND {end}" 2691 2692 def withingroup_sql(self, expression: exp.WithinGroup) -> str: 2693 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 2694 expression_sql = self.sql(expression, "expression")[1:] # order has a leading space 2695 return f"{this} WITHIN GROUP ({expression_sql})" 2696 2697 def between_sql(self, expression: exp.Between) -> str: 2698 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 2699 low = self.sql(expression, "low") 2700 high = self.sql(expression, "high") 2701 return f"{this} BETWEEN {low} AND {high}" 2702 2703 def bracket_offset_expressions( 2704 self, expression: exp.Bracket, index_offset: t.Optional[int] = None 2705 ) -> t.List[exp.Expression]: 2706 return apply_index_offset( 2707 expression.this, 2708 expression.expressions, 2709 (index_offset or self.dialect.INDEX_OFFSET) - expression.args.get("offset", 0), 2710 ) 2711 2712 def bracket_sql(self, expression: exp.Bracket) -> str: 2713 expressions = self.bracket_offset_expressions(expression) 2714 expressions_sql = ", ".join(self.sql(e) for e in expressions) 2715 return f"{self.sql(expression, 'this')}[{expressions_sql}]" 2716 2717 def all_sql(self, expression: exp.All) -> str: 2718 return f"ALL {self.wrap(expression)}" 2719 2720 def any_sql(self, expression: exp.Any) -> str: 2721 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 2722 if isinstance(expression.this, (*exp.UNWRAPPED_QUERIES, exp.Paren)): 2723 if isinstance(expression.this, exp.UNWRAPPED_QUERIES): 2724 this = self.wrap(this) 2725 return f"ANY{this}" 2726 return f"ANY {this}" 2727 2728 def exists_sql(self, expression: exp.Exists) -> str: 2729 return f"EXISTS{self.wrap(expression)}" 2730 2731 def case_sql(self, expression: exp.Case) -> str: 2732 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 2733 statements = [f"CASE {this}" if this else "CASE"] 2734 2735 for e in expression.args["ifs"]: 2736 statements.append(f"WHEN {self.sql(e, 'this')}") 2737 statements.append(f"THEN {self.sql(e, 'true')}") 2738 2739 default = self.sql(expression, "default") 2740 2741 if default: 2742 statements.append(f"ELSE {default}") 2743 2744 statements.append("END") 2745 2746 if self.pretty and self.too_wide(statements): 2747 return self.indent("\n".join(statements), skip_first=True, skip_last=True) 2748 2749 return " ".join(statements) 2750 2751 def constraint_sql(self, expression: exp.Constraint) -> str: 2752 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 2753 expressions = self.expressions(expression, flat=True) 2754 return f"CONSTRAINT {this} {expressions}" 2755 2756 def nextvaluefor_sql(self, expression: exp.NextValueFor) -> str: 2757 order = expression.args.get("order") 2758 order = f" OVER ({self.order_sql(order, flat=True)})" if order else "" 2759 return f"NEXT VALUE FOR {self.sql(expression, 'this')}{order}" 2760 2761 def extract_sql(self, expression: exp.Extract) -> str: 2762 this = self.sql(expression, "this") if self.EXTRACT_ALLOWS_QUOTES else expression.this.name 2763 expression_sql = self.sql(expression, "expression") 2764 return f"EXTRACT({this} FROM {expression_sql})" 2765 2766 def trim_sql(self, expression: exp.Trim) -> str: 2767 trim_type = self.sql(expression, "position") 2768 2769 if trim_type == "LEADING": 2770 func_name = "LTRIM" 2771 elif trim_type == "TRAILING": 2772 func_name = "RTRIM" 2773 else: 2774 func_name = "TRIM" 2775 2776 return self.func(func_name, expression.this, expression.expression) 2777 2778 def convert_concat_args(self, expression: exp.Concat | exp.ConcatWs) -> t.List[exp.Expression]: 2779 args = expression.expressions 2780 if isinstance(expression, exp.ConcatWs): 2781 args = args[1:] # Skip the delimiter 2782 2783 if self.dialect.STRICT_STRING_CONCAT and expression.args.get("safe"): 2784 args = [exp.cast(e, exp.DataType.Type.TEXT) for e in args] 2785 2786 if not self.dialect.CONCAT_COALESCE and expression.args.get("coalesce"): 2787 args = [exp.func("coalesce", e, exp.Literal.string("")) for e in args] 2788 2789 return args 2790 2791 def concat_sql(self, expression: exp.Concat) -> str: 2792 expressions = self.convert_concat_args(expression) 2793 2794 # Some dialects don't allow a single-argument CONCAT call 2795 if not self.SUPPORTS_SINGLE_ARG_CONCAT and len(expressions) == 1: 2796 return self.sql(expressions[0]) 2797 2798 return self.func("CONCAT", *expressions) 2799 2800 def concatws_sql(self, expression: exp.ConcatWs) -> str: 2801 return self.func( 2802 "CONCAT_WS", seq_get(expression.expressions, 0), *self.convert_concat_args(expression) 2803 ) 2804 2805 def check_sql(self, expression: exp.Check) -> str: 2806 this = self.sql(expression, key="this") 2807 return f"CHECK ({this})" 2808 2809 def foreignkey_sql(self, expression: exp.ForeignKey) -> str: 2810 expressions = self.expressions(expression, flat=True) 2811 reference = self.sql(expression, "reference") 2812 reference = f" {reference}" if reference else "" 2813 delete = self.sql(expression, "delete") 2814 delete = f" ON DELETE {delete}" if delete else "" 2815 update = self.sql(expression, "update") 2816 update = f" ON UPDATE {update}" if update else "" 2817 return f"FOREIGN KEY ({expressions}){reference}{delete}{update}" 2818 2819 def primarykey_sql(self, expression: exp.ForeignKey) -> str: 2820 expressions = self.expressions(expression, flat=True) 2821 options = self.expressions(expression, key="options", flat=True, sep=" ") 2822 options = f" {options}" if options else "" 2823 return f"PRIMARY KEY ({expressions}){options}" 2824 2825 def if_sql(self, expression: exp.If) -> str: 2826 return self.case_sql(exp.Case(ifs=[expression], default=expression.args.get("false"))) 2827 2828 def matchagainst_sql(self, expression: exp.MatchAgainst) -> str: 2829 modifier = expression.args.get("modifier") 2830 modifier = f" {modifier}" if modifier else "" 2831 return f"{self.func('MATCH', *expression.expressions)} AGAINST({self.sql(expression, 'this')}{modifier})" 2832 2833 def jsonkeyvalue_sql(self, expression: exp.JSONKeyValue) -> str: 2834 return f"{self.sql(expression, 'this')}{self.JSON_KEY_VALUE_PAIR_SEP} {self.sql(expression, 'expression')}" 2835 2836 def jsonpath_sql(self, expression: exp.JSONPath) -> str: 2837 path = self.expressions(expression, sep="", flat=True).lstrip(".") 2838 2839 if expression.args.get("escape"): 2840 path = self.escape_str(path) 2841 2842 if self.QUOTE_JSON_PATH: 2843 path = f"{self.dialect.QUOTE_START}{path}{self.dialect.QUOTE_END}" 2844 2845 return path 2846 2847 def json_path_part(self, expression: int | str | exp.JSONPathPart) -> str: 2848 if isinstance(expression, exp.JSONPathPart): 2849 transform = self.TRANSFORMS.get(expression.__class__) 2850 if not callable(transform): 2851 self.unsupported(f"Unsupported JSONPathPart type {expression.__class__.__name__}") 2852 return "" 2853 2854 return transform(self, expression) 2855 2856 if isinstance(expression, int): 2857 return str(expression) 2858 2859 if self.JSON_PATH_SINGLE_QUOTE_ESCAPE: 2860 escaped = expression.replace("'", "\\'") 2861 escaped = f"\\'{expression}\\'" 2862 else: 2863 escaped = expression.replace('"', '\\"') 2864 escaped = f'"{escaped}"' 2865 2866 return escaped 2867 2868 def formatjson_sql(self, expression: exp.FormatJson) -> str: 2869 return f"{self.sql(expression, 'this')} FORMAT JSON" 2870 2871 def jsonobject_sql(self, expression: exp.JSONObject | exp.JSONObjectAgg) -> str: 2872 null_handling = expression.args.get("null_handling") 2873 null_handling = f" {null_handling}" if null_handling else "" 2874 2875 unique_keys = expression.args.get("unique_keys") 2876 if unique_keys is not None: 2877 unique_keys = f" {'WITH' if unique_keys else 'WITHOUT'} UNIQUE KEYS" 2878 else: 2879 unique_keys = "" 2880 2881 return_type = self.sql(expression, "return_type") 2882 return_type = f" RETURNING {return_type}" if return_type else "" 2883 encoding = self.sql(expression, "encoding") 2884 encoding = f" ENCODING {encoding}" if encoding else "" 2885 2886 return self.func( 2887 "JSON_OBJECT" if isinstance(expression, exp.JSONObject) else "JSON_OBJECTAGG", 2888 *expression.expressions, 2889 suffix=f"{null_handling}{unique_keys}{return_type}{encoding})", 2890 ) 2891 2892 def jsonobjectagg_sql(self, expression: exp.JSONObjectAgg) -> str: 2893 return self.jsonobject_sql(expression) 2894 2895 def jsonarray_sql(self, expression: exp.JSONArray) -> str: 2896 null_handling = expression.args.get("null_handling") 2897 null_handling = f" {null_handling}" if null_handling else "" 2898 return_type = self.sql(expression, "return_type") 2899 return_type = f" RETURNING {return_type}" if return_type else "" 2900 strict = " STRICT" if expression.args.get("strict") else "" 2901 return self.func( 2902 "JSON_ARRAY", *expression.expressions, suffix=f"{null_handling}{return_type}{strict})" 2903 ) 2904 2905 def jsonarrayagg_sql(self, expression: exp.JSONArrayAgg) -> str: 2906 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 2907 order = self.sql(expression, "order") 2908 null_handling = expression.args.get("null_handling") 2909 null_handling = f" {null_handling}" if null_handling else "" 2910 return_type = self.sql(expression, "return_type") 2911 return_type = f" RETURNING {return_type}" if return_type else "" 2912 strict = " STRICT" if expression.args.get("strict") else "" 2913 return self.func( 2914 "JSON_ARRAYAGG", 2915 this, 2916 suffix=f"{order}{null_handling}{return_type}{strict})", 2917 ) 2918 2919 def jsoncolumndef_sql(self, expression: exp.JSONColumnDef) -> str: 2920 path = self.sql(expression, "path") 2921 path = f" PATH {path}" if path else "" 2922 nested_schema = self.sql(expression, "nested_schema") 2923 2924 if nested_schema: 2925 return f"NESTED{path} {nested_schema}" 2926 2927 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 2928 kind = self.sql(expression, "kind") 2929 kind = f" {kind}" if kind else "" 2930 return f"{this}{kind}{path}" 2931 2932 def jsonschema_sql(self, expression: exp.JSONSchema) -> str: 2933 return self.func("COLUMNS", *expression.expressions) 2934 2935 def jsontable_sql(self, expression: exp.JSONTable) -> str: 2936 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 2937 path = self.sql(expression, "path") 2938 path = f", {path}" if path else "" 2939 error_handling = expression.args.get("error_handling") 2940 error_handling = f" {error_handling}" if error_handling else "" 2941 empty_handling = expression.args.get("empty_handling") 2942 empty_handling = f" {empty_handling}" if empty_handling else "" 2943 schema = self.sql(expression, "schema") 2944 return self.func( 2945 "JSON_TABLE", this, suffix=f"{path}{error_handling}{empty_handling} {schema})" 2946 ) 2947 2948 def openjsoncolumndef_sql(self, expression: exp.OpenJSONColumnDef) -> str: 2949 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 2950 kind = self.sql(expression, "kind") 2951 path = self.sql(expression, "path") 2952 path = f" {path}" if path else "" 2953 as_json = " AS JSON" if expression.args.get("as_json") else "" 2954 return f"{this} {kind}{path}{as_json}" 2955 2956 def openjson_sql(self, expression: exp.OpenJSON) -> str: 2957 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 2958 path = self.sql(expression, "path") 2959 path = f", {path}" if path else "" 2960 expressions = self.expressions(expression) 2961 with_ = ( 2962 f" WITH ({self.seg(self.indent(expressions), sep='')}{self.seg(')', sep='')}" 2963 if expressions 2964 else "" 2965 ) 2966 return f"OPENJSON({this}{path}){with_}" 2967 2968 def in_sql(self, expression: exp.In) -> str: 2969 query = expression.args.get("query") 2970 unnest = expression.args.get("unnest") 2971 field = expression.args.get("field") 2972 is_global = " GLOBAL" if expression.args.get("is_global") else "" 2973 2974 if query: 2975 in_sql = self.sql(query) 2976 elif unnest: 2977 in_sql = self.in_unnest_op(unnest) 2978 elif field: 2979 in_sql = self.sql(field) 2980 else: 2981 in_sql = f"({self.expressions(expression, flat=True)})" 2982 2983 return f"{self.sql(expression, 'this')}{is_global} IN {in_sql}" 2984 2985 def in_unnest_op(self, unnest: exp.Unnest) -> str: 2986 return f"(SELECT {self.sql(unnest)})" 2987 2988 def interval_sql(self, expression: exp.Interval) -> str: 2989 unit = self.sql(expression, "unit") 2990 if not self.INTERVAL_ALLOWS_PLURAL_FORM: 2991 unit = self.TIME_PART_SINGULARS.get(unit, unit) 2992 unit = f" {unit}" if unit else "" 2993 2994 if self.SINGLE_STRING_INTERVAL: 2995 this = expression.this.name if expression.this else "" 2996 return f"INTERVAL '{this}{unit}'" if this else f"INTERVAL{unit}" 2997 2998 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 2999 if this: 3000 unwrapped = isinstance(expression.this, self.UNWRAPPED_INTERVAL_VALUES) 3001 this = f" {this}" if unwrapped else f" ({this})" 3002 3003 return f"INTERVAL{this}{unit}" 3004 3005 def return_sql(self, expression: exp.Return) -> str: 3006 return f"RETURN {self.sql(expression, 'this')}" 3007 3008 def reference_sql(self, expression: exp.Reference) -> str: 3009 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 3010 expressions = self.expressions(expression, flat=True) 3011 expressions = f"({expressions})" if expressions else "" 3012 options = self.expressions(expression, key="options", flat=True, sep=" ") 3013 options = f" {options}" if options else "" 3014 return f"REFERENCES {this}{expressions}{options}" 3015 3016 def anonymous_sql(self, expression: exp.Anonymous) -> str: 3017 # We don't normalize qualified functions such as a.b.foo(), because they can be case-sensitive 3018 parent = expression.parent 3019 is_qualified = isinstance(parent, exp.Dot) and expression is parent.expression 3020 return self.func( 3021 self.sql(expression, "this"), *expression.expressions, normalize=not is_qualified 3022 ) 3023 3024 def paren_sql(self, expression: exp.Paren) -> str: 3025 sql = self.seg(self.indent(self.sql(expression, "this")), sep="") 3026 return f"({sql}{self.seg(')', sep='')}" 3027 3028 def neg_sql(self, expression: exp.Neg) -> str: 3029 # This makes sure we don't convert "- - 5" to "--5", which is a comment 3030 this_sql = self.sql(expression, "this") 3031 sep = " " if this_sql[0] == "-" else "" 3032 return f"-{sep}{this_sql}" 3033 3034 def not_sql(self, expression: exp.Not) -> str: 3035 return f"NOT {self.sql(expression, 'this')}" 3036 3037 def alias_sql(self, expression: exp.Alias) -> str: 3038 alias = self.sql(expression, "alias") 3039 alias = f" AS {alias}" if alias else "" 3040 return f"{self.sql(expression, 'this')}{alias}" 3041 3042 def pivotalias_sql(self, expression: exp.PivotAlias) -> str: 3043 alias = expression.args["alias"] 3044 3045 identifier_alias = isinstance(alias, exp.Identifier) 3046 literal_alias = isinstance(alias, exp.Literal) 3047 3048 if identifier_alias and not self.UNPIVOT_ALIASES_ARE_IDENTIFIERS: 3049 alias.replace(exp.Literal.string(alias.output_name)) 3050 elif not identifier_alias and literal_alias and self.UNPIVOT_ALIASES_ARE_IDENTIFIERS: 3051 alias.replace(exp.to_identifier(alias.output_name)) 3052 3053 return self.alias_sql(expression) 3054 3055 def aliases_sql(self, expression: exp.Aliases) -> str: 3056 return f"{self.sql(expression, 'this')} AS ({self.expressions(expression, flat=True)})" 3057 3058 def atindex_sql(self, expression: exp.AtTimeZone) -> str: 3059 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 3060 index = self.sql(expression, "expression") 3061 return f"{this} AT {index}" 3062 3063 def attimezone_sql(self, expression: exp.AtTimeZone) -> str: 3064 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 3065 zone = self.sql(expression, "zone") 3066 return f"{this} AT TIME ZONE {zone}" 3067 3068 def fromtimezone_sql(self, expression: exp.FromTimeZone) -> str: 3069 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 3070 zone = self.sql(expression, "zone") 3071 return f"{this} AT TIME ZONE {zone} AT TIME ZONE 'UTC'" 3072 3073 def add_sql(self, expression: exp.Add) -> str: 3074 return self.binary(expression, "+") 3075 3076 def and_sql( 3077 self, expression: exp.And, stack: t.Optional[t.List[str | exp.Expression]] = None 3078 ) -> str: 3079 return self.connector_sql(expression, "AND", stack) 3080 3081 def or_sql( 3082 self, expression: exp.Or, stack: t.Optional[t.List[str | exp.Expression]] = None 3083 ) -> str: 3084 return self.connector_sql(expression, "OR", stack) 3085 3086 def xor_sql( 3087 self, expression: exp.Xor, stack: t.Optional[t.List[str | exp.Expression]] = None 3088 ) -> str: 3089 return self.connector_sql(expression, "XOR", stack) 3090 3091 def connector_sql( 3092 self, 3093 expression: exp.Connector, 3094 op: str, 3095 stack: t.Optional[t.List[str | exp.Expression]] = None, 3096 ) -> str: 3097 if stack is not None: 3098 if expression.expressions: 3099 stack.append(self.expressions(expression, sep=f" {op} ")) 3100 else: 3101 stack.append(expression.right) 3102 if expression.comments and self.comments: 3103 for comment in expression.comments: 3104 if comment: 3105 op += f" /*{self.pad_comment(comment)}*/" 3106 stack.extend((op, expression.left)) 3107 return op 3108 3109 stack = [expression] 3110 sqls: t.List[str] = [] 3111 ops = set() 3112 3113 while stack: 3114 node = stack.pop() 3115 if isinstance(node, exp.Connector): 3116 ops.add(getattr(self, f"{node.key}_sql")(node, stack)) 3117 else: 3118 sql = self.sql(node) 3119 if sqls and sqls[-1] in ops: 3120 sqls[-1] += f" {sql}" 3121 else: 3122 sqls.append(sql) 3123 3124 sep = "\n" if self.pretty and self.too_wide(sqls) else " " 3125 return sep.join(sqls) 3126 3127 def bitwiseand_sql(self, expression: exp.BitwiseAnd) -> str: 3128 return self.binary(expression, "&") 3129 3130 def bitwiseleftshift_sql(self, expression: exp.BitwiseLeftShift) -> str: 3131 return self.binary(expression, "<<") 3132 3133 def bitwisenot_sql(self, expression: exp.BitwiseNot) -> str: 3134 return f"~{self.sql(expression, 'this')}" 3135 3136 def bitwiseor_sql(self, expression: exp.BitwiseOr) -> str: 3137 return self.binary(expression, "|") 3138 3139 def bitwiserightshift_sql(self, expression: exp.BitwiseRightShift) -> str: 3140 return self.binary(expression, ">>") 3141 3142 def bitwisexor_sql(self, expression: exp.BitwiseXor) -> str: 3143 return self.binary(expression, "^") 3144 3145 def cast_sql(self, expression: exp.Cast, safe_prefix: t.Optional[str] = None) -> str: 3146 format_sql = self.sql(expression, "format") 3147 format_sql = f" FORMAT {format_sql}" if format_sql else "" 3148 to_sql = self.sql(expression, "to") 3149 to_sql = f" {to_sql}" if to_sql else "" 3150 action = self.sql(expression, "action") 3151 action = f" {action}" if action else "" 3152 return f"{safe_prefix or ''}CAST({self.sql(expression, 'this')} AS{to_sql}{format_sql}{action})" 3153 3154 def currentdate_sql(self, expression: exp.CurrentDate) -> str: 3155 zone = self.sql(expression, "this") 3156 return f"CURRENT_DATE({zone})" if zone else "CURRENT_DATE" 3157 3158 def collate_sql(self, expression: exp.Collate) -> str: 3159 if self.COLLATE_IS_FUNC: 3160 return self.function_fallback_sql(expression) 3161 return self.binary(expression, "COLLATE") 3162 3163 def command_sql(self, expression: exp.Command) -> str: 3164 return f"{self.sql(expression, 'this')} {expression.text('expression').strip()}" 3165 3166 def comment_sql(self, expression: exp.Comment) -> str: 3167 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 3168 kind = expression.args["kind"] 3169 materialized = " MATERIALIZED" if expression.args.get("materialized") else "" 3170 exists_sql = " IF EXISTS " if expression.args.get("exists") else " " 3171 expression_sql = self.sql(expression, "expression") 3172 return f"COMMENT{exists_sql}ON{materialized} {kind} {this} IS {expression_sql}" 3173 3174 def mergetreettlaction_sql(self, expression: exp.MergeTreeTTLAction) -> str: 3175 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 3176 delete = " DELETE" if expression.args.get("delete") else "" 3177 recompress = self.sql(expression, "recompress") 3178 recompress = f" RECOMPRESS {recompress}" if recompress else "" 3179 to_disk = self.sql(expression, "to_disk") 3180 to_disk = f" TO DISK {to_disk}" if to_disk else "" 3181 to_volume = self.sql(expression, "to_volume") 3182 to_volume = f" TO VOLUME {to_volume}" if to_volume else "" 3183 return f"{this}{delete}{recompress}{to_disk}{to_volume}" 3184 3185 def mergetreettl_sql(self, expression: exp.MergeTreeTTL) -> str: 3186 where = self.sql(expression, "where") 3187 group = self.sql(expression, "group") 3188 aggregates = self.expressions(expression, key="aggregates") 3189 aggregates = self.seg("SET") + self.seg(aggregates) if aggregates else "" 3190 3191 if not (where or group or aggregates) and len(expression.expressions) == 1: 3192 return f"TTL {self.expressions(expression, flat=True)}" 3193 3194 return f"TTL{self.seg(self.expressions(expression))}{where}{group}{aggregates}" 3195 3196 def transaction_sql(self, expression: exp.Transaction) -> str: 3197 return "BEGIN" 3198 3199 def commit_sql(self, expression: exp.Commit) -> str: 3200 chain = expression.args.get("chain") 3201 if chain is not None: 3202 chain = " AND CHAIN" if chain else " AND NO CHAIN" 3203 3204 return f"COMMIT{chain or ''}" 3205 3206 def rollback_sql(self, expression: exp.Rollback) -> str: 3207 savepoint = expression.args.get("savepoint") 3208 savepoint = f" TO {savepoint}" if savepoint else "" 3209 return f"ROLLBACK{savepoint}" 3210 3211 def altercolumn_sql(self, expression: exp.AlterColumn) -> str: 3212 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 3213 3214 dtype = self.sql(expression, "dtype") 3215 if dtype: 3216 collate = self.sql(expression, "collate") 3217 collate = f" COLLATE {collate}" if collate else "" 3218 using = self.sql(expression, "using") 3219 using = f" USING {using}" if using else "" 3220 return f"ALTER COLUMN {this} SET DATA TYPE {dtype}{collate}{using}" 3221 3222 default = self.sql(expression, "default") 3223 if default: 3224 return f"ALTER COLUMN {this} SET DEFAULT {default}" 3225 3226 comment = self.sql(expression, "comment") 3227 if comment: 3228 return f"ALTER COLUMN {this} COMMENT {comment}" 3229 3230 allow_null = expression.args.get("allow_null") 3231 drop = expression.args.get("drop") 3232 3233 if not drop and not allow_null: 3234 self.unsupported("Unsupported ALTER COLUMN syntax") 3235 3236 if allow_null is not None: 3237 keyword = "DROP" if drop else "SET" 3238 return f"ALTER COLUMN {this} {keyword} NOT NULL" 3239 3240 return f"ALTER COLUMN {this} DROP DEFAULT" 3241 3242 def alterdiststyle_sql(self, expression: exp.AlterDistStyle) -> str: 3243 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 3244 if not isinstance(expression.this, exp.Var): 3245 this = f"KEY DISTKEY {this}" 3246 return f"ALTER DISTSTYLE {this}" 3247 3248 def altersortkey_sql(self, expression: exp.AlterSortKey) -> str: 3249 compound = " COMPOUND" if expression.args.get("compound") else "" 3250 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 3251 expressions = self.expressions(expression, flat=True) 3252 expressions = f"({expressions})" if expressions else "" 3253 return f"ALTER{compound} SORTKEY {this or expressions}" 3254 3255 def alterrename_sql(self, expression: exp.AlterRename) -> str: 3256 if not self.RENAME_TABLE_WITH_DB: 3257 # Remove db from tables 3258 expression = expression.transform( 3259 lambda n: exp.table_(n.this) if isinstance(n, exp.Table) else n 3260 ).assert_is(exp.AlterRename) 3261 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 3262 return f"RENAME TO {this}" 3263 3264 def renamecolumn_sql(self, expression: exp.RenameColumn) -> str: 3265 exists = " IF EXISTS" if expression.args.get("exists") else "" 3266 old_column = self.sql(expression, "this") 3267 new_column = self.sql(expression, "to") 3268 return f"RENAME COLUMN{exists} {old_column} TO {new_column}" 3269 3270 def alterset_sql(self, expression: exp.AlterSet) -> str: 3271 exprs = self.expressions(expression, flat=True) 3272 return f"SET {exprs}" 3273 3274 def alter_sql(self, expression: exp.Alter) -> str: 3275 actions = expression.args["actions"] 3276 3277 if isinstance(actions[0], exp.ColumnDef): 3278 actions = self.add_column_sql(expression) 3279 elif isinstance(actions[0], exp.Schema): 3280 actions = self.expressions(expression, key="actions", prefix="ADD COLUMNS ") 3281 elif isinstance(actions[0], exp.Delete): 3282 actions = self.expressions(expression, key="actions", flat=True) 3283 elif isinstance(actions[0], exp.Query): 3284 actions = "AS " + self.expressions(expression, key="actions") 3285 else: 3286 actions = self.expressions(expression, key="actions", flat=True) 3287 3288 exists = " IF EXISTS" if expression.args.get("exists") else "" 3289 on_cluster = self.sql(expression, "cluster") 3290 on_cluster = f" {on_cluster}" if on_cluster else "" 3291 only = " ONLY" if expression.args.get("only") else "" 3292 options = self.expressions(expression, key="options") 3293 options = f", {options}" if options else "" 3294 kind = self.sql(expression, "kind") 3295 not_valid = " NOT VALID" if expression.args.get("not_valid") else "" 3296 3297 return f"ALTER {kind}{exists}{only} {self.sql(expression, 'this')}{on_cluster} {actions}{not_valid}{options}" 3298 3299 def add_column_sql(self, expression: exp.Alter) -> str: 3300 if self.ALTER_TABLE_INCLUDE_COLUMN_KEYWORD: 3301 return self.expressions( 3302 expression, 3303 key="actions", 3304 prefix="ADD COLUMN ", 3305 skip_first=True, 3306 ) 3307 return f"ADD {self.expressions(expression, key='actions', flat=True)}" 3308 3309 def droppartition_sql(self, expression: exp.DropPartition) -> str: 3310 expressions = self.expressions(expression) 3311 exists = " IF EXISTS " if expression.args.get("exists") else " " 3312 return f"DROP{exists}{expressions}" 3313 3314 def addconstraint_sql(self, expression: exp.AddConstraint) -> str: 3315 return f"ADD {self.expressions(expression)}" 3316 3317 def distinct_sql(self, expression: exp.Distinct) -> str: 3318 this = self.expressions(expression, flat=True) 3319 3320 if not self.MULTI_ARG_DISTINCT and len(expression.expressions) > 1: 3321 case = exp.case() 3322 for arg in expression.expressions: 3323 case = case.when(arg.is_(exp.null()), exp.null()) 3324 this = self.sql(case.else_(f"({this})")) 3325 3326 this = f" {this}" if this else "" 3327 3328 on = self.sql(expression, "on") 3329 on = f" ON {on}" if on else "" 3330 return f"DISTINCT{this}{on}" 3331 3332 def ignorenulls_sql(self, expression: exp.IgnoreNulls) -> str: 3333 return self._embed_ignore_nulls(expression, "IGNORE NULLS") 3334 3335 def respectnulls_sql(self, expression: exp.RespectNulls) -> str: 3336 return self._embed_ignore_nulls(expression, "RESPECT NULLS") 3337 3338 def havingmax_sql(self, expression: exp.HavingMax) -> str: 3339 this_sql = self.sql(expression, "this") 3340 expression_sql = self.sql(expression, "expression") 3341 kind = "MAX" if expression.args.get("max") else "MIN" 3342 return f"{this_sql} HAVING {kind} {expression_sql}" 3343 3344 def intdiv_sql(self, expression: exp.IntDiv) -> str: 3345 return self.sql( 3346 exp.Cast( 3347 this=exp.Div(this=expression.this, expression=expression.expression), 3348 to=exp.DataType(this=exp.DataType.Type.INT), 3349 ) 3350 ) 3351 3352 def dpipe_sql(self, expression: exp.DPipe) -> str: 3353 if self.dialect.STRICT_STRING_CONCAT and expression.args.get("safe"): 3354 return self.func( 3355 "CONCAT", *(exp.cast(e, exp.DataType.Type.TEXT) for e in expression.flatten()) 3356 ) 3357 return self.binary(expression, "||") 3358 3359 def div_sql(self, expression: exp.Div) -> str: 3360 l, r = expression.left, expression.right 3361 3362 if not self.dialect.SAFE_DIVISION and expression.args.get("safe"): 3363 r.replace(exp.Nullif(this=r.copy(), expression=exp.Literal.number(0))) 3364 3365 if self.dialect.TYPED_DIVISION and not expression.args.get("typed"): 3366 if not l.is_type(*exp.DataType.REAL_TYPES) and not r.is_type(*exp.DataType.REAL_TYPES): 3367 l.replace(exp.cast(l.copy(), to=exp.DataType.Type.DOUBLE)) 3368 3369 elif not self.dialect.TYPED_DIVISION and expression.args.get("typed"): 3370 if l.is_type(*exp.DataType.INTEGER_TYPES) and r.is_type(*exp.DataType.INTEGER_TYPES): 3371 return self.sql( 3372 exp.cast( 3373 l / r, 3374 to=exp.DataType.Type.BIGINT, 3375 ) 3376 ) 3377 3378 return self.binary(expression, "/") 3379 3380 def overlaps_sql(self, expression: exp.Overlaps) -> str: 3381 return self.binary(expression, "OVERLAPS") 3382 3383 def distance_sql(self, expression: exp.Distance) -> str: 3384 return self.binary(expression, "<->") 3385 3386 def dot_sql(self, expression: exp.Dot) -> str: 3387 return f"{self.sql(expression, 'this')}.{self.sql(expression, 'expression')}" 3388 3389 def eq_sql(self, expression: exp.EQ) -> str: 3390 return self.binary(expression, "=") 3391 3392 def propertyeq_sql(self, expression: exp.PropertyEQ) -> str: 3393 return self.binary(expression, ":=") 3394 3395 def escape_sql(self, expression: exp.Escape) -> str: 3396 return self.binary(expression, "ESCAPE") 3397 3398 def glob_sql(self, expression: exp.Glob) -> str: 3399 return self.binary(expression, "GLOB") 3400 3401 def gt_sql(self, expression: exp.GT) -> str: 3402 return self.binary(expression, ">") 3403 3404 def gte_sql(self, expression: exp.GTE) -> str: 3405 return self.binary(expression, ">=") 3406 3407 def ilike_sql(self, expression: exp.ILike) -> str: 3408 return self.binary(expression, "ILIKE") 3409 3410 def ilikeany_sql(self, expression: exp.ILikeAny) -> str: 3411 return self.binary(expression, "ILIKE ANY") 3412 3413 def is_sql(self, expression: exp.Is) -> str: 3414 if not self.IS_BOOL_ALLOWED and isinstance(expression.expression, exp.Boolean): 3415 return self.sql( 3416 expression.this if expression.expression.this else exp.not_(expression.this) 3417 ) 3418 return self.binary(expression, "IS") 3419 3420 def like_sql(self, expression: exp.Like) -> str: 3421 return self.binary(expression, "LIKE") 3422 3423 def likeany_sql(self, expression: exp.LikeAny) -> str: 3424 return self.binary(expression, "LIKE ANY") 3425 3426 def similarto_sql(self, expression: exp.SimilarTo) -> str: 3427 return self.binary(expression, "SIMILAR TO") 3428 3429 def lt_sql(self, expression: exp.LT) -> str: 3430 return self.binary(expression, "<") 3431 3432 def lte_sql(self, expression: exp.LTE) -> str: 3433 return self.binary(expression, "<=") 3434 3435 def mod_sql(self, expression: exp.Mod) -> str: 3436 return self.binary(expression, "%") 3437 3438 def mul_sql(self, expression: exp.Mul) -> str: 3439 return self.binary(expression, "*") 3440 3441 def neq_sql(self, expression: exp.NEQ) -> str: 3442 return self.binary(expression, "<>") 3443 3444 def nullsafeeq_sql(self, expression: exp.NullSafeEQ) -> str: 3445 return self.binary(expression, "IS NOT DISTINCT FROM") 3446 3447 def nullsafeneq_sql(self, expression: exp.NullSafeNEQ) -> str: 3448 return self.binary(expression, "IS DISTINCT FROM") 3449 3450 def slice_sql(self, expression: exp.Slice) -> str: 3451 return self.binary(expression, ":") 3452 3453 def sub_sql(self, expression: exp.Sub) -> str: 3454 return self.binary(expression, "-") 3455 3456 def trycast_sql(self, expression: exp.TryCast) -> str: 3457 return self.cast_sql(expression, safe_prefix="TRY_") 3458 3459 def try_sql(self, expression: exp.Try) -> str: 3460 if not self.TRY_SUPPORTED: 3461 self.unsupported("Unsupported TRY function") 3462 return self.sql(expression, "this") 3463 3464 return self.func("TRY", expression.this) 3465 3466 def log_sql(self, expression: exp.Log) -> str: 3467 this = expression.this 3468 expr = expression.expression 3469 3470 if self.dialect.LOG_BASE_FIRST is False: 3471 this, expr = expr, this 3472 elif self.dialect.LOG_BASE_FIRST is None and expr: 3473 if this.name in ("2", "10"): 3474 return self.func(f"LOG{this.name}", expr) 3475 3476 self.unsupported(f"Unsupported logarithm with base {self.sql(this)}") 3477 3478 return self.func("LOG", this, expr) 3479 3480 def use_sql(self, expression: exp.Use) -> str: 3481 kind = self.sql(expression, "kind") 3482 kind = f" {kind}" if kind else "" 3483 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 3484 this = f" {this}" if this else "" 3485 return f"USE{kind}{this}" 3486 3487 def binary(self, expression: exp.Binary, op: str) -> str: 3488 sqls: t.List[str] = [] 3489 stack: t.List[t.Union[str, exp.Expression]] = [expression] 3490 binary_type = type(expression) 3491 3492 while stack: 3493 node = stack.pop() 3494 3495 if type(node) is binary_type: 3496 op_func = node.args.get("operator") 3497 if op_func: 3498 op = f"OPERATOR({self.sql(op_func)})" 3499 3500 stack.append(node.right) 3501 stack.append(f" {self.maybe_comment(op, comments=node.comments)} ") 3502 stack.append(node.left) 3503 else: 3504 sqls.append(self.sql(node)) 3505 3506 return "".join(sqls) 3507 3508 def function_fallback_sql(self, expression: exp.Func) -> str: 3509 args = [] 3510 3511 for key in expression.arg_types: 3512 arg_value = expression.args.get(key) 3513 3514 if isinstance(arg_value, list): 3515 for value in arg_value: 3516 args.append(value) 3517 elif arg_value is not None: 3518 args.append(arg_value) 3519 3520 if self.normalize_functions: 3521 name = expression.sql_name() 3522 else: 3523 name = (expression._meta and expression.meta.get("name")) or expression.sql_name() 3524 3525 return self.func(name, *args) 3526 3527 def func( 3528 self, 3529 name: str, 3530 *args: t.Optional[exp.Expression | str], 3531 prefix: str = "(", 3532 suffix: str = ")", 3533 normalize: bool = True, 3534 ) -> str: 3535 name = self.normalize_func(name) if normalize else name 3536 return f"{name}{prefix}{self.format_args(*args)}{suffix}" 3537 3538 def format_args(self, *args: t.Optional[str | exp.Expression], sep: str = ", ") -> str: 3539 arg_sqls = tuple( 3540 self.sql(arg) for arg in args if arg is not None and not isinstance(arg, bool) 3541 ) 3542 if self.pretty and self.too_wide(arg_sqls): 3543 return self.indent( 3544 "\n" + f"{sep.strip()}\n".join(arg_sqls) + "\n", skip_first=True, skip_last=True 3545 ) 3546 return sep.join(arg_sqls) 3547 3548 def too_wide(self, args: t.Iterable) -> bool: 3549 return sum(len(arg) for arg in args) > self.max_text_width 3550 3551 def format_time( 3552 self, 3553 expression: exp.Expression, 3554 inverse_time_mapping: t.Optional[t.Dict[str, str]] = None, 3555 inverse_time_trie: t.Optional[t.Dict] = None, 3556 ) -> t.Optional[str]: 3557 return format_time( 3558 self.sql(expression, "format"), 3559 inverse_time_mapping or self.dialect.INVERSE_TIME_MAPPING, 3560 inverse_time_trie or self.dialect.INVERSE_TIME_TRIE, 3561 ) 3562 3563 def expressions( 3564 self, 3565 expression: t.Optional[exp.Expression] = None, 3566 key: t.Optional[str] = None, 3567 sqls: t.Optional[t.Collection[str | exp.Expression]] = None, 3568 flat: bool = False, 3569 indent: bool = True, 3570 skip_first: bool = False, 3571 skip_last: bool = False, 3572 sep: str = ", ", 3573 prefix: str = "", 3574 dynamic: bool = False, 3575 new_line: bool = False, 3576 ) -> str: 3577 expressions = expression.args.get(key or "expressions") if expression else sqls 3578 3579 if not expressions: 3580 return "" 3581 3582 if flat: 3583 return sep.join(sql for sql in (self.sql(e) for e in expressions) if sql) 3584 3585 num_sqls = len(expressions) 3586 result_sqls = [] 3587 3588 for i, e in enumerate(expressions): 3589 sql = self.sql(e, comment=False) 3590 if not sql: 3591 continue 3592 3593 comments = self.maybe_comment("", e) if isinstance(e, exp.Expression) else "" 3594 3595 if self.pretty: 3596 if self.leading_comma: 3597 result_sqls.append(f"{sep if i > 0 else ''}{prefix}{sql}{comments}") 3598 else: 3599 result_sqls.append( 3600 f"{prefix}{sql}{(sep.rstrip() if comments else sep) if i + 1 < num_sqls else ''}{comments}" 3601 ) 3602 else: 3603 result_sqls.append(f"{prefix}{sql}{comments}{sep if i + 1 < num_sqls else ''}") 3604 3605 if self.pretty and (not dynamic or self.too_wide(result_sqls)): 3606 if new_line: 3607 result_sqls.insert(0, "") 3608 result_sqls.append("") 3609 result_sql = "\n".join(s.rstrip() for s in result_sqls) 3610 else: 3611 result_sql = "".join(result_sqls) 3612 3613 return ( 3614 self.indent(result_sql, skip_first=skip_first, skip_last=skip_last) 3615 if indent 3616 else result_sql 3617 ) 3618 3619 def op_expressions(self, op: str, expression: exp.Expression, flat: bool = False) -> str: 3620 flat = flat or isinstance(expression.parent, exp.Properties) 3621 expressions_sql = self.expressions(expression, flat=flat) 3622 if flat: 3623 return f"{op} {expressions_sql}" 3624 return f"{self.seg(op)}{self.sep() if expressions_sql else ''}{expressions_sql}" 3625 3626 def naked_property(self, expression: exp.Property) -> str: 3627 property_name = exp.Properties.PROPERTY_TO_NAME.get(expression.__class__) 3628 if not property_name: 3629 self.unsupported(f"Unsupported property {expression.__class__.__name__}") 3630 return f"{property_name} {self.sql(expression, 'this')}" 3631 3632 def tag_sql(self, expression: exp.Tag) -> str: 3633 return f"{expression.args.get('prefix')}{self.sql(expression.this)}{expression.args.get('postfix')}" 3634 3635 def token_sql(self, token_type: TokenType) -> str: 3636 return self.TOKEN_MAPPING.get(token_type, token_type.name) 3637 3638 def userdefinedfunction_sql(self, expression: exp.UserDefinedFunction) -> str: 3639 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 3640 expressions = self.no_identify(self.expressions, expression) 3641 expressions = ( 3642 self.wrap(expressions) if expression.args.get("wrapped") else f" {expressions}" 3643 ) 3644 return f"{this}{expressions}" if expressions.strip() != "" else this 3645 3646 def joinhint_sql(self, expression: exp.JoinHint) -> str: 3647 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 3648 expressions = self.expressions(expression, flat=True) 3649 return f"{this}({expressions})" 3650 3651 def kwarg_sql(self, expression: exp.Kwarg) -> str: 3652 return self.binary(expression, "=>") 3653 3654 def when_sql(self, expression: exp.When) -> str: 3655 matched = "MATCHED" if expression.args["matched"] else "NOT MATCHED" 3656 source = " BY SOURCE" if self.MATCHED_BY_SOURCE and expression.args.get("source") else "" 3657 condition = self.sql(expression, "condition") 3658 condition = f" AND {condition}" if condition else "" 3659 3660 then_expression = expression.args.get("then") 3661 if isinstance(then_expression, exp.Insert): 3662 this = self.sql(then_expression, "this") 3663 this = f"INSERT {this}" if this else "INSERT" 3664 then = self.sql(then_expression, "expression") 3665 then = f"{this} VALUES {then}" if then else this 3666 elif isinstance(then_expression, exp.Update): 3667 if isinstance(then_expression.args.get("expressions"), exp.Star): 3668 then = f"UPDATE {self.sql(then_expression, 'expressions')}" 3669 else: 3670 then = f"UPDATE SET {self.expressions(then_expression, flat=True)}" 3671 else: 3672 then = self.sql(then_expression) 3673 return f"WHEN {matched}{source}{condition} THEN {then}" 3674 3675 def merge_sql(self, expression: exp.Merge) -> str: 3676 table = expression.this 3677 table_alias = "" 3678 3679 hints = table.args.get("hints") 3680 if hints and table.alias and isinstance(hints[0], exp.WithTableHint): 3681 # T-SQL syntax is MERGE ... <target_table> [WITH (<merge_hint>)] [[AS] table_alias] 3682 table_alias = f" AS {self.sql(table.args['alias'].pop())}" 3683 3684 this = self.sql(table) 3685 using = f"USING {self.sql(expression, 'using')}" 3686 on = f"ON {self.sql(expression, 'on')}" 3687 expressions = self.expressions(expression, sep=" ", indent=False) 3688 returning = self.sql(expression, "returning") 3689 if returning: 3690 expressions = f"{expressions}{returning}" 3691 3692 sep = self.sep() 3693 3694 return self.prepend_ctes( 3695 expression, 3696 f"MERGE INTO {this}{table_alias}{sep}{using}{sep}{on}{sep}{expressions}", 3697 ) 3698 3699 @unsupported_args("format") 3700 def tochar_sql(self, expression: exp.ToChar) -> str: 3701 return self.sql(exp.cast(expression.this, exp.DataType.Type.TEXT)) 3702 3703 def tonumber_sql(self, expression: exp.ToNumber) -> str: 3704 if not self.SUPPORTS_TO_NUMBER: 3705 self.unsupported("Unsupported TO_NUMBER function") 3706 return self.sql(exp.cast(expression.this, exp.DataType.Type.DOUBLE)) 3707 3708 fmt = expression.args.get("format") 3709 if not fmt: 3710 self.unsupported("Conversion format is required for TO_NUMBER") 3711 return self.sql(exp.cast(expression.this, exp.DataType.Type.DOUBLE)) 3712 3713 return self.func("TO_NUMBER", expression.this, fmt) 3714 3715 def dictproperty_sql(self, expression: exp.DictProperty) -> str: 3716 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 3717 kind = self.sql(expression, "kind") 3718 settings_sql = self.expressions(expression, key="settings", sep=" ") 3719 args = f"({self.sep('')}{settings_sql}{self.seg(')', sep='')}" if settings_sql else "()" 3720 return f"{this}({kind}{args})" 3721 3722 def dictrange_sql(self, expression: exp.DictRange) -> str: 3723 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 3724 max = self.sql(expression, "max") 3725 min = self.sql(expression, "min") 3726 return f"{this}(MIN {min} MAX {max})" 3727 3728 def dictsubproperty_sql(self, expression: exp.DictSubProperty) -> str: 3729 return f"{self.sql(expression, 'this')} {self.sql(expression, 'value')}" 3730 3731 def duplicatekeyproperty_sql(self, expression: exp.DuplicateKeyProperty) -> str: 3732 return f"DUPLICATE KEY ({self.expressions(expression, flat=True)})" 3733 3734 # https://docs.starrocks.io/docs/sql-reference/sql-statements/data-definition/CREATE_TABLE/#distribution_desc 3735 def distributedbyproperty_sql(self, expression: exp.DistributedByProperty) -> str: 3736 expressions = self.expressions(expression, flat=True) 3737 expressions = f" {self.wrap(expressions)}" if expressions else "" 3738 buckets = self.sql(expression, "buckets") 3739 kind = self.sql(expression, "kind") 3740 buckets = f" BUCKETS {buckets}" if buckets else "" 3741 order = self.sql(expression, "order") 3742 return f"DISTRIBUTED BY {kind}{expressions}{buckets}{order}" 3743 3744 def oncluster_sql(self, expression: exp.OnCluster) -> str: 3745 return "" 3746 3747 def clusteredbyproperty_sql(self, expression: exp.ClusteredByProperty) -> str: 3748 expressions = self.expressions(expression, key="expressions", flat=True) 3749 sorted_by = self.expressions(expression, key="sorted_by", flat=True) 3750 sorted_by = f" SORTED BY ({sorted_by})" if sorted_by else "" 3751 buckets = self.sql(expression, "buckets") 3752 return f"CLUSTERED BY ({expressions}){sorted_by} INTO {buckets} BUCKETS" 3753 3754 def anyvalue_sql(self, expression: exp.AnyValue) -> str: 3755 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 3756 having = self.sql(expression, "having") 3757 3758 if having: 3759 this = f"{this} HAVING {'MAX' if expression.args.get('max') else 'MIN'} {having}" 3760 3761 return self.func("ANY_VALUE", this) 3762 3763 def querytransform_sql(self, expression: exp.QueryTransform) -> str: 3764 transform = self.func("TRANSFORM", *expression.expressions) 3765 row_format_before = self.sql(expression, "row_format_before") 3766 row_format_before = f" {row_format_before}" if row_format_before else "" 3767 record_writer = self.sql(expression, "record_writer") 3768 record_writer = f" RECORDWRITER {record_writer}" if record_writer else "" 3769 using = f" USING {self.sql(expression, 'command_script')}" 3770 schema = self.sql(expression, "schema") 3771 schema = f" AS {schema}" if schema else "" 3772 row_format_after = self.sql(expression, "row_format_after") 3773 row_format_after = f" {row_format_after}" if row_format_after else "" 3774 record_reader = self.sql(expression, "record_reader") 3775 record_reader = f" RECORDREADER {record_reader}" if record_reader else "" 3776 return f"{transform}{row_format_before}{record_writer}{using}{schema}{row_format_after}{record_reader}" 3777 3778 def indexconstraintoption_sql(self, expression: exp.IndexConstraintOption) -> str: 3779 key_block_size = self.sql(expression, "key_block_size") 3780 if key_block_size: 3781 return f"KEY_BLOCK_SIZE = {key_block_size}" 3782 3783 using = self.sql(expression, "using") 3784 if using: 3785 return f"USING {using}" 3786 3787 parser = self.sql(expression, "parser") 3788 if parser: 3789 return f"WITH PARSER {parser}" 3790 3791 comment = self.sql(expression, "comment") 3792 if comment: 3793 return f"COMMENT {comment}" 3794 3795 visible = expression.args.get("visible") 3796 if visible is not None: 3797 return "VISIBLE" if visible else "INVISIBLE" 3798 3799 engine_attr = self.sql(expression, "engine_attr") 3800 if engine_attr: 3801 return f"ENGINE_ATTRIBUTE = {engine_attr}" 3802 3803 secondary_engine_attr = self.sql(expression, "secondary_engine_attr") 3804 if secondary_engine_attr: 3805 return f"SECONDARY_ENGINE_ATTRIBUTE = {secondary_engine_attr}" 3806 3807 self.unsupported("Unsupported index constraint option.") 3808 return "" 3809 3810 def checkcolumnconstraint_sql(self, expression: exp.CheckColumnConstraint) -> str: 3811 enforced = " ENFORCED" if expression.args.get("enforced") else "" 3812 return f"CHECK ({self.sql(expression, 'this')}){enforced}" 3813 3814 def indexcolumnconstraint_sql(self, expression: exp.IndexColumnConstraint) -> str: 3815 kind = self.sql(expression, "kind") 3816 kind = f"{kind} INDEX" if kind else "INDEX" 3817 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 3818 this = f" {this}" if this else "" 3819 index_type = self.sql(expression, "index_type") 3820 index_type = f" USING {index_type}" if index_type else "" 3821 expressions = self.expressions(expression, flat=True) 3822 expressions = f" ({expressions})" if expressions else "" 3823 options = self.expressions(expression, key="options", sep=" ") 3824 options = f" {options}" if options else "" 3825 return f"{kind}{this}{index_type}{expressions}{options}" 3826 3827 def nvl2_sql(self, expression: exp.Nvl2) -> str: 3828 if self.NVL2_SUPPORTED: 3829 return self.function_fallback_sql(expression) 3830 3831 case = exp.Case().when( 3832 expression.this.is_(exp.null()).not_(copy=False), 3833 expression.args["true"], 3834 copy=False, 3835 ) 3836 else_cond = expression.args.get("false") 3837 if else_cond: 3838 case.else_(else_cond, copy=False) 3839 3840 return self.sql(case) 3841 3842 def comprehension_sql(self, expression: exp.Comprehension) -> str: 3843 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 3844 expr = self.sql(expression, "expression") 3845 iterator = self.sql(expression, "iterator") 3846 condition = self.sql(expression, "condition") 3847 condition = f" IF {condition}" if condition else "" 3848 return f"{this} FOR {expr} IN {iterator}{condition}" 3849 3850 def columnprefix_sql(self, expression: exp.ColumnPrefix) -> str: 3851 return f"{self.sql(expression, 'this')}({self.sql(expression, 'expression')})" 3852 3853 def opclass_sql(self, expression: exp.Opclass) -> str: 3854 return f"{self.sql(expression, 'this')} {self.sql(expression, 'expression')}" 3855 3856 def predict_sql(self, expression: exp.Predict) -> str: 3857 model = self.sql(expression, "this") 3858 model = f"MODEL {model}" 3859 table = self.sql(expression, "expression") 3860 table = f"TABLE {table}" if not isinstance(expression.expression, exp.Subquery) else table 3861 parameters = self.sql(expression, "params_struct") 3862 return self.func("PREDICT", model, table, parameters or None) 3863 3864 def forin_sql(self, expression: exp.ForIn) -> str: 3865 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 3866 expression_sql = self.sql(expression, "expression") 3867 return f"FOR {this} DO {expression_sql}" 3868 3869 def refresh_sql(self, expression: exp.Refresh) -> str: 3870 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 3871 table = "" if isinstance(expression.this, exp.Literal) else "TABLE " 3872 return f"REFRESH {table}{this}" 3873 3874 def toarray_sql(self, expression: exp.ToArray) -> str: 3875 arg = expression.this 3876 if not arg.type: 3877 from sqlglot.optimizer.annotate_types import annotate_types 3878 3879 arg = annotate_types(arg) 3880 3881 if arg.is_type(exp.DataType.Type.ARRAY): 3882 return self.sql(arg) 3883 3884 cond_for_null = arg.is_(exp.null()) 3885 return self.sql(exp.func("IF", cond_for_null, exp.null(), exp.array(arg, copy=False))) 3886 3887 def tsordstotime_sql(self, expression: exp.TsOrDsToTime) -> str: 3888 this = expression.this 3889 if isinstance(this, exp.TsOrDsToTime) or this.is_type(exp.DataType.Type.TIME): 3890 return self.sql(this) 3891 3892 return self.sql(exp.cast(this, exp.DataType.Type.TIME)) 3893 3894 def tsordstotimestamp_sql(self, expression: exp.TsOrDsToTimestamp) -> str: 3895 this = expression.this 3896 if isinstance(this, exp.TsOrDsToTimestamp) or this.is_type(exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP): 3897 return self.sql(this) 3898 3899 return self.sql(exp.cast(this, exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP)) 3900 3901 def tsordstodate_sql(self, expression: exp.TsOrDsToDate) -> str: 3902 this = expression.this 3903 time_format = self.format_time(expression) 3904 3905 if time_format and time_format not in (self.dialect.TIME_FORMAT, self.dialect.DATE_FORMAT): 3906 return self.sql( 3907 exp.cast( 3908 exp.StrToTime(this=this, format=expression.args["format"]), 3909 exp.DataType.Type.DATE, 3910 ) 3911 ) 3912 3913 if isinstance(this, exp.TsOrDsToDate) or this.is_type(exp.DataType.Type.DATE): 3914 return self.sql(this) 3915 3916 return self.sql(exp.cast(this, exp.DataType.Type.DATE)) 3917 3918 def unixdate_sql(self, expression: exp.UnixDate) -> str: 3919 return self.sql( 3920 exp.func( 3921 "DATEDIFF", 3922 expression.this, 3923 exp.cast(exp.Literal.string("1970-01-01"), exp.DataType.Type.DATE), 3924 "day", 3925 ) 3926 ) 3927 3928 def lastday_sql(self, expression: exp.LastDay) -> str: 3929 if self.LAST_DAY_SUPPORTS_DATE_PART: 3930 return self.function_fallback_sql(expression) 3931 3932 unit = expression.text("unit") 3933 if unit and unit != "MONTH": 3934 self.unsupported("Date parts are not supported in LAST_DAY.") 3935 3936 return self.func("LAST_DAY", expression.this) 3937 3938 def dateadd_sql(self, expression: exp.DateAdd) -> str: 3939 from sqlglot.dialects.dialect import unit_to_str 3940 3941 return self.func( 3942 "DATE_ADD", expression.this, expression.expression, unit_to_str(expression) 3943 ) 3944 3945 def arrayany_sql(self, expression: exp.ArrayAny) -> str: 3946 if self.CAN_IMPLEMENT_ARRAY_ANY: 3947 filtered = exp.ArrayFilter(this=expression.this, expression=expression.expression) 3948 filtered_not_empty = exp.ArraySize(this=filtered).neq(0) 3949 original_is_empty = exp.ArraySize(this=expression.this).eq(0) 3950 return self.sql(exp.paren(original_is_empty.or_(filtered_not_empty))) 3951 3952 from sqlglot.dialects import Dialect 3953 3954 # SQLGlot's executor supports ARRAY_ANY, so we don't wanna warn for the SQLGlot dialect 3955 if self.dialect.__class__ != Dialect: 3956 self.unsupported("ARRAY_ANY is unsupported") 3957 3958 return self.function_fallback_sql(expression) 3959 3960 def struct_sql(self, expression: exp.Struct) -> str: 3961 expression.set( 3962 "expressions", 3963 [ 3964 exp.alias_(e.expression, e.name if e.this.is_string else e.this) 3965 if isinstance(e, exp.PropertyEQ) 3966 else e 3967 for e in expression.expressions 3968 ], 3969 ) 3970 3971 return self.function_fallback_sql(expression) 3972 3973 def partitionrange_sql(self, expression: exp.PartitionRange) -> str: 3974 low = self.sql(expression, "this") 3975 high = self.sql(expression, "expression") 3976 3977 return f"{low} TO {high}" 3978 3979 def truncatetable_sql(self, expression: exp.TruncateTable) -> str: 3980 target = "DATABASE" if expression.args.get("is_database") else "TABLE" 3981 tables = f" {self.expressions(expression)}" 3982 3983 exists = " IF EXISTS" if expression.args.get("exists") else "" 3984 3985 on_cluster = self.sql(expression, "cluster") 3986 on_cluster = f" {on_cluster}" if on_cluster else "" 3987 3988 identity = self.sql(expression, "identity") 3989 identity = f" {identity} IDENTITY" if identity else "" 3990 3991 option = self.sql(expression, "option") 3992 option = f" {option}" if option else "" 3993 3994 partition = self.sql(expression, "partition") 3995 partition = f" {partition}" if partition else "" 3996 3997 return f"TRUNCATE {target}{exists}{tables}{on_cluster}{identity}{option}{partition}" 3998 3999 # This transpiles T-SQL's CONVERT function 4000 # https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/sql/t-sql/functions/cast-and-convert-transact-sql?view=sql-server-ver16 4001 def convert_sql(self, expression: exp.Convert) -> str: 4002 to = expression.this 4003 value = expression.expression 4004 style = expression.args.get("style") 4005 safe = expression.args.get("safe") 4006 strict = expression.args.get("strict") 4007 4008 if not to or not value: 4009 return "" 4010 4011 # Retrieve length of datatype and override to default if not specified 4012 if not seq_get(to.expressions, 0) and to.this in self.PARAMETERIZABLE_TEXT_TYPES: 4013 to = exp.DataType.build(to.this, expressions=[exp.Literal.number(30)], nested=False) 4014 4015 transformed: t.Optional[exp.Expression] = None 4016 cast = exp.Cast if strict else exp.TryCast 4017 4018 # Check whether a conversion with format (T-SQL calls this 'style') is applicable 4019 if isinstance(style, exp.Literal) and style.is_int: 4020 from sqlglot.dialects.tsql import TSQL 4021 4022 style_value = style.name 4023 converted_style = TSQL.CONVERT_FORMAT_MAPPING.get(style_value) 4024 if not converted_style: 4025 self.unsupported(f"Unsupported T-SQL 'style' value: {style_value}") 4026 4027 fmt = exp.Literal.string(converted_style) 4028 4029 if to.this == exp.DataType.Type.DATE: 4030 transformed = exp.StrToDate(this=value, format=fmt) 4031 elif to.this == exp.DataType.Type.DATETIME: 4032 transformed = exp.StrToTime(this=value, format=fmt) 4033 elif to.this in self.PARAMETERIZABLE_TEXT_TYPES: 4034 transformed = cast(this=exp.TimeToStr(this=value, format=fmt), to=to, safe=safe) 4035 elif to.this == exp.DataType.Type.TEXT: 4036 transformed = exp.TimeToStr(this=value, format=fmt) 4037 4038 if not transformed: 4039 transformed = cast(this=value, to=to, safe=safe) 4040 4041 return self.sql(transformed) 4042 4043 def _jsonpathkey_sql(self, expression: exp.JSONPathKey) -> str: 4044 this = expression.this 4045 if isinstance(this, exp.JSONPathWildcard): 4046 this = self.json_path_part(this) 4047 return f".{this}" if this else "" 4048 4049 if exp.SAFE_IDENTIFIER_RE.match(this): 4050 return f".{this}" 4051 4052 this = self.json_path_part(this) 4053 return f"[{this}]" if self.JSON_PATH_BRACKETED_KEY_SUPPORTED else f".{this}" 4054 4055 def _jsonpathsubscript_sql(self, expression: exp.JSONPathSubscript) -> str: 4056 this = self.json_path_part(expression.this) 4057 return f"[{this}]" if this else "" 4058 4059 def _simplify_unless_literal(self, expression: E) -> E: 4060 if not isinstance(expression, exp.Literal): 4061 from sqlglot.optimizer.simplify import simplify 4062 4063 expression = simplify(expression, dialect=self.dialect) 4064 4065 return expression 4066 4067 def _embed_ignore_nulls(self, expression: exp.IgnoreNulls | exp.RespectNulls, text: str) -> str: 4068 if self.IGNORE_NULLS_IN_FUNC and not expression.meta.get("inline"): 4069 # The first modifier here will be the one closest to the AggFunc's arg 4070 mods = sorted( 4071 expression.find_all(exp.HavingMax, exp.Order, exp.Limit), 4072 key=lambda x: 0 4073 if isinstance(x, exp.HavingMax) 4074 else (1 if isinstance(x, exp.Order) else 2), 4075 ) 4076 4077 if mods: 4078 mod = mods[0] 4079 this = expression.__class__(this=mod.this.copy()) 4080 this.meta["inline"] = True 4081 mod.this.replace(this) 4082 return self.sql(expression.this) 4083 4084 agg_func = expression.find(exp.AggFunc) 4085 4086 if agg_func: 4087 return self.sql(agg_func)[:-1] + f" {text})" 4088 4089 return f"{self.sql(expression, 'this')} {text}" 4090 4091 def _replace_line_breaks(self, string: str) -> str: 4092 """We don't want to extra indent line breaks so we temporarily replace them with sentinels.""" 4093 if self.pretty: 4094 return string.replace("\n", self.SENTINEL_LINE_BREAK) 4095 return string 4096 4097 def copyparameter_sql(self, expression: exp.CopyParameter) -> str: 4098 option = self.sql(expression, "this") 4099 4100 if expression.expressions: 4101 upper = option.upper() 4102 4103 # Snowflake FILE_FORMAT options are separated by whitespace 4104 sep = " " if upper == "FILE_FORMAT" else ", " 4105 4106 # Databricks copy/format options do not set their list of values with EQ 4107 op = " " if upper in ("COPY_OPTIONS", "FORMAT_OPTIONS") else " = " 4108 values = self.expressions(expression, flat=True, sep=sep) 4109 return f"{option}{op}({values})" 4110 4111 value = self.sql(expression, "expression") 4112 4113 if not value: 4114 return option 4115 4116 op = " = " if self.COPY_PARAMS_EQ_REQUIRED else " " 4117 4118 return f"{option}{op}{value}" 4119 4120 def credentials_sql(self, expression: exp.Credentials) -> str: 4121 cred_expr = expression.args.get("credentials") 4122 if isinstance(cred_expr, exp.Literal): 4123 # Redshift case: CREDENTIALS <string> 4124 credentials = self.sql(expression, "credentials") 4125 credentials = f"CREDENTIALS {credentials}" if credentials else "" 4126 else: 4127 # Snowflake case: CREDENTIALS = (...) 4128 credentials = self.expressions(expression, key="credentials", flat=True, sep=" ") 4129 credentials = f"CREDENTIALS = ({credentials})" if cred_expr is not None else "" 4130 4131 storage = self.sql(expression, "storage") 4132 storage = f"STORAGE_INTEGRATION = {storage}" if storage else "" 4133 4134 encryption = self.expressions(expression, key="encryption", flat=True, sep=" ") 4135 encryption = f" ENCRYPTION = ({encryption})" if encryption else "" 4136 4137 iam_role = self.sql(expression, "iam_role") 4138 iam_role = f"IAM_ROLE {iam_role}" if iam_role else "" 4139 4140 region = self.sql(expression, "region") 4141 region = f" REGION {region}" if region else "" 4142 4143 return f"{credentials}{storage}{encryption}{iam_role}{region}" 4144 4145 def copy_sql(self, expression: exp.Copy) -> str: 4146 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 4147 this = f" INTO {this}" if self.COPY_HAS_INTO_KEYWORD else f" {this}" 4148 4149 credentials = self.sql(expression, "credentials") 4150 credentials = self.seg(credentials) if credentials else "" 4151 kind = self.seg("FROM" if expression.args.get("kind") else "TO") 4152 files = self.expressions(expression, key="files", flat=True) 4153 4154 sep = ", " if self.dialect.COPY_PARAMS_ARE_CSV else " " 4155 params = self.expressions( 4156 expression, 4157 key="params", 4158 sep=sep, 4159 new_line=True, 4160 skip_last=True, 4161 skip_first=True, 4162 indent=self.COPY_PARAMS_ARE_WRAPPED, 4163 ) 4164 4165 if params: 4166 if self.COPY_PARAMS_ARE_WRAPPED: 4167 params = f" WITH ({params})" 4168 elif not self.pretty: 4169 params = f" {params}" 4170 4171 return f"COPY{this}{kind} {files}{credentials}{params}" 4172 4173 def semicolon_sql(self, expression: exp.Semicolon) -> str: 4174 return "" 4175 4176 def datadeletionproperty_sql(self, expression: exp.DataDeletionProperty) -> str: 4177 on_sql = "ON" if expression.args.get("on") else "OFF" 4178 filter_col: t.Optional[str] = self.sql(expression, "filter_column") 4179 filter_col = f"FILTER_COLUMN={filter_col}" if filter_col else None 4180 retention_period: t.Optional[str] = self.sql(expression, "retention_period") 4181 retention_period = f"RETENTION_PERIOD={retention_period}" if retention_period else None 4182 4183 if filter_col or retention_period: 4184 on_sql = self.func("ON", filter_col, retention_period) 4185 4186 return f"DATA_DELETION={on_sql}" 4187 4188 def maskingpolicycolumnconstraint_sql( 4189 self, expression: exp.MaskingPolicyColumnConstraint 4190 ) -> str: 4191 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 4192 expressions = self.expressions(expression, flat=True) 4193 expressions = f" USING ({expressions})" if expressions else "" 4194 return f"MASKING POLICY {this}{expressions}" 4195 4196 def gapfill_sql(self, expression: exp.GapFill) -> str: 4197 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 4198 this = f"TABLE {this}" 4199 return self.func("GAP_FILL", this, *[v for k, v in expression.args.items() if k != "this"]) 4200 4201 def scope_resolution(self, rhs: str, scope_name: str) -> str: 4202 return self.func("SCOPE_RESOLUTION", scope_name or None, rhs) 4203 4204 def scoperesolution_sql(self, expression: exp.ScopeResolution) -> str: 4205 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 4206 expr = expression.expression 4207 4208 if isinstance(expr, exp.Func): 4209 # T-SQL's CLR functions are case sensitive 4210 expr = f"{self.sql(expr, 'this')}({self.format_args(*expr.expressions)})" 4211 else: 4212 expr = self.sql(expression, "expression") 4213 4214 return self.scope_resolution(expr, this) 4215 4216 def parsejson_sql(self, expression: exp.ParseJSON) -> str: 4217 if self.PARSE_JSON_NAME is None: 4218 return self.sql(expression.this) 4219 4220 return self.func(self.PARSE_JSON_NAME, expression.this, expression.expression) 4221 4222 def rand_sql(self, expression: exp.Rand) -> str: 4223 lower = self.sql(expression, "lower") 4224 upper = self.sql(expression, "upper") 4225 4226 if lower and upper: 4227 return f"({upper} - {lower}) * {self.func('RAND', expression.this)} + {lower}" 4228 return self.func("RAND", expression.this) 4229 4230 def changes_sql(self, expression: exp.Changes) -> str: 4231 information = self.sql(expression, "information") 4232 information = f"INFORMATION => {information}" 4233 at_before = self.sql(expression, "at_before") 4234 at_before = f"{self.seg('')}{at_before}" if at_before else "" 4235 end = self.sql(expression, "end") 4236 end = f"{self.seg('')}{end}" if end else "" 4237 4238 return f"CHANGES ({information}){at_before}{end}" 4239 4240 def pad_sql(self, expression: exp.Pad) -> str: 4241 prefix = "L" if expression.args.get("is_left") else "R" 4242 4243 fill_pattern = self.sql(expression, "fill_pattern") or None 4244 if not fill_pattern and self.PAD_FILL_PATTERN_IS_REQUIRED: 4245 fill_pattern = "' '" 4246 4247 return self.func(f"{prefix}PAD", expression.this, expression.expression, fill_pattern) 4248 4249 def summarize_sql(self, expression: exp.Summarize) -> str: 4250 table = " TABLE" if expression.args.get("table") else "" 4251 return f"SUMMARIZE{table} {self.sql(expression.this)}" 4252 4253 def explodinggenerateseries_sql(self, expression: exp.ExplodingGenerateSeries) -> str: 4254 generate_series = exp.GenerateSeries(**expression.args) 4255 4256 parent = expression.parent 4257 if isinstance(parent, (exp.Alias, exp.TableAlias)): 4258 parent = parent.parent 4259 4260 if self.SUPPORTS_EXPLODING_PROJECTIONS and not isinstance(parent, (exp.Table, exp.Unnest)): 4261 return self.sql(exp.Unnest(expressions=[generate_series])) 4262 4263 if isinstance(parent, exp.Select): 4264 self.unsupported("GenerateSeries projection unnesting is not supported.") 4265 4266 return self.sql(generate_series) 4267 4268 def arrayconcat_sql(self, expression: exp.ArrayConcat, name: str = "ARRAY_CONCAT") -> str: 4269 exprs = expression.expressions 4270 if not self.ARRAY_CONCAT_IS_VAR_LEN: 4271 rhs = reduce(lambda x, y: exp.ArrayConcat(this=x, expressions=[y]), exprs) 4272 else: 4273 rhs = self.expressions(expression) 4274 4275 return self.func(name, expression.this, rhs or None) 4276 4277 def converttimezone_sql(self, expression: exp.ConvertTimezone) -> str: 4278 if self.SUPPORTS_CONVERT_TIMEZONE: 4279 return self.function_fallback_sql(expression) 4280 4281 source_tz = expression.args.get("source_tz") 4282 target_tz = expression.args.get("target_tz") 4283 timestamp = expression.args.get("timestamp") 4284 4285 if source_tz and timestamp: 4286 timestamp = exp.AtTimeZone( 4287 this=exp.cast(timestamp, exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMPNTZ), zone=source_tz 4288 ) 4289 4290 expr = exp.AtTimeZone(this=timestamp, zone=target_tz) 4291 4292 return self.sql(expr) 4293 4294 def json_sql(self, expression: exp.JSON) -> str: 4295 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 4296 this = f" {this}" if this else "" 4297 4298 _with = expression.args.get("with") 4299 4300 if _with is None: 4301 with_sql = "" 4302 elif not _with: 4303 with_sql = " WITHOUT" 4304 else: 4305 with_sql = " WITH" 4306 4307 unique_sql = " UNIQUE KEYS" if expression.args.get("unique") else "" 4308 4309 return f"JSON{this}{with_sql}{unique_sql}" 4310 4311 def jsonvalue_sql(self, expression: exp.JSONValue) -> str: 4312 def _generate_on_options(arg: t.Any) -> str: 4313 return arg if isinstance(arg, str) else f"DEFAULT {self.sql(arg)}" 4314 4315 path = self.sql(expression, "path") 4316 returning = self.sql(expression, "returning") 4317 returning = f" RETURNING {returning}" if returning else "" 4318 4319 on_condition = self.sql(expression, "on_condition") 4320 on_condition = f" {on_condition}" if on_condition else "" 4321 4322 return self.func("JSON_VALUE", expression.this, f"{path}{returning}{on_condition}") 4323 4324 def conditionalinsert_sql(self, expression: exp.ConditionalInsert) -> str: 4325 else_ = "ELSE " if expression.args.get("else_") else "" 4326 condition = self.sql(expression, "expression") 4327 condition = f"WHEN {condition} THEN " if condition else else_ 4328 insert = self.sql(expression, "this")[len("INSERT") :].strip() 4329 return f"{condition}{insert}" 4330 4331 def multitableinserts_sql(self, expression: exp.MultitableInserts) -> str: 4332 kind = self.sql(expression, "kind") 4333 expressions = self.seg(self.expressions(expression, sep=" ")) 4334 res = f"INSERT {kind}{expressions}{self.seg(self.sql(expression, 'source'))}" 4335 return res 4336 4337 def oncondition_sql(self, expression: exp.OnCondition) -> str: 4338 # Static options like "NULL ON ERROR" are stored as strings, in contrast to "DEFAULT <expr> ON ERROR" 4339 empty = expression.args.get("empty") 4340 empty = ( 4341 f"DEFAULT {empty} ON EMPTY" 4342 if isinstance(empty, exp.Expression) 4343 else self.sql(expression, "empty") 4344 ) 4345 4346 error = expression.args.get("error") 4347 error = ( 4348 f"DEFAULT {error} ON ERROR" 4349 if isinstance(error, exp.Expression) 4350 else self.sql(expression, "error") 4351 ) 4352 4353 if error and empty: 4354 error = ( 4355 f"{empty} {error}" 4356 if self.dialect.ON_CONDITION_EMPTY_BEFORE_ERROR 4357 else f"{error} {empty}" 4358 ) 4359 empty = "" 4360 4361 null = self.sql(expression, "null") 4362 4363 return f"{empty}{error}{null}" 4364 4365 def jsonexists_sql(self, expression: exp.JSONExists) -> str: 4366 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 4367 path = self.sql(expression, "path") 4368 4369 passing = self.expressions(expression, "passing") 4370 passing = f" PASSING {passing}" if passing else "" 4371 4372 on_condition = self.sql(expression, "on_condition") 4373 on_condition = f" {on_condition}" if on_condition else "" 4374 4375 path = f"{path}{passing}{on_condition}" 4376 4377 return self.func("JSON_EXISTS", this, path) 4378 4379 def arrayagg_sql(self, expression: exp.ArrayAgg) -> str: 4380 array_agg = self.function_fallback_sql(expression) 4381 4382 # Add a NULL FILTER on the column to mimic the results going from a dialect that excludes nulls 4383 # on ARRAY_AGG (e.g Spark) to one that doesn't (e.g. DuckDB) 4384 if self.dialect.ARRAY_AGG_INCLUDES_NULLS and expression.args.get("nulls_excluded"): 4385 parent = expression.parent 4386 if isinstance(parent, exp.Filter): 4387 parent_cond = parent.expression.this 4388 parent_cond.replace(parent_cond.and_(expression.this.is_(exp.null()).not_())) 4389 else: 4390 this = expression.this 4391 # Do not add the filter if the input is not a column (e.g. literal, struct etc) 4392 if this.find(exp.Column): 4393 # DISTINCT is already present in the agg function, do not propagate it to FILTER as well 4394 this_sql = ( 4395 self.expressions(this) 4396 if isinstance(this, exp.Distinct) 4397 else self.sql(expression, "this") 4398 ) 4399 4400 array_agg = f"{array_agg} FILTER(WHERE {this_sql} IS NOT NULL)" 4401 4402 return array_agg 4403 4404 def apply_sql(self, expression: exp.Apply) -> str: 4405 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 4406 expr = self.sql(expression, "expression") 4407 4408 return f"{this} APPLY({expr})" 4409 4410 def grant_sql(self, expression: exp.Grant) -> str: 4411 privileges_sql = self.expressions(expression, key="privileges", flat=True) 4412 4413 kind = self.sql(expression, "kind") 4414 kind = f" {kind}" if kind else "" 4415 4416 securable = self.sql(expression, "securable") 4417 securable = f" {securable}" if securable else "" 4418 4419 principals = self.expressions(expression, key="principals", flat=True) 4420 4421 grant_option = " WITH GRANT OPTION" if expression.args.get("grant_option") else "" 4422 4423 return f"GRANT {privileges_sql} ON{kind}{securable} TO {principals}{grant_option}" 4424 4425 def grantprivilege_sql(self, expression: exp.GrantPrivilege): 4426 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 4427 columns = self.expressions(expression, flat=True) 4428 columns = f"({columns})" if columns else "" 4429 4430 return f"{this}{columns}" 4431 4432 def grantprincipal_sql(self, expression: exp.GrantPrincipal): 4433 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 4434 4435 kind = self.sql(expression, "kind") 4436 kind = f"{kind} " if kind else "" 4437 4438 return f"{kind}{this}" 4439 4440 def columns_sql(self, expression: exp.Columns): 4441 func = self.function_fallback_sql(expression) 4442 if expression.args.get("unpack"): 4443 func = f"*{func}" 4444 4445 return func 4446 4447 def overlay_sql(self, expression: exp.Overlay): 4448 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 4449 expr = self.sql(expression, "expression") 4450 from_sql = self.sql(expression, "from") 4451 for_sql = self.sql(expression, "for") 4452 for_sql = f" FOR {for_sql}" if for_sql else "" 4453 4454 return f"OVERLAY({this} PLACING {expr} FROM {from_sql}{for_sql})" 4455 4456 @unsupported_args("format") 4457 def todouble_sql(self, expression: exp.ToDouble) -> str: 4458 return self.sql(exp.cast(expression.this, exp.DataType.Type.DOUBLE)) 4459 4460 def string_sql(self, expression: exp.String) -> str: 4461 this = expression.this 4462 zone = expression.args.get("zone") 4463 4464 if zone: 4465 # This is a BigQuery specific argument for STRING(<timestamp_expr>, <time_zone>) 4466 # BigQuery stores timestamps internally as UTC, so ConvertTimezone is used with UTC 4467 # set for source_tz to transpile the time conversion before the STRING cast 4468 this = exp.ConvertTimezone( 4469 source_tz=exp.Literal.string("UTC"), target_tz=zone, timestamp=this 4470 ) 4471 4472 return self.sql(exp.cast(this, exp.DataType.Type.VARCHAR)) 4473 4474 def median_sql(self, expression: exp.Median): 4475 if not self.SUPPORTS_MEDIAN: 4476 return self.sql( 4477 exp.PercentileCont(this=expression.this, expression=exp.Literal.number(0.5)) 4478 ) 4479 4480 return self.function_fallback_sql(expression) 4481 4482 def overflowtruncatebehavior_sql(self, expression: exp.OverflowTruncateBehavior) -> str: 4483 filler = self.sql(expression, "this") 4484 filler = f" {filler}" if filler else "" 4485 with_count = "WITH COUNT" if expression.args.get("with_count") else "WITHOUT COUNT" 4486 return f"TRUNCATE{filler} {with_count}" 4487 4488 def unixseconds_sql(self, expression: exp.UnixSeconds) -> str: 4489 if self.SUPPORTS_UNIX_SECONDS: 4490 return self.function_fallback_sql(expression) 4491 4492 start_ts = exp.cast( 4493 exp.Literal.string("1970-01-01 00:00:00+00"), to=exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMPTZ 4494 ) 4495 4496 return self.sql( 4497 exp.TimestampDiff(this=expression.this, expression=start_ts, unit=exp.var("SECONDS")) 4498 ) 4499 4500 def arraysize_sql(self, expression: exp.ArraySize) -> str: 4501 dim = expression.expression 4502 4503 # For dialects that don't support the dimension arg, we can safely transpile it's default value (1st dimension) 4504 if dim and self.ARRAY_SIZE_DIM_REQUIRED is None: 4505 if not (dim.is_int and dim.name == "1"): 4506 self.unsupported("Cannot transpile dimension argument for ARRAY_LENGTH") 4507 dim = None 4508 4509 # If dimension is required but not specified, default initialize it 4510 if self.ARRAY_SIZE_DIM_REQUIRED and not dim: 4511 dim = exp.Literal.number(1) 4512 4513 return self.func(self.ARRAY_SIZE_NAME, expression.this, dim)
logger =
<Logger sqlglot (WARNING)>
ESCAPED_UNICODE_RE =
re.compile('\\\\(\\d+)')
UNSUPPORTED_TEMPLATE =
"Argument '{}' is not supported for expression '{}' when targeting {}."
def
unsupported_args( *args: Union[str, Tuple[str, str]]) -> Callable[[Callable[[~G, ~E], str]], Callable[[~G, ~E], str]]:
30def unsupported_args( 31 *args: t.Union[str, t.Tuple[str, str]], 32) -> t.Callable[[GeneratorMethod], GeneratorMethod]: 33 """ 34 Decorator that can be used to mark certain args of an `Expression` subclass as unsupported. 35 It expects a sequence of argument names or pairs of the form (argument_name, diagnostic_msg). 36 """ 37 diagnostic_by_arg: t.Dict[str, t.Optional[str]] = {} 38 for arg in args: 39 if isinstance(arg, str): 40 diagnostic_by_arg[arg] = None 41 else: 42 diagnostic_by_arg[arg[0]] = arg[1] 43 44 def decorator(func: GeneratorMethod) -> GeneratorMethod: 45 @wraps(func) 46 def _func(generator: G, expression: E) -> str: 47 expression_name = expression.__class__.__name__ 48 dialect_name = generator.dialect.__class__.__name__ 49 50 for arg_name, diagnostic in diagnostic_by_arg.items(): 51 if expression.args.get(arg_name): 52 diagnostic = diagnostic or UNSUPPORTED_TEMPLATE.format( 53 arg_name, expression_name, dialect_name 54 ) 55 generator.unsupported(diagnostic) 56 57 return func(generator, expression) 58 59 return _func 60 61 return decorator
Decorator that can be used to mark certain args of an Expression
subclass as unsupported.
It expects a sequence of argument names or pairs of the form (argument_name, diagnostic_msg).
class
Generator:
75class Generator(metaclass=_Generator): 76 """ 77 Generator converts a given syntax tree to the corresponding SQL string. 78 79 Args: 80 pretty: Whether to format the produced SQL string. 81 Default: False. 82 identify: Determines when an identifier should be quoted. Possible values are: 83 False (default): Never quote, except in cases where it's mandatory by the dialect. 84 True or 'always': Always quote. 85 'safe': Only quote identifiers that are case insensitive. 86 normalize: Whether to normalize identifiers to lowercase. 87 Default: False. 88 pad: The pad size in a formatted string. For example, this affects the indentation of 89 a projection in a query, relative to its nesting level. 90 Default: 2. 91 indent: The indentation size in a formatted string. For example, this affects the 92 indentation of subqueries and filters under a `WHERE` clause. 93 Default: 2. 94 normalize_functions: How to normalize function names. Possible values are: 95 "upper" or True (default): Convert names to uppercase. 96 "lower": Convert names to lowercase. 97 False: Disables function name normalization. 98 unsupported_level: Determines the generator's behavior when it encounters unsupported expressions. 99 Default ErrorLevel.WARN. 100 max_unsupported: Maximum number of unsupported messages to include in a raised UnsupportedError. 101 This is only relevant if unsupported_level is ErrorLevel.RAISE. 102 Default: 3 103 leading_comma: Whether the comma is leading or trailing in select expressions. 104 This is only relevant when generating in pretty mode. 105 Default: False 106 max_text_width: The max number of characters in a segment before creating new lines in pretty mode. 107 The default is on the smaller end because the length only represents a segment and not the true 108 line length. 109 Default: 80 110 comments: Whether to preserve comments in the output SQL code. 111 Default: True 112 """ 113 114 TRANSFORMS: t.Dict[t.Type[exp.Expression], t.Callable[..., str]] = { 115 **JSON_PATH_PART_TRANSFORMS, 116 exp.AllowedValuesProperty: lambda self, 117 e: f"ALLOWED_VALUES {self.expressions(e, flat=True)}", 118 exp.ArrayContainsAll: lambda self, e: self.binary(e, "@>"), 119 exp.ArrayOverlaps: lambda self, e: self.binary(e, "&&"), 120 exp.AutoRefreshProperty: lambda self, e: f"AUTO REFRESH {self.sql(e, 'this')}", 121 exp.BackupProperty: lambda self, e: f"BACKUP {self.sql(e, 'this')}", 122 exp.CaseSpecificColumnConstraint: lambda _, 123 e: f"{'NOT ' if e.args.get('not_') else ''}CASESPECIFIC", 124 exp.CharacterSetColumnConstraint: lambda self, e: f"CHARACTER SET {self.sql(e, 'this')}", 125 exp.CharacterSetProperty: lambda self, 126 e: f"{'DEFAULT ' if e.args.get('default') else ''}CHARACTER SET={self.sql(e, 'this')}", 127 exp.ClusteredColumnConstraint: lambda self, 128 e: f"CLUSTERED ({self.expressions(e, 'this', indent=False)})", 129 exp.CollateColumnConstraint: lambda self, e: f"COLLATE {self.sql(e, 'this')}", 130 exp.CommentColumnConstraint: lambda self, e: f"COMMENT {self.sql(e, 'this')}", 131 exp.ConnectByRoot: lambda self, e: f"CONNECT_BY_ROOT {self.sql(e, 'this')}", 132 exp.CopyGrantsProperty: lambda *_: "COPY GRANTS", 133 exp.DateFormatColumnConstraint: lambda self, e: f"FORMAT {self.sql(e, 'this')}", 134 exp.DefaultColumnConstraint: lambda self, e: f"DEFAULT {self.sql(e, 'this')}", 135 exp.DynamicProperty: lambda *_: "DYNAMIC", 136 exp.EmptyProperty: lambda *_: "EMPTY", 137 exp.EncodeColumnConstraint: lambda self, e: f"ENCODE {self.sql(e, 'this')}", 138 exp.EphemeralColumnConstraint: lambda self, 139 e: f"EPHEMERAL{(' ' + self.sql(e, 'this')) if e.this else ''}", 140 exp.ExcludeColumnConstraint: lambda self, e: f"EXCLUDE {self.sql(e, 'this').lstrip()}", 141 exp.ExecuteAsProperty: lambda self, e: self.naked_property(e), 142 exp.Except: lambda self, e: self.set_operations(e), 143 exp.ExternalProperty: lambda *_: "EXTERNAL", 144 exp.GlobalProperty: lambda *_: "GLOBAL", 145 exp.HeapProperty: lambda *_: "HEAP", 146 exp.IcebergProperty: lambda *_: "ICEBERG", 147 exp.InheritsProperty: lambda self, e: f"INHERITS ({self.expressions(e, flat=True)})", 148 exp.InlineLengthColumnConstraint: lambda self, e: f"INLINE LENGTH {self.sql(e, 'this')}", 149 exp.InputModelProperty: lambda self, e: f"INPUT{self.sql(e, 'this')}", 150 exp.Intersect: lambda self, e: self.set_operations(e), 151 exp.IntervalSpan: lambda self, e: f"{self.sql(e, 'this')} TO {self.sql(e, 'expression')}", 152 exp.LanguageProperty: lambda self, e: self.naked_property(e), 153 exp.LocationProperty: lambda self, e: self.naked_property(e), 154 exp.LogProperty: lambda _, e: f"{'NO ' if e.args.get('no') else ''}LOG", 155 exp.MaterializedProperty: lambda *_: "MATERIALIZED", 156 exp.NonClusteredColumnConstraint: lambda self, 157 e: f"NONCLUSTERED ({self.expressions(e, 'this', indent=False)})", 158 exp.NoPrimaryIndexProperty: lambda *_: "NO PRIMARY INDEX", 159 exp.NotForReplicationColumnConstraint: lambda *_: "NOT FOR REPLICATION", 160 exp.OnCommitProperty: lambda _, 161 e: f"ON COMMIT {'DELETE' if e.args.get('delete') else 'PRESERVE'} ROWS", 162 exp.OnProperty: lambda self, e: f"ON {self.sql(e, 'this')}", 163 exp.OnUpdateColumnConstraint: lambda self, e: f"ON UPDATE {self.sql(e, 'this')}", 164 exp.Operator: lambda self, e: self.binary(e, ""), # The operator is produced in `binary` 165 exp.OutputModelProperty: lambda self, e: f"OUTPUT{self.sql(e, 'this')}", 166 exp.PathColumnConstraint: lambda self, e: f"PATH {self.sql(e, 'this')}", 167 exp.PivotAny: lambda self, e: f"ANY{self.sql(e, 'this')}", 168 exp.ProjectionPolicyColumnConstraint: lambda self, 169 e: f"PROJECTION POLICY {self.sql(e, 'this')}", 170 exp.RemoteWithConnectionModelProperty: lambda self, 171 e: f"REMOTE WITH CONNECTION {self.sql(e, 'this')}", 172 exp.ReturnsProperty: lambda self, e: ( 173 "RETURNS NULL ON NULL INPUT" if e.args.get("null") else self.naked_property(e) 174 ), 175 exp.SampleProperty: lambda self, e: f"SAMPLE BY {self.sql(e, 'this')}", 176 exp.SecureProperty: lambda *_: "SECURE", 177 exp.SecurityProperty: lambda self, e: f"SECURITY {self.sql(e, 'this')}", 178 exp.SetConfigProperty: lambda self, e: self.sql(e, "this"), 179 exp.SetProperty: lambda _, e: f"{'MULTI' if e.args.get('multi') else ''}SET", 180 exp.SettingsProperty: lambda self, e: f"SETTINGS{self.seg('')}{(self.expressions(e))}", 181 exp.SharingProperty: lambda self, e: f"SHARING={self.sql(e, 'this')}", 182 exp.SqlReadWriteProperty: lambda _, e: e.name, 183 exp.SqlSecurityProperty: lambda _, 184 e: f"SQL SECURITY {'DEFINER' if e.args.get('definer') else 'INVOKER'}", 185 exp.StabilityProperty: lambda _, e: e.name, 186 exp.Stream: lambda self, e: f"STREAM {self.sql(e, 'this')}", 187 exp.StreamingTableProperty: lambda *_: "STREAMING", 188 exp.StrictProperty: lambda *_: "STRICT", 189 exp.SwapTable: lambda self, e: f"SWAP WITH {self.sql(e, 'this')}", 190 exp.TemporaryProperty: lambda *_: "TEMPORARY", 191 exp.TagColumnConstraint: lambda self, e: f"TAG ({self.expressions(e, flat=True)})", 192 exp.TitleColumnConstraint: lambda self, e: f"TITLE {self.sql(e, 'this')}", 193 exp.ToMap: lambda self, e: f"MAP {self.sql(e, 'this')}", 194 exp.ToTableProperty: lambda self, e: f"TO {self.sql(e.this)}", 195 exp.TransformModelProperty: lambda self, e: self.func("TRANSFORM", *e.expressions), 196 exp.TransientProperty: lambda *_: "TRANSIENT", 197 exp.Union: lambda self, e: self.set_operations(e), 198 exp.UnloggedProperty: lambda *_: "UNLOGGED", 199 exp.Uuid: lambda *_: "UUID()", 200 exp.UppercaseColumnConstraint: lambda *_: "UPPERCASE", 201 exp.VarMap: lambda self, e: self.func("MAP", e.args["keys"], e.args["values"]), 202 exp.ViewAttributeProperty: lambda self, e: f"WITH {self.sql(e, 'this')}", 203 exp.VolatileProperty: lambda *_: "VOLATILE", 204 exp.WithJournalTableProperty: lambda self, e: f"WITH JOURNAL TABLE={self.sql(e, 'this')}", 205 exp.WithProcedureOptions: lambda self, e: f"WITH {self.expressions(e, flat=True)}", 206 exp.WithSchemaBindingProperty: lambda self, e: f"WITH SCHEMA {self.sql(e, 'this')}", 207 exp.WithOperator: lambda self, e: f"{self.sql(e, 'this')} WITH {self.sql(e, 'op')}", 208 } 209 210 # Whether null ordering is supported in order by 211 # True: Full Support, None: No support, False: No support for certain cases 212 # such as window specifications, aggregate functions etc 213 NULL_ORDERING_SUPPORTED: t.Optional[bool] = True 214 215 # Whether ignore nulls is inside the agg or outside. 216 # FIRST(x IGNORE NULLS) OVER vs FIRST (x) IGNORE NULLS OVER 217 IGNORE_NULLS_IN_FUNC = False 218 219 # Whether locking reads (i.e. SELECT ... FOR UPDATE/SHARE) are supported 220 LOCKING_READS_SUPPORTED = False 221 222 # Whether the EXCEPT and INTERSECT operations can return duplicates 223 EXCEPT_INTERSECT_SUPPORT_ALL_CLAUSE = True 224 225 # Wrap derived values in parens, usually standard but spark doesn't support it 226 WRAP_DERIVED_VALUES = True 227 228 # Whether create function uses an AS before the RETURN 229 CREATE_FUNCTION_RETURN_AS = True 230 231 # Whether MERGE ... WHEN MATCHED BY SOURCE is allowed 232 MATCHED_BY_SOURCE = True 233 234 # Whether the INTERVAL expression works only with values like '1 day' 235 SINGLE_STRING_INTERVAL = False 236 237 # Whether the plural form of date parts like day (i.e. "days") is supported in INTERVALs 238 INTERVAL_ALLOWS_PLURAL_FORM = True 239 240 # Whether limit and fetch are supported (possible values: "ALL", "LIMIT", "FETCH") 241 LIMIT_FETCH = "ALL" 242 243 # Whether limit and fetch allows expresions or just limits 244 LIMIT_ONLY_LITERALS = False 245 246 # Whether a table is allowed to be renamed with a db 247 RENAME_TABLE_WITH_DB = True 248 249 # The separator for grouping sets and rollups 250 GROUPINGS_SEP = "," 251 252 # The string used for creating an index on a table 253 INDEX_ON = "ON" 254 255 # Whether join hints should be generated 256 JOIN_HINTS = True 257 258 # Whether table hints should be generated 259 TABLE_HINTS = True 260 261 # Whether query hints should be generated 262 QUERY_HINTS = True 263 264 # What kind of separator to use for query hints 265 QUERY_HINT_SEP = ", " 266 267 # Whether comparing against booleans (e.g. x IS TRUE) is supported 268 IS_BOOL_ALLOWED = True 269 270 # Whether to include the "SET" keyword in the "INSERT ... ON DUPLICATE KEY UPDATE" statement 271 DUPLICATE_KEY_UPDATE_WITH_SET = True 272 273 # Whether to generate the limit as TOP <value> instead of LIMIT <value> 274 LIMIT_IS_TOP = False 275 276 # Whether to generate INSERT INTO ... RETURNING or INSERT INTO RETURNING ... 277 RETURNING_END = True 278 279 # Whether to generate an unquoted value for EXTRACT's date part argument 280 EXTRACT_ALLOWS_QUOTES = True 281 282 # Whether TIMETZ / TIMESTAMPTZ will be generated using the "WITH TIME ZONE" syntax 283 TZ_TO_WITH_TIME_ZONE = False 284 285 # Whether the NVL2 function is supported 286 NVL2_SUPPORTED = True 287 288 # https://cloud.google.com/bigquery/docs/reference/standard-sql/query-syntax 289 SELECT_KINDS: t.Tuple[str, ...] = ("STRUCT", "VALUE") 290 291 # Whether VALUES statements can be used as derived tables. 292 # MySQL 5 and Redshift do not allow this, so when False, it will convert 293 # SELECT * VALUES into SELECT UNION 294 VALUES_AS_TABLE = True 295 296 # Whether the word COLUMN is included when adding a column with ALTER TABLE 297 ALTER_TABLE_INCLUDE_COLUMN_KEYWORD = True 298 299 # UNNEST WITH ORDINALITY (presto) instead of UNNEST WITH OFFSET (bigquery) 300 UNNEST_WITH_ORDINALITY = True 301 302 # Whether FILTER (WHERE cond) can be used for conditional aggregation 303 AGGREGATE_FILTER_SUPPORTED = True 304 305 # Whether JOIN sides (LEFT, RIGHT) are supported in conjunction with SEMI/ANTI join kinds 306 SEMI_ANTI_JOIN_WITH_SIDE = True 307 308 # Whether to include the type of a computed column in the CREATE DDL 309 COMPUTED_COLUMN_WITH_TYPE = True 310 311 # Whether CREATE TABLE .. COPY .. is supported. False means we'll generate CLONE instead of COPY 312 SUPPORTS_TABLE_COPY = True 313 314 # Whether parentheses are required around the table sample's expression 315 TABLESAMPLE_REQUIRES_PARENS = True 316 317 # Whether a table sample clause's size needs to be followed by the ROWS keyword 318 TABLESAMPLE_SIZE_IS_ROWS = True 319 320 # The keyword(s) to use when generating a sample clause 321 TABLESAMPLE_KEYWORDS = "TABLESAMPLE" 322 323 # Whether the TABLESAMPLE clause supports a method name, like BERNOULLI 324 TABLESAMPLE_WITH_METHOD = True 325 326 # The keyword to use when specifying the seed of a sample clause 327 TABLESAMPLE_SEED_KEYWORD = "SEED" 328 329 # Whether COLLATE is a function instead of a binary operator 330 COLLATE_IS_FUNC = False 331 332 # Whether data types support additional specifiers like e.g. CHAR or BYTE (oracle) 333 DATA_TYPE_SPECIFIERS_ALLOWED = False 334 335 # Whether conditions require booleans WHERE x = 0 vs WHERE x 336 ENSURE_BOOLS = False 337 338 # Whether the "RECURSIVE" keyword is required when defining recursive CTEs 339 CTE_RECURSIVE_KEYWORD_REQUIRED = True 340 341 # Whether CONCAT requires >1 arguments 342 SUPPORTS_SINGLE_ARG_CONCAT = True 343 344 # Whether LAST_DAY function supports a date part argument 345 LAST_DAY_SUPPORTS_DATE_PART = True 346 347 # Whether named columns are allowed in table aliases 348 SUPPORTS_TABLE_ALIAS_COLUMNS = True 349 350 # Whether UNPIVOT aliases are Identifiers (False means they're Literals) 351 UNPIVOT_ALIASES_ARE_IDENTIFIERS = True 352 353 # What delimiter to use for separating JSON key/value pairs 354 JSON_KEY_VALUE_PAIR_SEP = ":" 355 356 # INSERT OVERWRITE TABLE x override 357 INSERT_OVERWRITE = " OVERWRITE TABLE" 358 359 # Whether the SELECT .. INTO syntax is used instead of CTAS 360 SUPPORTS_SELECT_INTO = False 361 362 # Whether UNLOGGED tables can be created 363 SUPPORTS_UNLOGGED_TABLES = False 364 365 # Whether the CREATE TABLE LIKE statement is supported 366 SUPPORTS_CREATE_TABLE_LIKE = True 367 368 # Whether the LikeProperty needs to be specified inside of the schema clause 369 LIKE_PROPERTY_INSIDE_SCHEMA = False 370 371 # Whether DISTINCT can be followed by multiple args in an AggFunc. If not, it will be 372 # transpiled into a series of CASE-WHEN-ELSE, ultimately using a tuple conseisting of the args 373 MULTI_ARG_DISTINCT = True 374 375 # Whether the JSON extraction operators expect a value of type JSON 376 JSON_TYPE_REQUIRED_FOR_EXTRACTION = False 377 378 # Whether bracketed keys like ["foo"] are supported in JSON paths 379 JSON_PATH_BRACKETED_KEY_SUPPORTED = True 380 381 # Whether to escape keys using single quotes in JSON paths 382 JSON_PATH_SINGLE_QUOTE_ESCAPE = False 383 384 # The JSONPathPart expressions supported by this dialect 385 SUPPORTED_JSON_PATH_PARTS = ALL_JSON_PATH_PARTS.copy() 386 387 # Whether any(f(x) for x in array) can be implemented by this dialect 388 CAN_IMPLEMENT_ARRAY_ANY = False 389 390 # Whether the function TO_NUMBER is supported 391 SUPPORTS_TO_NUMBER = True 392 393 # Whether or not set op modifiers apply to the outer set op or select. 394 # SELECT * FROM x UNION SELECT * FROM y LIMIT 1 395 # True means limit 1 happens after the set op, False means it it happens on y. 396 SET_OP_MODIFIERS = True 397 398 # Whether parameters from COPY statement are wrapped in parentheses 399 COPY_PARAMS_ARE_WRAPPED = True 400 401 # Whether values of params are set with "=" token or empty space 402 COPY_PARAMS_EQ_REQUIRED = False 403 404 # Whether COPY statement has INTO keyword 405 COPY_HAS_INTO_KEYWORD = True 406 407 # Whether the conditional TRY(expression) function is supported 408 TRY_SUPPORTED = True 409 410 # Whether the UESCAPE syntax in unicode strings is supported 411 SUPPORTS_UESCAPE = True 412 413 # The keyword to use when generating a star projection with excluded columns 414 STAR_EXCEPT = "EXCEPT" 415 416 # The HEX function name 417 HEX_FUNC = "HEX" 418 419 # The keywords to use when prefixing & separating WITH based properties 420 WITH_PROPERTIES_PREFIX = "WITH" 421 422 # Whether to quote the generated expression of exp.JsonPath 423 QUOTE_JSON_PATH = True 424 425 # Whether the text pattern/fill (3rd) parameter of RPAD()/LPAD() is optional (defaults to space) 426 PAD_FILL_PATTERN_IS_REQUIRED = False 427 428 # Whether a projection can explode into multiple rows, e.g. by unnesting an array. 429 SUPPORTS_EXPLODING_PROJECTIONS = True 430 431 # Whether ARRAY_CONCAT can be generated with varlen args or if it should be reduced to 2-arg version 432 ARRAY_CONCAT_IS_VAR_LEN = True 433 434 # Whether CONVERT_TIMEZONE() is supported; if not, it will be generated as exp.AtTimeZone 435 SUPPORTS_CONVERT_TIMEZONE = False 436 437 # Whether MEDIAN(expr) is supported; if not, it will be generated as PERCENTILE_CONT(expr, 0.5) 438 SUPPORTS_MEDIAN = True 439 440 # Whether UNIX_SECONDS(timestamp) is supported 441 SUPPORTS_UNIX_SECONDS = False 442 443 # The name to generate for the JSONPath expression. If `None`, only `this` will be generated 444 PARSE_JSON_NAME: t.Optional[str] = "PARSE_JSON" 445 446 # The function name of the exp.ArraySize expression 447 ARRAY_SIZE_NAME: str = "ARRAY_LENGTH" 448 449 # Whether exp.ArraySize should generate the dimension arg too (valid for Postgres & DuckDB) 450 # None -> Doesn't support it at all 451 # False (DuckDB) -> Has backwards-compatible support, but preferably generated without 452 # True (Postgres) -> Explicitly requires it 453 ARRAY_SIZE_DIM_REQUIRED: t.Optional[bool] = None 454 455 TYPE_MAPPING = { 456 exp.DataType.Type.NCHAR: "CHAR", 457 exp.DataType.Type.NVARCHAR: "VARCHAR", 458 exp.DataType.Type.MEDIUMTEXT: "TEXT", 459 exp.DataType.Type.LONGTEXT: "TEXT", 460 exp.DataType.Type.TINYTEXT: "TEXT", 461 exp.DataType.Type.MEDIUMBLOB: "BLOB", 462 exp.DataType.Type.LONGBLOB: "BLOB", 463 exp.DataType.Type.TINYBLOB: "BLOB", 464 exp.DataType.Type.INET: "INET", 465 exp.DataType.Type.ROWVERSION: "VARBINARY", 466 } 467 468 TIME_PART_SINGULARS = { 469 "MICROSECONDS": "MICROSECOND", 470 "SECONDS": "SECOND", 471 "MINUTES": "MINUTE", 472 "HOURS": "HOUR", 473 "DAYS": "DAY", 474 "WEEKS": "WEEK", 475 "MONTHS": "MONTH", 476 "QUARTERS": "QUARTER", 477 "YEARS": "YEAR", 478 } 479 480 AFTER_HAVING_MODIFIER_TRANSFORMS = { 481 "cluster": lambda self, e: self.sql(e, "cluster"), 482 "distribute": lambda self, e: self.sql(e, "distribute"), 483 "sort": lambda self, e: self.sql(e, "sort"), 484 "windows": lambda self, e: ( 485 self.seg("WINDOW ") + self.expressions(e, key="windows", flat=True) 486 if e.args.get("windows") 487 else "" 488 ), 489 "qualify": lambda self, e: self.sql(e, "qualify"), 490 } 491 492 TOKEN_MAPPING: t.Dict[TokenType, str] = {} 493 494 STRUCT_DELIMITER = ("<", ">") 495 496 PARAMETER_TOKEN = "@" 497 NAMED_PLACEHOLDER_TOKEN = ":" 498 499 PROPERTIES_LOCATION = { 500 exp.AllowedValuesProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 501 exp.AlgorithmProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_CREATE, 502 exp.AutoIncrementProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 503 exp.AutoRefreshProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 504 exp.BackupProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 505 exp.BlockCompressionProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_NAME, 506 exp.CharacterSetProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 507 exp.ChecksumProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_NAME, 508 exp.CollateProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 509 exp.CopyGrantsProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 510 exp.Cluster: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 511 exp.ClusteredByProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 512 exp.DistributedByProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 513 exp.DuplicateKeyProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 514 exp.DataBlocksizeProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_NAME, 515 exp.DataDeletionProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 516 exp.DefinerProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_CREATE, 517 exp.DictRange: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 518 exp.DictProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 519 exp.DynamicProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_CREATE, 520 exp.DistKeyProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 521 exp.DistStyleProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 522 exp.EmptyProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 523 exp.EngineProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 524 exp.ExecuteAsProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 525 exp.ExternalProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_CREATE, 526 exp.FallbackProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_NAME, 527 exp.FileFormatProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_WITH, 528 exp.FreespaceProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_NAME, 529 exp.GlobalProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_CREATE, 530 exp.HeapProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_WITH, 531 exp.InheritsProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 532 exp.IcebergProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_CREATE, 533 exp.InputModelProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 534 exp.IsolatedLoadingProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_NAME, 535 exp.JournalProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_NAME, 536 exp.LanguageProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 537 exp.LikeProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 538 exp.LocationProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 539 exp.LockProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 540 exp.LockingProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_ALIAS, 541 exp.LogProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_NAME, 542 exp.MaterializedProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_CREATE, 543 exp.MergeBlockRatioProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_NAME, 544 exp.NoPrimaryIndexProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_EXPRESSION, 545 exp.OnProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 546 exp.OnCommitProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_EXPRESSION, 547 exp.Order: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 548 exp.OutputModelProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 549 exp.PartitionedByProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_WITH, 550 exp.PartitionedOfProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 551 exp.PrimaryKey: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 552 exp.Property: exp.Properties.Location.POST_WITH, 553 exp.RemoteWithConnectionModelProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 554 exp.ReturnsProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 555 exp.RowFormatProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 556 exp.RowFormatDelimitedProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 557 exp.RowFormatSerdeProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 558 exp.SampleProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 559 exp.SchemaCommentProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 560 exp.SecureProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_CREATE, 561 exp.SecurityProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 562 exp.SerdeProperties: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 563 exp.Set: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 564 exp.SettingsProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 565 exp.SetProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_CREATE, 566 exp.SetConfigProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 567 exp.SharingProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_EXPRESSION, 568 exp.SequenceProperties: exp.Properties.Location.POST_EXPRESSION, 569 exp.SortKeyProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 570 exp.SqlReadWriteProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 571 exp.SqlSecurityProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_CREATE, 572 exp.StabilityProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 573 exp.StreamingTableProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_CREATE, 574 exp.StrictProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 575 exp.TemporaryProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_CREATE, 576 exp.ToTableProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 577 exp.TransientProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_CREATE, 578 exp.TransformModelProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 579 exp.MergeTreeTTL: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 580 exp.UnloggedProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_CREATE, 581 exp.ViewAttributeProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 582 exp.VolatileProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_CREATE, 583 exp.WithDataProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_EXPRESSION, 584 exp.WithJournalTableProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_NAME, 585 exp.WithProcedureOptions: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 586 exp.WithSchemaBindingProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 587 exp.WithSystemVersioningProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 588 } 589 590 # Keywords that can't be used as unquoted identifier names 591 RESERVED_KEYWORDS: t.Set[str] = set() 592 593 # Expressions whose comments are separated from them for better formatting 594 WITH_SEPARATED_COMMENTS: t.Tuple[t.Type[exp.Expression], ...] = ( 595 exp.Command, 596 exp.Create, 597 exp.Delete, 598 exp.Drop, 599 exp.From, 600 exp.Insert, 601 exp.Join, 602 exp.MultitableInserts, 603 exp.Select, 604 exp.SetOperation, 605 exp.Update, 606 exp.Where, 607 exp.With, 608 ) 609 610 # Expressions that should not have their comments generated in maybe_comment 611 EXCLUDE_COMMENTS: t.Tuple[t.Type[exp.Expression], ...] = ( 612 exp.Binary, 613 exp.SetOperation, 614 ) 615 616 # Expressions that can remain unwrapped when appearing in the context of an INTERVAL 617 UNWRAPPED_INTERVAL_VALUES: t.Tuple[t.Type[exp.Expression], ...] = ( 618 exp.Column, 619 exp.Literal, 620 exp.Neg, 621 exp.Paren, 622 ) 623 624 PARAMETERIZABLE_TEXT_TYPES = { 625 exp.DataType.Type.NVARCHAR, 626 exp.DataType.Type.VARCHAR, 627 exp.DataType.Type.CHAR, 628 exp.DataType.Type.NCHAR, 629 } 630 631 # Expressions that need to have all CTEs under them bubbled up to them 632 EXPRESSIONS_WITHOUT_NESTED_CTES: t.Set[t.Type[exp.Expression]] = set() 633 634 SENTINEL_LINE_BREAK = "__SQLGLOT__LB__" 635 636 __slots__ = ( 637 "pretty", 638 "identify", 639 "normalize", 640 "pad", 641 "_indent", 642 "normalize_functions", 643 "unsupported_level", 644 "max_unsupported", 645 "leading_comma", 646 "max_text_width", 647 "comments", 648 "dialect", 649 "unsupported_messages", 650 "_escaped_quote_end", 651 "_escaped_identifier_end", 652 "_next_name", 653 "_identifier_start", 654 "_identifier_end", 655 ) 656 657 def __init__( 658 self, 659 pretty: t.Optional[bool] = None, 660 identify: str | bool = False, 661 normalize: bool = False, 662 pad: int = 2, 663 indent: int = 2, 664 normalize_functions: t.Optional[str | bool] = None, 665 unsupported_level: ErrorLevel = ErrorLevel.WARN, 666 max_unsupported: int = 3, 667 leading_comma: bool = False, 668 max_text_width: int = 80, 669 comments: bool = True, 670 dialect: DialectType = None, 671 ): 672 import sqlglot 673 from sqlglot.dialects import Dialect 674 675 self.pretty = pretty if pretty is not None else sqlglot.pretty 676 self.identify = identify 677 self.normalize = normalize 678 self.pad = pad 679 self._indent = indent 680 self.unsupported_level = unsupported_level 681 self.max_unsupported = max_unsupported 682 self.leading_comma = leading_comma 683 self.max_text_width = max_text_width 684 self.comments = comments 685 self.dialect = Dialect.get_or_raise(dialect) 686 687 # This is both a Dialect property and a Generator argument, so we prioritize the latter 688 self.normalize_functions = ( 689 self.dialect.NORMALIZE_FUNCTIONS if normalize_functions is None else normalize_functions 690 ) 691 692 self.unsupported_messages: t.List[str] = [] 693 self._escaped_quote_end: str = ( 694 self.dialect.tokenizer_class.STRING_ESCAPES[0] + self.dialect.QUOTE_END 695 ) 696 self._escaped_identifier_end = self.dialect.IDENTIFIER_END * 2 697 698 self._next_name = name_sequence("_t") 699 700 self._identifier_start = self.dialect.IDENTIFIER_START 701 self._identifier_end = self.dialect.IDENTIFIER_END 702 703 def generate(self, expression: exp.Expression, copy: bool = True) -> str: 704 """ 705 Generates the SQL string corresponding to the given syntax tree. 706 707 Args: 708 expression: The syntax tree. 709 copy: Whether to copy the expression. The generator performs mutations so 710 it is safer to copy. 711 712 Returns: 713 The SQL string corresponding to `expression`. 714 """ 715 if copy: 716 expression = expression.copy() 717 718 expression = self.preprocess(expression) 719 720 self.unsupported_messages = [] 721 sql = self.sql(expression).strip() 722 723 if self.pretty: 724 sql = sql.replace(self.SENTINEL_LINE_BREAK, "\n") 725 726 if self.unsupported_level == ErrorLevel.IGNORE: 727 return sql 728 729 if self.unsupported_level == ErrorLevel.WARN: 730 for msg in self.unsupported_messages: 731 logger.warning(msg) 732 elif self.unsupported_level == ErrorLevel.RAISE and self.unsupported_messages: 733 raise UnsupportedError(concat_messages(self.unsupported_messages, self.max_unsupported)) 734 735 return sql 736 737 def preprocess(self, expression: exp.Expression) -> exp.Expression: 738 """Apply generic preprocessing transformations to a given expression.""" 739 expression = self._move_ctes_to_top_level(expression) 740 741 if self.ENSURE_BOOLS: 742 from sqlglot.transforms import ensure_bools 743 744 expression = ensure_bools(expression) 745 746 return expression 747 748 def _move_ctes_to_top_level(self, expression: E) -> E: 749 if ( 750 not expression.parent 751 and type(expression) in self.EXPRESSIONS_WITHOUT_NESTED_CTES 752 and any(node.parent is not expression for node in expression.find_all(exp.With)) 753 ): 754 from sqlglot.transforms import move_ctes_to_top_level 755 756 expression = move_ctes_to_top_level(expression) 757 return expression 758 759 def unsupported(self, message: str) -> None: 760 if self.unsupported_level == ErrorLevel.IMMEDIATE: 761 raise UnsupportedError(message) 762 self.unsupported_messages.append(message) 763 764 def sep(self, sep: str = " ") -> str: 765 return f"{sep.strip()}\n" if self.pretty else sep 766 767 def seg(self, sql: str, sep: str = " ") -> str: 768 return f"{self.sep(sep)}{sql}" 769 770 def pad_comment(self, comment: str) -> str: 771 comment = " " + comment if comment[0].strip() else comment 772 comment = comment + " " if comment[-1].strip() else comment 773 return comment 774 775 def maybe_comment( 776 self, 777 sql: str, 778 expression: t.Optional[exp.Expression] = None, 779 comments: t.Optional[t.List[str]] = None, 780 separated: bool = False, 781 ) -> str: 782 comments = ( 783 ((expression and expression.comments) if comments is None else comments) # type: ignore 784 if self.comments 785 else None 786 ) 787 788 if not comments or isinstance(expression, self.EXCLUDE_COMMENTS): 789 return sql 790 791 comments_sql = " ".join( 792 f"/*{self.pad_comment(comment)}*/" for comment in comments if comment 793 ) 794 795 if not comments_sql: 796 return sql 797 798 comments_sql = self._replace_line_breaks(comments_sql) 799 800 if separated or isinstance(expression, self.WITH_SEPARATED_COMMENTS): 801 return ( 802 f"{self.sep()}{comments_sql}{sql}" 803 if not sql or sql[0].isspace() 804 else f"{comments_sql}{self.sep()}{sql}" 805 ) 806 807 return f"{sql} {comments_sql}" 808 809 def wrap(self, expression: exp.Expression | str) -> str: 810 this_sql = ( 811 self.sql(expression) 812 if isinstance(expression, exp.UNWRAPPED_QUERIES) 813 else self.sql(expression, "this") 814 ) 815 if not this_sql: 816 return "()" 817 818 this_sql = self.indent(this_sql, level=1, pad=0) 819 return f"({self.sep('')}{this_sql}{self.seg(')', sep='')}" 820 821 def no_identify(self, func: t.Callable[..., str], *args, **kwargs) -> str: 822 original = self.identify 823 self.identify = False 824 result = func(*args, **kwargs) 825 self.identify = original 826 return result 827 828 def normalize_func(self, name: str) -> str: 829 if self.normalize_functions == "upper" or self.normalize_functions is True: 830 return name.upper() 831 if self.normalize_functions == "lower": 832 return name.lower() 833 return name 834 835 def indent( 836 self, 837 sql: str, 838 level: int = 0, 839 pad: t.Optional[int] = None, 840 skip_first: bool = False, 841 skip_last: bool = False, 842 ) -> str: 843 if not self.pretty or not sql: 844 return sql 845 846 pad = self.pad if pad is None else pad 847 lines = sql.split("\n") 848 849 return "\n".join( 850 ( 851 line 852 if (skip_first and i == 0) or (skip_last and i == len(lines) - 1) 853 else f"{' ' * (level * self._indent + pad)}{line}" 854 ) 855 for i, line in enumerate(lines) 856 ) 857 858 def sql( 859 self, 860 expression: t.Optional[str | exp.Expression], 861 key: t.Optional[str] = None, 862 comment: bool = True, 863 ) -> str: 864 if not expression: 865 return "" 866 867 if isinstance(expression, str): 868 return expression 869 870 if key: 871 value = expression.args.get(key) 872 if value: 873 return self.sql(value) 874 return "" 875 876 transform = self.TRANSFORMS.get(expression.__class__) 877 878 if callable(transform): 879 sql = transform(self, expression) 880 elif isinstance(expression, exp.Expression): 881 exp_handler_name = f"{expression.key}_sql" 882 883 if hasattr(self, exp_handler_name): 884 sql = getattr(self, exp_handler_name)(expression) 885 elif isinstance(expression, exp.Func): 886 sql = self.function_fallback_sql(expression) 887 elif isinstance(expression, exp.Property): 888 sql = self.property_sql(expression) 889 else: 890 raise ValueError(f"Unsupported expression type {expression.__class__.__name__}") 891 else: 892 raise ValueError(f"Expected an Expression. Received {type(expression)}: {expression}") 893 894 return self.maybe_comment(sql, expression) if self.comments and comment else sql 895 896 def uncache_sql(self, expression: exp.Uncache) -> str: 897 table = self.sql(expression, "this") 898 exists_sql = " IF EXISTS" if expression.args.get("exists") else "" 899 return f"UNCACHE TABLE{exists_sql} {table}" 900 901 def cache_sql(self, expression: exp.Cache) -> str: 902 lazy = " LAZY" if expression.args.get("lazy") else "" 903 table = self.sql(expression, "this") 904 options = expression.args.get("options") 905 options = f" OPTIONS({self.sql(options[0])} = {self.sql(options[1])})" if options else "" 906 sql = self.sql(expression, "expression") 907 sql = f" AS{self.sep()}{sql}" if sql else "" 908 sql = f"CACHE{lazy} TABLE {table}{options}{sql}" 909 return self.prepend_ctes(expression, sql) 910 911 def characterset_sql(self, expression: exp.CharacterSet) -> str: 912 if isinstance(expression.parent, exp.Cast): 913 return f"CHAR CHARACTER SET {self.sql(expression, 'this')}" 914 default = "DEFAULT " if expression.args.get("default") else "" 915 return f"{default}CHARACTER SET={self.sql(expression, 'this')}" 916 917 def column_parts(self, expression: exp.Column) -> str: 918 return ".".join( 919 self.sql(part) 920 for part in ( 921 expression.args.get("catalog"), 922 expression.args.get("db"), 923 expression.args.get("table"), 924 expression.args.get("this"), 925 ) 926 if part 927 ) 928 929 def column_sql(self, expression: exp.Column) -> str: 930 join_mark = " (+)" if expression.args.get("join_mark") else "" 931 932 if join_mark and not self.dialect.SUPPORTS_COLUMN_JOIN_MARKS: 933 join_mark = "" 934 self.unsupported("Outer join syntax using the (+) operator is not supported.") 935 936 return f"{self.column_parts(expression)}{join_mark}" 937 938 def columnposition_sql(self, expression: exp.ColumnPosition) -> str: 939 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 940 this = f" {this}" if this else "" 941 position = self.sql(expression, "position") 942 return f"{position}{this}" 943 944 def columndef_sql(self, expression: exp.ColumnDef, sep: str = " ") -> str: 945 column = self.sql(expression, "this") 946 kind = self.sql(expression, "kind") 947 constraints = self.expressions(expression, key="constraints", sep=" ", flat=True) 948 exists = "IF NOT EXISTS " if expression.args.get("exists") else "" 949 kind = f"{sep}{kind}" if kind else "" 950 constraints = f" {constraints}" if constraints else "" 951 position = self.sql(expression, "position") 952 position = f" {position}" if position else "" 953 954 if expression.find(exp.ComputedColumnConstraint) and not self.COMPUTED_COLUMN_WITH_TYPE: 955 kind = "" 956 957 return f"{exists}{column}{kind}{constraints}{position}" 958 959 def columnconstraint_sql(self, expression: exp.ColumnConstraint) -> str: 960 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 961 kind_sql = self.sql(expression, "kind").strip() 962 return f"CONSTRAINT {this} {kind_sql}" if this else kind_sql 963 964 def computedcolumnconstraint_sql(self, expression: exp.ComputedColumnConstraint) -> str: 965 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 966 if expression.args.get("not_null"): 967 persisted = " PERSISTED NOT NULL" 968 elif expression.args.get("persisted"): 969 persisted = " PERSISTED" 970 else: 971 persisted = "" 972 return f"AS {this}{persisted}" 973 974 def autoincrementcolumnconstraint_sql(self, _) -> str: 975 return self.token_sql(TokenType.AUTO_INCREMENT) 976 977 def compresscolumnconstraint_sql(self, expression: exp.CompressColumnConstraint) -> str: 978 if isinstance(expression.this, list): 979 this = self.wrap(self.expressions(expression, key="this", flat=True)) 980 else: 981 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 982 983 return f"COMPRESS {this}" 984 985 def generatedasidentitycolumnconstraint_sql( 986 self, expression: exp.GeneratedAsIdentityColumnConstraint 987 ) -> str: 988 this = "" 989 if expression.this is not None: 990 on_null = " ON NULL" if expression.args.get("on_null") else "" 991 this = " ALWAYS" if expression.this else f" BY DEFAULT{on_null}" 992 993 start = expression.args.get("start") 994 start = f"START WITH {start}" if start else "" 995 increment = expression.args.get("increment") 996 increment = f" INCREMENT BY {increment}" if increment else "" 997 minvalue = expression.args.get("minvalue") 998 minvalue = f" MINVALUE {minvalue}" if minvalue else "" 999 maxvalue = expression.args.get("maxvalue") 1000 maxvalue = f" MAXVALUE {maxvalue}" if maxvalue else "" 1001 cycle = expression.args.get("cycle") 1002 cycle_sql = "" 1003 1004 if cycle is not None: 1005 cycle_sql = f"{' NO' if not cycle else ''} CYCLE" 1006 cycle_sql = cycle_sql.strip() if not start and not increment else cycle_sql 1007 1008 sequence_opts = "" 1009 if start or increment or cycle_sql: 1010 sequence_opts = f"{start}{increment}{minvalue}{maxvalue}{cycle_sql}" 1011 sequence_opts = f" ({sequence_opts.strip()})" 1012 1013 expr = self.sql(expression, "expression") 1014 expr = f"({expr})" if expr else "IDENTITY" 1015 1016 return f"GENERATED{this} AS {expr}{sequence_opts}" 1017 1018 def generatedasrowcolumnconstraint_sql( 1019 self, expression: exp.GeneratedAsRowColumnConstraint 1020 ) -> str: 1021 start = "START" if expression.args.get("start") else "END" 1022 hidden = " HIDDEN" if expression.args.get("hidden") else "" 1023 return f"GENERATED ALWAYS AS ROW {start}{hidden}" 1024 1025 def periodforsystemtimeconstraint_sql( 1026 self, expression: exp.PeriodForSystemTimeConstraint 1027 ) -> str: 1028 return f"PERIOD FOR SYSTEM_TIME ({self.sql(expression, 'this')}, {self.sql(expression, 'expression')})" 1029 1030 def notnullcolumnconstraint_sql(self, expression: exp.NotNullColumnConstraint) -> str: 1031 return f"{'' if expression.args.get('allow_null') else 'NOT '}NULL" 1032 1033 def transformcolumnconstraint_sql(self, expression: exp.TransformColumnConstraint) -> str: 1034 return f"AS {self.sql(expression, 'this')}" 1035 1036 def primarykeycolumnconstraint_sql(self, expression: exp.PrimaryKeyColumnConstraint) -> str: 1037 desc = expression.args.get("desc") 1038 if desc is not None: 1039 return f"PRIMARY KEY{' DESC' if desc else ' ASC'}" 1040 return "PRIMARY KEY" 1041 1042 def uniquecolumnconstraint_sql(self, expression: exp.UniqueColumnConstraint) -> str: 1043 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 1044 this = f" {this}" if this else "" 1045 index_type = expression.args.get("index_type") 1046 index_type = f" USING {index_type}" if index_type else "" 1047 on_conflict = self.sql(expression, "on_conflict") 1048 on_conflict = f" {on_conflict}" if on_conflict else "" 1049 nulls_sql = " NULLS NOT DISTINCT" if expression.args.get("nulls") else "" 1050 return f"UNIQUE{nulls_sql}{this}{index_type}{on_conflict}" 1051 1052 def createable_sql(self, expression: exp.Create, locations: t.DefaultDict) -> str: 1053 return self.sql(expression, "this") 1054 1055 def create_sql(self, expression: exp.Create) -> str: 1056 kind = self.sql(expression, "kind") 1057 kind = self.dialect.INVERSE_CREATABLE_KIND_MAPPING.get(kind) or kind 1058 properties = expression.args.get("properties") 1059 properties_locs = self.locate_properties(properties) if properties else defaultdict() 1060 1061 this = self.createable_sql(expression, properties_locs) 1062 1063 properties_sql = "" 1064 if properties_locs.get(exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA) or properties_locs.get( 1065 exp.Properties.Location.POST_WITH 1066 ): 1067 properties_sql = self.sql( 1068 exp.Properties( 1069 expressions=[ 1070 *properties_locs[exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA], 1071 *properties_locs[exp.Properties.Location.POST_WITH], 1072 ] 1073 ) 1074 ) 1075 1076 if properties_locs.get(exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA): 1077 properties_sql = self.sep() + properties_sql 1078 elif not self.pretty: 1079 # Standalone POST_WITH properties need a leading whitespace in non-pretty mode 1080 properties_sql = f" {properties_sql}" 1081 1082 begin = " BEGIN" if expression.args.get("begin") else "" 1083 end = " END" if expression.args.get("end") else "" 1084 1085 expression_sql = self.sql(expression, "expression") 1086 if expression_sql: 1087 expression_sql = f"{begin}{self.sep()}{expression_sql}{end}" 1088 1089 if self.CREATE_FUNCTION_RETURN_AS or not isinstance(expression.expression, exp.Return): 1090 postalias_props_sql = "" 1091 if properties_locs.get(exp.Properties.Location.POST_ALIAS): 1092 postalias_props_sql = self.properties( 1093 exp.Properties( 1094 expressions=properties_locs[exp.Properties.Location.POST_ALIAS] 1095 ), 1096 wrapped=False, 1097 ) 1098 postalias_props_sql = f" {postalias_props_sql}" if postalias_props_sql else "" 1099 expression_sql = f" AS{postalias_props_sql}{expression_sql}" 1100 1101 postindex_props_sql = "" 1102 if properties_locs.get(exp.Properties.Location.POST_INDEX): 1103 postindex_props_sql = self.properties( 1104 exp.Properties(expressions=properties_locs[exp.Properties.Location.POST_INDEX]), 1105 wrapped=False, 1106 prefix=" ", 1107 ) 1108 1109 indexes = self.expressions(expression, key="indexes", indent=False, sep=" ") 1110 indexes = f" {indexes}" if indexes else "" 1111 index_sql = indexes + postindex_props_sql 1112 1113 replace = " OR REPLACE" if expression.args.get("replace") else "" 1114 refresh = " OR REFRESH" if expression.args.get("refresh") else "" 1115 unique = " UNIQUE" if expression.args.get("unique") else "" 1116 1117 clustered = expression.args.get("clustered") 1118 if clustered is None: 1119 clustered_sql = "" 1120 elif clustered: 1121 clustered_sql = " CLUSTERED COLUMNSTORE" 1122 else: 1123 clustered_sql = " NONCLUSTERED COLUMNSTORE" 1124 1125 postcreate_props_sql = "" 1126 if properties_locs.get(exp.Properties.Location.POST_CREATE): 1127 postcreate_props_sql = self.properties( 1128 exp.Properties(expressions=properties_locs[exp.Properties.Location.POST_CREATE]), 1129 sep=" ", 1130 prefix=" ", 1131 wrapped=False, 1132 ) 1133 1134 modifiers = "".join((clustered_sql, replace, refresh, unique, postcreate_props_sql)) 1135 1136 postexpression_props_sql = "" 1137 if properties_locs.get(exp.Properties.Location.POST_EXPRESSION): 1138 postexpression_props_sql = self.properties( 1139 exp.Properties( 1140 expressions=properties_locs[exp.Properties.Location.POST_EXPRESSION] 1141 ), 1142 sep=" ", 1143 prefix=" ", 1144 wrapped=False, 1145 ) 1146 1147 concurrently = " CONCURRENTLY" if expression.args.get("concurrently") else "" 1148 exists_sql = " IF NOT EXISTS" if expression.args.get("exists") else "" 1149 no_schema_binding = ( 1150 " WITH NO SCHEMA BINDING" if expression.args.get("no_schema_binding") else "" 1151 ) 1152 1153 clone = self.sql(expression, "clone") 1154 clone = f" {clone}" if clone else "" 1155 1156 expression_sql = f"CREATE{modifiers} {kind}{concurrently}{exists_sql} {this}{properties_sql}{expression_sql}{postexpression_props_sql}{index_sql}{no_schema_binding}{clone}" 1157 return self.prepend_ctes(expression, expression_sql) 1158 1159 def sequenceproperties_sql(self, expression: exp.SequenceProperties) -> str: 1160 start = self.sql(expression, "start") 1161 start = f"START WITH {start}" if start else "" 1162 increment = self.sql(expression, "increment") 1163 increment = f" INCREMENT BY {increment}" if increment else "" 1164 minvalue = self.sql(expression, "minvalue") 1165 minvalue = f" MINVALUE {minvalue}" if minvalue else "" 1166 maxvalue = self.sql(expression, "maxvalue") 1167 maxvalue = f" MAXVALUE {maxvalue}" if maxvalue else "" 1168 owned = self.sql(expression, "owned") 1169 owned = f" OWNED BY {owned}" if owned else "" 1170 1171 cache = expression.args.get("cache") 1172 if cache is None: 1173 cache_str = "" 1174 elif cache is True: 1175 cache_str = " CACHE" 1176 else: 1177 cache_str = f" CACHE {cache}" 1178 1179 options = self.expressions(expression, key="options", flat=True, sep=" ") 1180 options = f" {options}" if options else "" 1181 1182 return f"{start}{increment}{minvalue}{maxvalue}{cache_str}{options}{owned}".lstrip() 1183 1184 def clone_sql(self, expression: exp.Clone) -> str: 1185 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 1186 shallow = "SHALLOW " if expression.args.get("shallow") else "" 1187 keyword = "COPY" if expression.args.get("copy") and self.SUPPORTS_TABLE_COPY else "CLONE" 1188 return f"{shallow}{keyword} {this}" 1189 1190 def describe_sql(self, expression: exp.Describe) -> str: 1191 style = expression.args.get("style") 1192 style = f" {style}" if style else "" 1193 partition = self.sql(expression, "partition") 1194 partition = f" {partition}" if partition else "" 1195 return f"DESCRIBE{style} {self.sql(expression, 'this')}{partition}" 1196 1197 def heredoc_sql(self, expression: exp.Heredoc) -> str: 1198 tag = self.sql(expression, "tag") 1199 return f"${tag}${self.sql(expression, 'this')}${tag}$" 1200 1201 def prepend_ctes(self, expression: exp.Expression, sql: str) -> str: 1202 with_ = self.sql(expression, "with") 1203 if with_: 1204 sql = f"{with_}{self.sep()}{sql}" 1205 return sql 1206 1207 def with_sql(self, expression: exp.With) -> str: 1208 sql = self.expressions(expression, flat=True) 1209 recursive = ( 1210 "RECURSIVE " 1211 if self.CTE_RECURSIVE_KEYWORD_REQUIRED and expression.args.get("recursive") 1212 else "" 1213 ) 1214 1215 return f"WITH {recursive}{sql}" 1216 1217 def cte_sql(self, expression: exp.CTE) -> str: 1218 alias = expression.args.get("alias") 1219 if alias: 1220 alias.add_comments(expression.pop_comments()) 1221 1222 alias_sql = self.sql(expression, "alias") 1223 1224 materialized = expression.args.get("materialized") 1225 if materialized is False: 1226 materialized = "NOT MATERIALIZED " 1227 elif materialized: 1228 materialized = "MATERIALIZED " 1229 1230 return f"{alias_sql} AS {materialized or ''}{self.wrap(expression)}" 1231 1232 def tablealias_sql(self, expression: exp.TableAlias) -> str: 1233 alias = self.sql(expression, "this") 1234 columns = self.expressions(expression, key="columns", flat=True) 1235 columns = f"({columns})" if columns else "" 1236 1237 if columns and not self.SUPPORTS_TABLE_ALIAS_COLUMNS: 1238 columns = "" 1239 self.unsupported("Named columns are not supported in table alias.") 1240 1241 if not alias and not self.dialect.UNNEST_COLUMN_ONLY: 1242 alias = self._next_name() 1243 1244 return f"{alias}{columns}" 1245 1246 def bitstring_sql(self, expression: exp.BitString) -> str: 1247 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 1248 if self.dialect.BIT_START: 1249 return f"{self.dialect.BIT_START}{this}{self.dialect.BIT_END}" 1250 return f"{int(this, 2)}" 1251 1252 def hexstring_sql(self, expression: exp.HexString) -> str: 1253 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 1254 if self.dialect.HEX_START: 1255 return f"{self.dialect.HEX_START}{this}{self.dialect.HEX_END}" 1256 return f"{int(this, 16)}" 1257 1258 def bytestring_sql(self, expression: exp.ByteString) -> str: 1259 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 1260 if self.dialect.BYTE_START: 1261 return f"{self.dialect.BYTE_START}{this}{self.dialect.BYTE_END}" 1262 return this 1263 1264 def unicodestring_sql(self, expression: exp.UnicodeString) -> str: 1265 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 1266 escape = expression.args.get("escape") 1267 1268 if self.dialect.UNICODE_START: 1269 escape_substitute = r"\\\1" 1270 left_quote, right_quote = self.dialect.UNICODE_START, self.dialect.UNICODE_END 1271 else: 1272 escape_substitute = r"\\u\1" 1273 left_quote, right_quote = self.dialect.QUOTE_START, self.dialect.QUOTE_END 1274 1275 if escape: 1276 escape_pattern = re.compile(rf"{escape.name}(\d+)") 1277 escape_sql = f" UESCAPE {self.sql(escape)}" if self.SUPPORTS_UESCAPE else "" 1278 else: 1279 escape_pattern = ESCAPED_UNICODE_RE 1280 escape_sql = "" 1281 1282 if not self.dialect.UNICODE_START or (escape and not self.SUPPORTS_UESCAPE): 1283 this = escape_pattern.sub(escape_substitute, this) 1284 1285 return f"{left_quote}{this}{right_quote}{escape_sql}" 1286 1287 def rawstring_sql(self, expression: exp.RawString) -> str: 1288 string = self.escape_str(expression.this.replace("\\", "\\\\"), escape_backslash=False) 1289 return f"{self.dialect.QUOTE_START}{string}{self.dialect.QUOTE_END}" 1290 1291 def datatypeparam_sql(self, expression: exp.DataTypeParam) -> str: 1292 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 1293 specifier = self.sql(expression, "expression") 1294 specifier = f" {specifier}" if specifier and self.DATA_TYPE_SPECIFIERS_ALLOWED else "" 1295 return f"{this}{specifier}" 1296 1297 def datatype_sql(self, expression: exp.DataType) -> str: 1298 nested = "" 1299 values = "" 1300 interior = self.expressions(expression, flat=True) 1301 1302 type_value = expression.this 1303 if type_value == exp.DataType.Type.USERDEFINED and expression.args.get("kind"): 1304 type_sql = self.sql(expression, "kind") 1305 else: 1306 type_sql = ( 1307 self.TYPE_MAPPING.get(type_value, type_value.value) 1308 if isinstance(type_value, exp.DataType.Type) 1309 else type_value 1310 ) 1311 1312 if interior: 1313 if expression.args.get("nested"): 1314 nested = f"{self.STRUCT_DELIMITER[0]}{interior}{self.STRUCT_DELIMITER[1]}" 1315 if expression.args.get("values") is not None: 1316 delimiters = ("[", "]") if type_value == exp.DataType.Type.ARRAY else ("(", ")") 1317 values = self.expressions(expression, key="values", flat=True) 1318 values = f"{delimiters[0]}{values}{delimiters[1]}" 1319 elif type_value == exp.DataType.Type.INTERVAL: 1320 nested = f" {interior}" 1321 else: 1322 nested = f"({interior})" 1323 1324 type_sql = f"{type_sql}{nested}{values}" 1325 if self.TZ_TO_WITH_TIME_ZONE and type_value in ( 1326 exp.DataType.Type.TIMETZ, 1327 exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMPTZ, 1328 ): 1329 type_sql = f"{type_sql} WITH TIME ZONE" 1330 1331 return type_sql 1332 1333 def directory_sql(self, expression: exp.Directory) -> str: 1334 local = "LOCAL " if expression.args.get("local") else "" 1335 row_format = self.sql(expression, "row_format") 1336 row_format = f" {row_format}" if row_format else "" 1337 return f"{local}DIRECTORY {self.sql(expression, 'this')}{row_format}" 1338 1339 def delete_sql(self, expression: exp.Delete) -> str: 1340 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 1341 this = f" FROM {this}" if this else "" 1342 using = self.sql(expression, "using") 1343 using = f" USING {using}" if using else "" 1344 cluster = self.sql(expression, "cluster") 1345 cluster = f" {cluster}" if cluster else "" 1346 where = self.sql(expression, "where") 1347 returning = self.sql(expression, "returning") 1348 limit = self.sql(expression, "limit") 1349 tables = self.expressions(expression, key="tables") 1350 tables = f" {tables}" if tables else "" 1351 if self.RETURNING_END: 1352 expression_sql = f"{this}{using}{cluster}{where}{returning}{limit}" 1353 else: 1354 expression_sql = f"{returning}{this}{using}{cluster}{where}{limit}" 1355 return self.prepend_ctes(expression, f"DELETE{tables}{expression_sql}") 1356 1357 def drop_sql(self, expression: exp.Drop) -> str: 1358 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 1359 expressions = self.expressions(expression, flat=True) 1360 expressions = f" ({expressions})" if expressions else "" 1361 kind = expression.args["kind"] 1362 kind = self.dialect.INVERSE_CREATABLE_KIND_MAPPING.get(kind) or kind 1363 exists_sql = " IF EXISTS " if expression.args.get("exists") else " " 1364 concurrently_sql = " CONCURRENTLY" if expression.args.get("concurrently") else "" 1365 on_cluster = self.sql(expression, "cluster") 1366 on_cluster = f" {on_cluster}" if on_cluster else "" 1367 temporary = " TEMPORARY" if expression.args.get("temporary") else "" 1368 materialized = " MATERIALIZED" if expression.args.get("materialized") else "" 1369 cascade = " CASCADE" if expression.args.get("cascade") else "" 1370 constraints = " CONSTRAINTS" if expression.args.get("constraints") else "" 1371 purge = " PURGE" if expression.args.get("purge") else "" 1372 return f"DROP{temporary}{materialized} {kind}{concurrently_sql}{exists_sql}{this}{on_cluster}{expressions}{cascade}{constraints}{purge}" 1373 1374 def set_operation(self, expression: exp.SetOperation) -> str: 1375 op_type = type(expression) 1376 op_name = op_type.key.upper() 1377 1378 distinct = expression.args.get("distinct") 1379 if ( 1380 distinct is False 1381 and op_type in (exp.Except, exp.Intersect) 1382 and not self.EXCEPT_INTERSECT_SUPPORT_ALL_CLAUSE 1383 ): 1384 self.unsupported(f"{op_name} ALL is not supported") 1385 1386 default_distinct = self.dialect.SET_OP_DISTINCT_BY_DEFAULT[op_type] 1387 1388 if distinct is None: 1389 distinct = default_distinct 1390 if distinct is None: 1391 self.unsupported(f"{op_name} requires DISTINCT or ALL to be specified") 1392 1393 if distinct is default_distinct: 1394 kind = "" 1395 else: 1396 kind = " DISTINCT" if distinct else " ALL" 1397 1398 by_name = " BY NAME" if expression.args.get("by_name") else "" 1399 return f"{op_name}{kind}{by_name}" 1400 1401 def set_operations(self, expression: exp.SetOperation) -> str: 1402 if not self.SET_OP_MODIFIERS: 1403 limit = expression.args.get("limit") 1404 order = expression.args.get("order") 1405 1406 if limit or order: 1407 select = self._move_ctes_to_top_level( 1408 exp.subquery(expression, "_l_0", copy=False).select("*", copy=False) 1409 ) 1410 1411 if limit: 1412 select = select.limit(limit.pop(), copy=False) 1413 if order: 1414 select = select.order_by(order.pop(), copy=False) 1415 return self.sql(select) 1416 1417 sqls: t.List[str] = [] 1418 stack: t.List[t.Union[str, exp.Expression]] = [expression] 1419 1420 while stack: 1421 node = stack.pop() 1422 1423 if isinstance(node, exp.SetOperation): 1424 stack.append(node.expression) 1425 stack.append( 1426 self.maybe_comment( 1427 self.set_operation(node), comments=node.comments, separated=True 1428 ) 1429 ) 1430 stack.append(node.this) 1431 else: 1432 sqls.append(self.sql(node)) 1433 1434 this = self.sep().join(sqls) 1435 this = self.query_modifiers(expression, this) 1436 return self.prepend_ctes(expression, this) 1437 1438 def fetch_sql(self, expression: exp.Fetch) -> str: 1439 direction = expression.args.get("direction") 1440 direction = f" {direction}" if direction else "" 1441 count = self.sql(expression, "count") 1442 count = f" {count}" if count else "" 1443 if expression.args.get("percent"): 1444 count = f"{count} PERCENT" 1445 with_ties_or_only = "WITH TIES" if expression.args.get("with_ties") else "ONLY" 1446 return f"{self.seg('FETCH')}{direction}{count} ROWS {with_ties_or_only}" 1447 1448 def filter_sql(self, expression: exp.Filter) -> str: 1449 if self.AGGREGATE_FILTER_SUPPORTED: 1450 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 1451 where = self.sql(expression, "expression").strip() 1452 return f"{this} FILTER({where})" 1453 1454 agg = expression.this 1455 agg_arg = agg.this 1456 cond = expression.expression.this 1457 agg_arg.replace(exp.If(this=cond.copy(), true=agg_arg.copy())) 1458 return self.sql(agg) 1459 1460 def hint_sql(self, expression: exp.Hint) -> str: 1461 if not self.QUERY_HINTS: 1462 self.unsupported("Hints are not supported") 1463 return "" 1464 1465 return f" /*+ {self.expressions(expression, sep=self.QUERY_HINT_SEP).strip()} */" 1466 1467 def indexparameters_sql(self, expression: exp.IndexParameters) -> str: 1468 using = self.sql(expression, "using") 1469 using = f" USING {using}" if using else "" 1470 columns = self.expressions(expression, key="columns", flat=True) 1471 columns = f"({columns})" if columns else "" 1472 partition_by = self.expressions(expression, key="partition_by", flat=True) 1473 partition_by = f" PARTITION BY {partition_by}" if partition_by else "" 1474 where = self.sql(expression, "where") 1475 include = self.expressions(expression, key="include", flat=True) 1476 if include: 1477 include = f" INCLUDE ({include})" 1478 with_storage = self.expressions(expression, key="with_storage", flat=True) 1479 with_storage = f" WITH ({with_storage})" if with_storage else "" 1480 tablespace = self.sql(expression, "tablespace") 1481 tablespace = f" USING INDEX TABLESPACE {tablespace}" if tablespace else "" 1482 on = self.sql(expression, "on") 1483 on = f" ON {on}" if on else "" 1484 1485 return f"{using}{columns}{include}{with_storage}{tablespace}{partition_by}{where}{on}" 1486 1487 def index_sql(self, expression: exp.Index) -> str: 1488 unique = "UNIQUE " if expression.args.get("unique") else "" 1489 primary = "PRIMARY " if expression.args.get("primary") else "" 1490 amp = "AMP " if expression.args.get("amp") else "" 1491 name = self.sql(expression, "this") 1492 name = f"{name} " if name else "" 1493 table = self.sql(expression, "table") 1494 table = f"{self.INDEX_ON} {table}" if table else "" 1495 1496 index = "INDEX " if not table else "" 1497 1498 params = self.sql(expression, "params") 1499 return f"{unique}{primary}{amp}{index}{name}{table}{params}" 1500 1501 def identifier_sql(self, expression: exp.Identifier) -> str: 1502 text = expression.name 1503 lower = text.lower() 1504 text = lower if self.normalize and not expression.quoted else text 1505 text = text.replace(self._identifier_end, self._escaped_identifier_end) 1506 if ( 1507 expression.quoted 1508 or self.dialect.can_identify(text, self.identify) 1509 or lower in self.RESERVED_KEYWORDS 1510 or (not self.dialect.IDENTIFIERS_CAN_START_WITH_DIGIT and text[:1].isdigit()) 1511 ): 1512 text = f"{self._identifier_start}{text}{self._identifier_end}" 1513 return text 1514 1515 def hex_sql(self, expression: exp.Hex) -> str: 1516 text = self.func(self.HEX_FUNC, self.sql(expression, "this")) 1517 if self.dialect.HEX_LOWERCASE: 1518 text = self.func("LOWER", text) 1519 1520 return text 1521 1522 def lowerhex_sql(self, expression: exp.LowerHex) -> str: 1523 text = self.func(self.HEX_FUNC, self.sql(expression, "this")) 1524 if not self.dialect.HEX_LOWERCASE: 1525 text = self.func("LOWER", text) 1526 return text 1527 1528 def inputoutputformat_sql(self, expression: exp.InputOutputFormat) -> str: 1529 input_format = self.sql(expression, "input_format") 1530 input_format = f"INPUTFORMAT {input_format}" if input_format else "" 1531 output_format = self.sql(expression, "output_format") 1532 output_format = f"OUTPUTFORMAT {output_format}" if output_format else "" 1533 return self.sep().join((input_format, output_format)) 1534 1535 def national_sql(self, expression: exp.National, prefix: str = "N") -> str: 1536 string = self.sql(exp.Literal.string(expression.name)) 1537 return f"{prefix}{string}" 1538 1539 def partition_sql(self, expression: exp.Partition) -> str: 1540 return f"PARTITION({self.expressions(expression, flat=True)})" 1541 1542 def properties_sql(self, expression: exp.Properties) -> str: 1543 root_properties = [] 1544 with_properties = [] 1545 1546 for p in expression.expressions: 1547 p_loc = self.PROPERTIES_LOCATION[p.__class__] 1548 if p_loc == exp.Properties.Location.POST_WITH: 1549 with_properties.append(p) 1550 elif p_loc == exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA: 1551 root_properties.append(p) 1552 1553 root_props = self.root_properties(exp.Properties(expressions=root_properties)) 1554 with_props = self.with_properties(exp.Properties(expressions=with_properties)) 1555 1556 if root_props and with_props and not self.pretty: 1557 with_props = " " + with_props 1558 1559 return root_props + with_props 1560 1561 def root_properties(self, properties: exp.Properties) -> str: 1562 if properties.expressions: 1563 return self.expressions(properties, indent=False, sep=" ") 1564 return "" 1565 1566 def properties( 1567 self, 1568 properties: exp.Properties, 1569 prefix: str = "", 1570 sep: str = ", ", 1571 suffix: str = "", 1572 wrapped: bool = True, 1573 ) -> str: 1574 if properties.expressions: 1575 expressions = self.expressions(properties, sep=sep, indent=False) 1576 if expressions: 1577 expressions = self.wrap(expressions) if wrapped else expressions 1578 return f"{prefix}{' ' if prefix.strip() else ''}{expressions}{suffix}" 1579 return "" 1580 1581 def with_properties(self, properties: exp.Properties) -> str: 1582 return self.properties(properties, prefix=self.seg(self.WITH_PROPERTIES_PREFIX, sep="")) 1583 1584 def locate_properties(self, properties: exp.Properties) -> t.DefaultDict: 1585 properties_locs = defaultdict(list) 1586 for p in properties.expressions: 1587 p_loc = self.PROPERTIES_LOCATION[p.__class__] 1588 if p_loc != exp.Properties.Location.UNSUPPORTED: 1589 properties_locs[p_loc].append(p) 1590 else: 1591 self.unsupported(f"Unsupported property {p.key}") 1592 1593 return properties_locs 1594 1595 def property_name(self, expression: exp.Property, string_key: bool = False) -> str: 1596 if isinstance(expression.this, exp.Dot): 1597 return self.sql(expression, "this") 1598 return f"'{expression.name}'" if string_key else expression.name 1599 1600 def property_sql(self, expression: exp.Property) -> str: 1601 property_cls = expression.__class__ 1602 if property_cls == exp.Property: 1603 return f"{self.property_name(expression)}={self.sql(expression, 'value')}" 1604 1605 property_name = exp.Properties.PROPERTY_TO_NAME.get(property_cls) 1606 if not property_name: 1607 self.unsupported(f"Unsupported property {expression.key}") 1608 1609 return f"{property_name}={self.sql(expression, 'this')}" 1610 1611 def likeproperty_sql(self, expression: exp.LikeProperty) -> str: 1612 if self.SUPPORTS_CREATE_TABLE_LIKE: 1613 options = " ".join(f"{e.name} {self.sql(e, 'value')}" for e in expression.expressions) 1614 options = f" {options}" if options else "" 1615 1616 like = f"LIKE {self.sql(expression, 'this')}{options}" 1617 if self.LIKE_PROPERTY_INSIDE_SCHEMA and not isinstance(expression.parent, exp.Schema): 1618 like = f"({like})" 1619 1620 return like 1621 1622 if expression.expressions: 1623 self.unsupported("Transpilation of LIKE property options is unsupported") 1624 1625 select = exp.select("*").from_(expression.this).limit(0) 1626 return f"AS {self.sql(select)}" 1627 1628 def fallbackproperty_sql(self, expression: exp.FallbackProperty) -> str: 1629 no = "NO " if expression.args.get("no") else "" 1630 protection = " PROTECTION" if expression.args.get("protection") else "" 1631 return f"{no}FALLBACK{protection}" 1632 1633 def journalproperty_sql(self, expression: exp.JournalProperty) -> str: 1634 no = "NO " if expression.args.get("no") else "" 1635 local = expression.args.get("local") 1636 local = f"{local} " if local else "" 1637 dual = "DUAL " if expression.args.get("dual") else "" 1638 before = "BEFORE " if expression.args.get("before") else "" 1639 after = "AFTER " if expression.args.get("after") else "" 1640 return f"{no}{local}{dual}{before}{after}JOURNAL" 1641 1642 def freespaceproperty_sql(self, expression: exp.FreespaceProperty) -> str: 1643 freespace = self.sql(expression, "this") 1644 percent = " PERCENT" if expression.args.get("percent") else "" 1645 return f"FREESPACE={freespace}{percent}" 1646 1647 def checksumproperty_sql(self, expression: exp.ChecksumProperty) -> str: 1648 if expression.args.get("default"): 1649 property = "DEFAULT" 1650 elif expression.args.get("on"): 1651 property = "ON" 1652 else: 1653 property = "OFF" 1654 return f"CHECKSUM={property}" 1655 1656 def mergeblockratioproperty_sql(self, expression: exp.MergeBlockRatioProperty) -> str: 1657 if expression.args.get("no"): 1658 return "NO MERGEBLOCKRATIO" 1659 if expression.args.get("default"): 1660 return "DEFAULT MERGEBLOCKRATIO" 1661 1662 percent = " PERCENT" if expression.args.get("percent") else "" 1663 return f"MERGEBLOCKRATIO={self.sql(expression, 'this')}{percent}" 1664 1665 def datablocksizeproperty_sql(self, expression: exp.DataBlocksizeProperty) -> str: 1666 default = expression.args.get("default") 1667 minimum = expression.args.get("minimum") 1668 maximum = expression.args.get("maximum") 1669 if default or minimum or maximum: 1670 if default: 1671 prop = "DEFAULT" 1672 elif minimum: 1673 prop = "MINIMUM" 1674 else: 1675 prop = "MAXIMUM" 1676 return f"{prop} DATABLOCKSIZE" 1677 units = expression.args.get("units") 1678 units = f" {units}" if units else "" 1679 return f"DATABLOCKSIZE={self.sql(expression, 'size')}{units}" 1680 1681 def blockcompressionproperty_sql(self, expression: exp.BlockCompressionProperty) -> str: 1682 autotemp = expression.args.get("autotemp") 1683 always = expression.args.get("always") 1684 default = expression.args.get("default") 1685 manual = expression.args.get("manual") 1686 never = expression.args.get("never") 1687 1688 if autotemp is not None: 1689 prop = f"AUTOTEMP({self.expressions(autotemp)})" 1690 elif always: 1691 prop = "ALWAYS" 1692 elif default: 1693 prop = "DEFAULT" 1694 elif manual: 1695 prop = "MANUAL" 1696 elif never: 1697 prop = "NEVER" 1698 return f"BLOCKCOMPRESSION={prop}" 1699 1700 def isolatedloadingproperty_sql(self, expression: exp.IsolatedLoadingProperty) -> str: 1701 no = expression.args.get("no") 1702 no = " NO" if no else "" 1703 concurrent = expression.args.get("concurrent") 1704 concurrent = " CONCURRENT" if concurrent else "" 1705 target = self.sql(expression, "target") 1706 target = f" {target}" if target else "" 1707 return f"WITH{no}{concurrent} ISOLATED LOADING{target}" 1708 1709 def partitionboundspec_sql(self, expression: exp.PartitionBoundSpec) -> str: 1710 if isinstance(expression.this, list): 1711 return f"IN ({self.expressions(expression, key='this', flat=True)})" 1712 if expression.this: 1713 modulus = self.sql(expression, "this") 1714 remainder = self.sql(expression, "expression") 1715 return f"WITH (MODULUS {modulus}, REMAINDER {remainder})" 1716 1717 from_expressions = self.expressions(expression, key="from_expressions", flat=True) 1718 to_expressions = self.expressions(expression, key="to_expressions", flat=True) 1719 return f"FROM ({from_expressions}) TO ({to_expressions})" 1720 1721 def partitionedofproperty_sql(self, expression: exp.PartitionedOfProperty) -> str: 1722 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 1723 1724 for_values_or_default = expression.expression 1725 if isinstance(for_values_or_default, exp.PartitionBoundSpec): 1726 for_values_or_default = f" FOR VALUES {self.sql(for_values_or_default)}" 1727 else: 1728 for_values_or_default = " DEFAULT" 1729 1730 return f"PARTITION OF {this}{for_values_or_default}" 1731 1732 def lockingproperty_sql(self, expression: exp.LockingProperty) -> str: 1733 kind = expression.args.get("kind") 1734 this = f" {self.sql(expression, 'this')}" if expression.this else "" 1735 for_or_in = expression.args.get("for_or_in") 1736 for_or_in = f" {for_or_in}" if for_or_in else "" 1737 lock_type = expression.args.get("lock_type") 1738 override = " OVERRIDE" if expression.args.get("override") else "" 1739 return f"LOCKING {kind}{this}{for_or_in} {lock_type}{override}" 1740 1741 def withdataproperty_sql(self, expression: exp.WithDataProperty) -> str: 1742 data_sql = f"WITH {'NO ' if expression.args.get('no') else ''}DATA" 1743 statistics = expression.args.get("statistics") 1744 statistics_sql = "" 1745 if statistics is not None: 1746 statistics_sql = f" AND {'NO ' if not statistics else ''}STATISTICS" 1747 return f"{data_sql}{statistics_sql}" 1748 1749 def withsystemversioningproperty_sql(self, expression: exp.WithSystemVersioningProperty) -> str: 1750 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 1751 this = f"HISTORY_TABLE={this}" if this else "" 1752 data_consistency: t.Optional[str] = self.sql(expression, "data_consistency") 1753 data_consistency = ( 1754 f"DATA_CONSISTENCY_CHECK={data_consistency}" if data_consistency else None 1755 ) 1756 retention_period: t.Optional[str] = self.sql(expression, "retention_period") 1757 retention_period = ( 1758 f"HISTORY_RETENTION_PERIOD={retention_period}" if retention_period else None 1759 ) 1760 1761 if this: 1762 on_sql = self.func("ON", this, data_consistency, retention_period) 1763 else: 1764 on_sql = "ON" if expression.args.get("on") else "OFF" 1765 1766 sql = f"SYSTEM_VERSIONING={on_sql}" 1767 1768 return f"WITH({sql})" if expression.args.get("with") else sql 1769 1770 def insert_sql(self, expression: exp.Insert) -> str: 1771 hint = self.sql(expression, "hint") 1772 overwrite = expression.args.get("overwrite") 1773 1774 if isinstance(expression.this, exp.Directory): 1775 this = " OVERWRITE" if overwrite else " INTO" 1776 else: 1777 this = self.INSERT_OVERWRITE if overwrite else " INTO" 1778 1779 stored = self.sql(expression, "stored") 1780 stored = f" {stored}" if stored else "" 1781 alternative = expression.args.get("alternative") 1782 alternative = f" OR {alternative}" if alternative else "" 1783 ignore = " IGNORE" if expression.args.get("ignore") else "" 1784 is_function = expression.args.get("is_function") 1785 if is_function: 1786 this = f"{this} FUNCTION" 1787 this = f"{this} {self.sql(expression, 'this')}" 1788 1789 exists = " IF EXISTS" if expression.args.get("exists") else "" 1790 where = self.sql(expression, "where") 1791 where = f"{self.sep()}REPLACE WHERE {where}" if where else "" 1792 expression_sql = f"{self.sep()}{self.sql(expression, 'expression')}" 1793 on_conflict = self.sql(expression, "conflict") 1794 on_conflict = f" {on_conflict}" if on_conflict else "" 1795 by_name = " BY NAME" if expression.args.get("by_name") else "" 1796 returning = self.sql(expression, "returning") 1797 1798 if self.RETURNING_END: 1799 expression_sql = f"{expression_sql}{on_conflict}{returning}" 1800 else: 1801 expression_sql = f"{returning}{expression_sql}{on_conflict}" 1802 1803 partition_by = self.sql(expression, "partition") 1804 partition_by = f" {partition_by}" if partition_by else "" 1805 settings = self.sql(expression, "settings") 1806 settings = f" {settings}" if settings else "" 1807 1808 source = self.sql(expression, "source") 1809 source = f"TABLE {source}" if source else "" 1810 1811 sql = f"INSERT{hint}{alternative}{ignore}{this}{stored}{by_name}{exists}{partition_by}{settings}{where}{expression_sql}{source}" 1812 return self.prepend_ctes(expression, sql) 1813 1814 def introducer_sql(self, expression: exp.Introducer) -> str: 1815 return f"{self.sql(expression, 'this')} {self.sql(expression, 'expression')}" 1816 1817 def kill_sql(self, expression: exp.Kill) -> str: 1818 kind = self.sql(expression, "kind") 1819 kind = f" {kind}" if kind else "" 1820 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 1821 this = f" {this}" if this else "" 1822 return f"KILL{kind}{this}" 1823 1824 def pseudotype_sql(self, expression: exp.PseudoType) -> str: 1825 return expression.name 1826 1827 def objectidentifier_sql(self, expression: exp.ObjectIdentifier) -> str: 1828 return expression.name 1829 1830 def onconflict_sql(self, expression: exp.OnConflict) -> str: 1831 conflict = "ON DUPLICATE KEY" if expression.args.get("duplicate") else "ON CONFLICT" 1832 1833 constraint = self.sql(expression, "constraint") 1834 constraint = f" ON CONSTRAINT {constraint}" if constraint else "" 1835 1836 conflict_keys = self.expressions(expression, key="conflict_keys", flat=True) 1837 conflict_keys = f"({conflict_keys}) " if conflict_keys else " " 1838 action = self.sql(expression, "action") 1839 1840 expressions = self.expressions(expression, flat=True) 1841 if expressions: 1842 set_keyword = "SET " if self.DUPLICATE_KEY_UPDATE_WITH_SET else "" 1843 expressions = f" {set_keyword}{expressions}" 1844 1845 return f"{conflict}{constraint}{conflict_keys}{action}{expressions}" 1846 1847 def returning_sql(self, expression: exp.Returning) -> str: 1848 return f"{self.seg('RETURNING')} {self.expressions(expression, flat=True)}" 1849 1850 def rowformatdelimitedproperty_sql(self, expression: exp.RowFormatDelimitedProperty) -> str: 1851 fields = self.sql(expression, "fields") 1852 fields = f" FIELDS TERMINATED BY {fields}" if fields else "" 1853 escaped = self.sql(expression, "escaped") 1854 escaped = f" ESCAPED BY {escaped}" if escaped else "" 1855 items = self.sql(expression, "collection_items") 1856 items = f" COLLECTION ITEMS TERMINATED BY {items}" if items else "" 1857 keys = self.sql(expression, "map_keys") 1858 keys = f" MAP KEYS TERMINATED BY {keys}" if keys else "" 1859 lines = self.sql(expression, "lines") 1860 lines = f" LINES TERMINATED BY {lines}" if lines else "" 1861 null = self.sql(expression, "null") 1862 null = f" NULL DEFINED AS {null}" if null else "" 1863 return f"ROW FORMAT DELIMITED{fields}{escaped}{items}{keys}{lines}{null}" 1864 1865 def withtablehint_sql(self, expression: exp.WithTableHint) -> str: 1866 return f"WITH ({self.expressions(expression, flat=True)})" 1867 1868 def indextablehint_sql(self, expression: exp.IndexTableHint) -> str: 1869 this = f"{self.sql(expression, 'this')} INDEX" 1870 target = self.sql(expression, "target") 1871 target = f" FOR {target}" if target else "" 1872 return f"{this}{target} ({self.expressions(expression, flat=True)})" 1873 1874 def historicaldata_sql(self, expression: exp.HistoricalData) -> str: 1875 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 1876 kind = self.sql(expression, "kind") 1877 expr = self.sql(expression, "expression") 1878 return f"{this} ({kind} => {expr})" 1879 1880 def table_parts(self, expression: exp.Table) -> str: 1881 return ".".join( 1882 self.sql(part) 1883 for part in ( 1884 expression.args.get("catalog"), 1885 expression.args.get("db"), 1886 expression.args.get("this"), 1887 ) 1888 if part is not None 1889 ) 1890 1891 def table_sql(self, expression: exp.Table, sep: str = " AS ") -> str: 1892 table = self.table_parts(expression) 1893 only = "ONLY " if expression.args.get("only") else "" 1894 partition = self.sql(expression, "partition") 1895 partition = f" {partition}" if partition else "" 1896 version = self.sql(expression, "version") 1897 version = f" {version}" if version else "" 1898 alias = self.sql(expression, "alias") 1899 alias = f"{sep}{alias}" if alias else "" 1900 1901 sample = self.sql(expression, "sample") 1902 if self.dialect.ALIAS_POST_TABLESAMPLE: 1903 sample_pre_alias = sample 1904 sample_post_alias = "" 1905 else: 1906 sample_pre_alias = "" 1907 sample_post_alias = sample 1908 1909 hints = self.expressions(expression, key="hints", sep=" ") 1910 hints = f" {hints}" if hints and self.TABLE_HINTS else "" 1911 pivots = self.expressions(expression, key="pivots", sep="", flat=True) 1912 joins = self.indent( 1913 self.expressions(expression, key="joins", sep="", flat=True), skip_first=True 1914 ) 1915 laterals = self.expressions(expression, key="laterals", sep="") 1916 1917 file_format = self.sql(expression, "format") 1918 if file_format: 1919 pattern = self.sql(expression, "pattern") 1920 pattern = f", PATTERN => {pattern}" if pattern else "" 1921 file_format = f" (FILE_FORMAT => {file_format}{pattern})" 1922 1923 ordinality = expression.args.get("ordinality") or "" 1924 if ordinality: 1925 ordinality = f" WITH ORDINALITY{alias}" 1926 alias = "" 1927 1928 when = self.sql(expression, "when") 1929 if when: 1930 table = f"{table} {when}" 1931 1932 changes = self.sql(expression, "changes") 1933 changes = f" {changes}" if changes else "" 1934 1935 rows_from = self.expressions(expression, key="rows_from") 1936 if rows_from: 1937 table = f"ROWS FROM {self.wrap(rows_from)}" 1938 1939 return f"{only}{table}{changes}{partition}{version}{file_format}{sample_pre_alias}{alias}{hints}{pivots}{sample_post_alias}{joins}{laterals}{ordinality}" 1940 1941 def tablesample_sql( 1942 self, 1943 expression: exp.TableSample, 1944 tablesample_keyword: t.Optional[str] = None, 1945 ) -> str: 1946 method = self.sql(expression, "method") 1947 method = f"{method} " if method and self.TABLESAMPLE_WITH_METHOD else "" 1948 numerator = self.sql(expression, "bucket_numerator") 1949 denominator = self.sql(expression, "bucket_denominator") 1950 field = self.sql(expression, "bucket_field") 1951 field = f" ON {field}" if field else "" 1952 bucket = f"BUCKET {numerator} OUT OF {denominator}{field}" if numerator else "" 1953 seed = self.sql(expression, "seed") 1954 seed = f" {self.TABLESAMPLE_SEED_KEYWORD} ({seed})" if seed else "" 1955 1956 size = self.sql(expression, "size") 1957 if size and self.TABLESAMPLE_SIZE_IS_ROWS: 1958 size = f"{size} ROWS" 1959 1960 percent = self.sql(expression, "percent") 1961 if percent and not self.dialect.TABLESAMPLE_SIZE_IS_PERCENT: 1962 percent = f"{percent} PERCENT" 1963 1964 expr = f"{bucket}{percent}{size}" 1965 if self.TABLESAMPLE_REQUIRES_PARENS: 1966 expr = f"({expr})" 1967 1968 return f" {tablesample_keyword or self.TABLESAMPLE_KEYWORDS} {method}{expr}{seed}" 1969 1970 def pivot_sql(self, expression: exp.Pivot) -> str: 1971 expressions = self.expressions(expression, flat=True) 1972 1973 if expression.this: 1974 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 1975 if not expressions: 1976 return f"UNPIVOT {this}" 1977 1978 on = f"{self.seg('ON')} {expressions}" 1979 using = self.expressions(expression, key="using", flat=True) 1980 using = f"{self.seg('USING')} {using}" if using else "" 1981 group = self.sql(expression, "group") 1982 return f"PIVOT {this}{on}{using}{group}" 1983 1984 alias = self.sql(expression, "alias") 1985 alias = f" AS {alias}" if alias else "" 1986 direction = self.seg("UNPIVOT" if expression.unpivot else "PIVOT") 1987 1988 field = self.sql(expression, "field") 1989 1990 include_nulls = expression.args.get("include_nulls") 1991 if include_nulls is not None: 1992 nulls = " INCLUDE NULLS " if include_nulls else " EXCLUDE NULLS " 1993 else: 1994 nulls = "" 1995 1996 default_on_null = self.sql(expression, "default_on_null") 1997 default_on_null = f" DEFAULT ON NULL ({default_on_null})" if default_on_null else "" 1998 return f"{direction}{nulls}({expressions} FOR {field}{default_on_null}){alias}" 1999 2000 def version_sql(self, expression: exp.Version) -> str: 2001 this = f"FOR {expression.name}" 2002 kind = expression.text("kind") 2003 expr = self.sql(expression, "expression") 2004 return f"{this} {kind} {expr}" 2005 2006 def tuple_sql(self, expression: exp.Tuple) -> str: 2007 return f"({self.expressions(expression, dynamic=True, new_line=True, skip_first=True, skip_last=True)})" 2008 2009 def update_sql(self, expression: exp.Update) -> str: 2010 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 2011 set_sql = self.expressions(expression, flat=True) 2012 from_sql = self.sql(expression, "from") 2013 where_sql = self.sql(expression, "where") 2014 returning = self.sql(expression, "returning") 2015 order = self.sql(expression, "order") 2016 limit = self.sql(expression, "limit") 2017 if self.RETURNING_END: 2018 expression_sql = f"{from_sql}{where_sql}{returning}" 2019 else: 2020 expression_sql = f"{returning}{from_sql}{where_sql}" 2021 sql = f"UPDATE {this} SET {set_sql}{expression_sql}{order}{limit}" 2022 return self.prepend_ctes(expression, sql) 2023 2024 def values_sql(self, expression: exp.Values, values_as_table: bool = True) -> str: 2025 values_as_table = values_as_table and self.VALUES_AS_TABLE 2026 2027 # The VALUES clause is still valid in an `INSERT INTO ..` statement, for example 2028 if values_as_table or not expression.find_ancestor(exp.From, exp.Join): 2029 args = self.expressions(expression) 2030 alias = self.sql(expression, "alias") 2031 values = f"VALUES{self.seg('')}{args}" 2032 values = ( 2033 f"({values})" 2034 if self.WRAP_DERIVED_VALUES 2035 and (alias or isinstance(expression.parent, (exp.From, exp.Table))) 2036 else values 2037 ) 2038 return f"{values} AS {alias}" if alias else values 2039 2040 # Converts `VALUES...` expression into a series of select unions. 2041 alias_node = expression.args.get("alias") 2042 column_names = alias_node and alias_node.columns 2043 2044 selects: t.List[exp.Query] = [] 2045 2046 for i, tup in enumerate(expression.expressions): 2047 row = tup.expressions 2048 2049 if i == 0 and column_names: 2050 row = [ 2051 exp.alias_(value, column_name) for value, column_name in zip(row, column_names) 2052 ] 2053 2054 selects.append(exp.Select(expressions=row)) 2055 2056 if self.pretty: 2057 # This may result in poor performance for large-cardinality `VALUES` tables, due to 2058 # the deep nesting of the resulting exp.Unions. If this is a problem, either increase 2059 # `sys.setrecursionlimit` to avoid RecursionErrors, or don't set `pretty`. 2060 query = reduce(lambda x, y: exp.union(x, y, distinct=False, copy=False), selects) 2061 return self.subquery_sql(query.subquery(alias_node and alias_node.this, copy=False)) 2062 2063 alias = f" AS {self.sql(alias_node, 'this')}" if alias_node else "" 2064 unions = " UNION ALL ".join(self.sql(select) for select in selects) 2065 return f"({unions}){alias}" 2066 2067 def var_sql(self, expression: exp.Var) -> str: 2068 return self.sql(expression, "this") 2069 2070 @unsupported_args("expressions") 2071 def into_sql(self, expression: exp.Into) -> str: 2072 temporary = " TEMPORARY" if expression.args.get("temporary") else "" 2073 unlogged = " UNLOGGED" if expression.args.get("unlogged") else "" 2074 return f"{self.seg('INTO')}{temporary or unlogged} {self.sql(expression, 'this')}" 2075 2076 def from_sql(self, expression: exp.From) -> str: 2077 return f"{self.seg('FROM')} {self.sql(expression, 'this')}" 2078 2079 def groupingsets_sql(self, expression: exp.GroupingSets) -> str: 2080 grouping_sets = self.expressions(expression, indent=False) 2081 return f"GROUPING SETS {self.wrap(grouping_sets)}" 2082 2083 def rollup_sql(self, expression: exp.Rollup) -> str: 2084 expressions = self.expressions(expression, indent=False) 2085 return f"ROLLUP {self.wrap(expressions)}" if expressions else "WITH ROLLUP" 2086 2087 def cube_sql(self, expression: exp.Cube) -> str: 2088 expressions = self.expressions(expression, indent=False) 2089 return f"CUBE {self.wrap(expressions)}" if expressions else "WITH CUBE" 2090 2091 def group_sql(self, expression: exp.Group) -> str: 2092 group_by_all = expression.args.get("all") 2093 if group_by_all is True: 2094 modifier = " ALL" 2095 elif group_by_all is False: 2096 modifier = " DISTINCT" 2097 else: 2098 modifier = "" 2099 2100 group_by = self.op_expressions(f"GROUP BY{modifier}", expression) 2101 2102 grouping_sets = self.expressions(expression, key="grouping_sets") 2103 cube = self.expressions(expression, key="cube") 2104 rollup = self.expressions(expression, key="rollup") 2105 2106 groupings = csv( 2107 self.seg(grouping_sets) if grouping_sets else "", 2108 self.seg(cube) if cube else "", 2109 self.seg(rollup) if rollup else "", 2110 self.seg("WITH TOTALS") if expression.args.get("totals") else "", 2111 sep=self.GROUPINGS_SEP, 2112 ) 2113 2114 if ( 2115 expression.expressions 2116 and groupings 2117 and groupings.strip() not in ("WITH CUBE", "WITH ROLLUP") 2118 ): 2119 group_by = f"{group_by}{self.GROUPINGS_SEP}" 2120 2121 return f"{group_by}{groupings}" 2122 2123 def having_sql(self, expression: exp.Having) -> str: 2124 this = self.indent(self.sql(expression, "this")) 2125 return f"{self.seg('HAVING')}{self.sep()}{this}" 2126 2127 def connect_sql(self, expression: exp.Connect) -> str: 2128 start = self.sql(expression, "start") 2129 start = self.seg(f"START WITH {start}") if start else "" 2130 nocycle = " NOCYCLE" if expression.args.get("nocycle") else "" 2131 connect = self.sql(expression, "connect") 2132 connect = self.seg(f"CONNECT BY{nocycle} {connect}") 2133 return start + connect 2134 2135 def prior_sql(self, expression: exp.Prior) -> str: 2136 return f"PRIOR {self.sql(expression, 'this')}" 2137 2138 def join_sql(self, expression: exp.Join) -> str: 2139 if not self.SEMI_ANTI_JOIN_WITH_SIDE and expression.kind in ("SEMI", "ANTI"): 2140 side = None 2141 else: 2142 side = expression.side 2143 2144 op_sql = " ".join( 2145 op 2146 for op in ( 2147 expression.method, 2148 "GLOBAL" if expression.args.get("global") else None, 2149 side, 2150 expression.kind, 2151 expression.hint if self.JOIN_HINTS else None, 2152 ) 2153 if op 2154 ) 2155 match_cond = self.sql(expression, "match_condition") 2156 match_cond = f" MATCH_CONDITION ({match_cond})" if match_cond else "" 2157 on_sql = self.sql(expression, "on") 2158 using = expression.args.get("using") 2159 2160 if not on_sql and using: 2161 on_sql = csv(*(self.sql(column) for column in using)) 2162 2163 this = expression.this 2164 this_sql = self.sql(this) 2165 2166 exprs = self.expressions(expression) 2167 if exprs: 2168 this_sql = f"{this_sql},{self.seg(exprs)}" 2169 2170 if on_sql: 2171 on_sql = self.indent(on_sql, skip_first=True) 2172 space = self.seg(" " * self.pad) if self.pretty else " " 2173 if using: 2174 on_sql = f"{space}USING ({on_sql})" 2175 else: 2176 on_sql = f"{space}ON {on_sql}" 2177 elif not op_sql: 2178 if isinstance(this, exp.Lateral) and this.args.get("cross_apply") is not None: 2179 return f" {this_sql}" 2180 2181 return f", {this_sql}" 2182 2183 if op_sql != "STRAIGHT_JOIN": 2184 op_sql = f"{op_sql} JOIN" if op_sql else "JOIN" 2185 2186 return f"{self.seg(op_sql)} {this_sql}{match_cond}{on_sql}" 2187 2188 def lambda_sql(self, expression: exp.Lambda, arrow_sep: str = "->") -> str: 2189 args = self.expressions(expression, flat=True) 2190 args = f"({args})" if len(args.split(",")) > 1 else args 2191 return f"{args} {arrow_sep} {self.sql(expression, 'this')}" 2192 2193 def lateral_op(self, expression: exp.Lateral) -> str: 2194 cross_apply = expression.args.get("cross_apply") 2195 2196 # https://www.mssqltips.com/sqlservertip/1958/sql-server-cross-apply-and-outer-apply/ 2197 if cross_apply is True: 2198 op = "INNER JOIN " 2199 elif cross_apply is False: 2200 op = "LEFT JOIN " 2201 else: 2202 op = "" 2203 2204 return f"{op}LATERAL" 2205 2206 def lateral_sql(self, expression: exp.Lateral) -> str: 2207 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 2208 2209 if expression.args.get("view"): 2210 alias = expression.args["alias"] 2211 columns = self.expressions(alias, key="columns", flat=True) 2212 table = f" {alias.name}" if alias.name else "" 2213 columns = f" AS {columns}" if columns else "" 2214 op_sql = self.seg(f"LATERAL VIEW{' OUTER' if expression.args.get('outer') else ''}") 2215 return f"{op_sql}{self.sep()}{this}{table}{columns}" 2216 2217 alias = self.sql(expression, "alias") 2218 alias = f" AS {alias}" if alias else "" 2219 return f"{self.lateral_op(expression)} {this}{alias}" 2220 2221 def limit_sql(self, expression: exp.Limit, top: bool = False) -> str: 2222 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 2223 2224 args = [ 2225 self._simplify_unless_literal(e) if self.LIMIT_ONLY_LITERALS else e 2226 for e in (expression.args.get(k) for k in ("offset", "expression")) 2227 if e 2228 ] 2229 2230 args_sql = ", ".join(self.sql(e) for e in args) 2231 args_sql = f"({args_sql})" if top and any(not e.is_number for e in args) else args_sql 2232 expressions = self.expressions(expression, flat=True) 2233 expressions = f" BY {expressions}" if expressions else "" 2234 2235 return f"{this}{self.seg('TOP' if top else 'LIMIT')} {args_sql}{expressions}" 2236 2237 def offset_sql(self, expression: exp.Offset) -> str: 2238 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 2239 value = expression.expression 2240 value = self._simplify_unless_literal(value) if self.LIMIT_ONLY_LITERALS else value 2241 expressions = self.expressions(expression, flat=True) 2242 expressions = f" BY {expressions}" if expressions else "" 2243 return f"{this}{self.seg('OFFSET')} {self.sql(value)}{expressions}" 2244 2245 def setitem_sql(self, expression: exp.SetItem) -> str: 2246 kind = self.sql(expression, "kind") 2247 kind = f"{kind} " if kind else "" 2248 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 2249 expressions = self.expressions(expression) 2250 collate = self.sql(expression, "collate") 2251 collate = f" COLLATE {collate}" if collate else "" 2252 global_ = "GLOBAL " if expression.args.get("global") else "" 2253 return f"{global_}{kind}{this}{expressions}{collate}" 2254 2255 def set_sql(self, expression: exp.Set) -> str: 2256 expressions = ( 2257 f" {self.expressions(expression, flat=True)}" if expression.expressions else "" 2258 ) 2259 tag = " TAG" if expression.args.get("tag") else "" 2260 return f"{'UNSET' if expression.args.get('unset') else 'SET'}{tag}{expressions}" 2261 2262 def pragma_sql(self, expression: exp.Pragma) -> str: 2263 return f"PRAGMA {self.sql(expression, 'this')}" 2264 2265 def lock_sql(self, expression: exp.Lock) -> str: 2266 if not self.LOCKING_READS_SUPPORTED: 2267 self.unsupported("Locking reads using 'FOR UPDATE/SHARE' are not supported") 2268 return "" 2269 2270 lock_type = "FOR UPDATE" if expression.args["update"] else "FOR SHARE" 2271 expressions = self.expressions(expression, flat=True) 2272 expressions = f" OF {expressions}" if expressions else "" 2273 wait = expression.args.get("wait") 2274 2275 if wait is not None: 2276 if isinstance(wait, exp.Literal): 2277 wait = f" WAIT {self.sql(wait)}" 2278 else: 2279 wait = " NOWAIT" if wait else " SKIP LOCKED" 2280 2281 return f"{lock_type}{expressions}{wait or ''}" 2282 2283 def literal_sql(self, expression: exp.Literal) -> str: 2284 text = expression.this or "" 2285 if expression.is_string: 2286 text = f"{self.dialect.QUOTE_START}{self.escape_str(text)}{self.dialect.QUOTE_END}" 2287 return text 2288 2289 def escape_str(self, text: str, escape_backslash: bool = True) -> str: 2290 if self.dialect.ESCAPED_SEQUENCES: 2291 to_escaped = self.dialect.ESCAPED_SEQUENCES 2292 text = "".join( 2293 to_escaped.get(ch, ch) if escape_backslash or ch != "\\" else ch for ch in text 2294 ) 2295 2296 return self._replace_line_breaks(text).replace( 2297 self.dialect.QUOTE_END, self._escaped_quote_end 2298 ) 2299 2300 def loaddata_sql(self, expression: exp.LoadData) -> str: 2301 local = " LOCAL" if expression.args.get("local") else "" 2302 inpath = f" INPATH {self.sql(expression, 'inpath')}" 2303 overwrite = " OVERWRITE" if expression.args.get("overwrite") else "" 2304 this = f" INTO TABLE {self.sql(expression, 'this')}" 2305 partition = self.sql(expression, "partition") 2306 partition = f" {partition}" if partition else "" 2307 input_format = self.sql(expression, "input_format") 2308 input_format = f" INPUTFORMAT {input_format}" if input_format else "" 2309 serde = self.sql(expression, "serde") 2310 serde = f" SERDE {serde}" if serde else "" 2311 return f"LOAD DATA{local}{inpath}{overwrite}{this}{partition}{input_format}{serde}" 2312 2313 def null_sql(self, *_) -> str: 2314 return "NULL" 2315 2316 def boolean_sql(self, expression: exp.Boolean) -> str: 2317 return "TRUE" if expression.this else "FALSE" 2318 2319 def order_sql(self, expression: exp.Order, flat: bool = False) -> str: 2320 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 2321 this = f"{this} " if this else this 2322 siblings = "SIBLINGS " if expression.args.get("siblings") else "" 2323 return self.op_expressions(f"{this}ORDER {siblings}BY", expression, flat=this or flat) # type: ignore 2324 2325 def withfill_sql(self, expression: exp.WithFill) -> str: 2326 from_sql = self.sql(expression, "from") 2327 from_sql = f" FROM {from_sql}" if from_sql else "" 2328 to_sql = self.sql(expression, "to") 2329 to_sql = f" TO {to_sql}" if to_sql else "" 2330 step_sql = self.sql(expression, "step") 2331 step_sql = f" STEP {step_sql}" if step_sql else "" 2332 interpolated_values = [ 2333 f"{self.sql(e, 'alias')} AS {self.sql(e, 'this')}" 2334 if isinstance(e, exp.Alias) 2335 else self.sql(e, "this") 2336 for e in expression.args.get("interpolate") or [] 2337 ] 2338 interpolate = ( 2339 f" INTERPOLATE ({', '.join(interpolated_values)})" if interpolated_values else "" 2340 ) 2341 return f"WITH FILL{from_sql}{to_sql}{step_sql}{interpolate}" 2342 2343 def cluster_sql(self, expression: exp.Cluster) -> str: 2344 return self.op_expressions("CLUSTER BY", expression) 2345 2346 def distribute_sql(self, expression: exp.Distribute) -> str: 2347 return self.op_expressions("DISTRIBUTE BY", expression) 2348 2349 def sort_sql(self, expression: exp.Sort) -> str: 2350 return self.op_expressions("SORT BY", expression) 2351 2352 def ordered_sql(self, expression: exp.Ordered) -> str: 2353 desc = expression.args.get("desc") 2354 asc = not desc 2355 2356 nulls_first = expression.args.get("nulls_first") 2357 nulls_last = not nulls_first 2358 nulls_are_large = self.dialect.NULL_ORDERING == "nulls_are_large" 2359 nulls_are_small = self.dialect.NULL_ORDERING == "nulls_are_small" 2360 nulls_are_last = self.dialect.NULL_ORDERING == "nulls_are_last" 2361 2362 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 2363 2364 sort_order = " DESC" if desc else (" ASC" if desc is False else "") 2365 nulls_sort_change = "" 2366 if nulls_first and ( 2367 (asc and nulls_are_large) or (desc and nulls_are_small) or nulls_are_last 2368 ): 2369 nulls_sort_change = " NULLS FIRST" 2370 elif ( 2371 nulls_last 2372 and ((asc and nulls_are_small) or (desc and nulls_are_large)) 2373 and not nulls_are_last 2374 ): 2375 nulls_sort_change = " NULLS LAST" 2376 2377 # If the NULLS FIRST/LAST clause is unsupported, we add another sort key to simulate it 2378 if nulls_sort_change and not self.NULL_ORDERING_SUPPORTED: 2379 window = expression.find_ancestor(exp.Window, exp.Select) 2380 if isinstance(window, exp.Window) and window.args.get("spec"): 2381 self.unsupported( 2382 f"'{nulls_sort_change.strip()}' translation not supported in window functions" 2383 ) 2384 nulls_sort_change = "" 2385 elif ( 2386 self.NULL_ORDERING_SUPPORTED is False 2387 and (isinstance(expression.find_ancestor(exp.AggFunc, exp.Select), exp.AggFunc)) 2388 and ( 2389 (asc and nulls_sort_change == " NULLS LAST") 2390 or (desc and nulls_sort_change == " NULLS FIRST") 2391 ) 2392 ): 2393 self.unsupported( 2394 f"'{nulls_sort_change.strip()}' translation not supported for aggregate functions with {sort_order} sort order" 2395 ) 2396 nulls_sort_change = "" 2397 elif self.NULL_ORDERING_SUPPORTED is None: 2398 if expression.this.is_int: 2399 self.unsupported( 2400 f"'{nulls_sort_change.strip()}' translation not supported with positional ordering" 2401 ) 2402 elif not isinstance(expression.this, exp.Rand): 2403 null_sort_order = " DESC" if nulls_sort_change == " NULLS FIRST" else "" 2404 this = f"CASE WHEN {this} IS NULL THEN 1 ELSE 0 END{null_sort_order}, {this}" 2405 nulls_sort_change = "" 2406 2407 with_fill = self.sql(expression, "with_fill") 2408 with_fill = f" {with_fill}" if with_fill else "" 2409 2410 return f"{this}{sort_order}{nulls_sort_change}{with_fill}" 2411 2412 def matchrecognizemeasure_sql(self, expression: exp.MatchRecognizeMeasure) -> str: 2413 window_frame = self.sql(expression, "window_frame") 2414 window_frame = f"{window_frame} " if window_frame else "" 2415 2416 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 2417 2418 return f"{window_frame}{this}" 2419 2420 def matchrecognize_sql(self, expression: exp.MatchRecognize) -> str: 2421 partition = self.partition_by_sql(expression) 2422 order = self.sql(expression, "order") 2423 measures = self.expressions(expression, key="measures") 2424 measures = self.seg(f"MEASURES{self.seg(measures)}") if measures else "" 2425 rows = self.sql(expression, "rows") 2426 rows = self.seg(rows) if rows else "" 2427 after = self.sql(expression, "after") 2428 after = self.seg(after) if after else "" 2429 pattern = self.sql(expression, "pattern") 2430 pattern = self.seg(f"PATTERN ({pattern})") if pattern else "" 2431 definition_sqls = [ 2432 f"{self.sql(definition, 'alias')} AS {self.sql(definition, 'this')}" 2433 for definition in expression.args.get("define", []) 2434 ] 2435 definitions = self.expressions(sqls=definition_sqls) 2436 define = self.seg(f"DEFINE{self.seg(definitions)}") if definitions else "" 2437 body = "".join( 2438 ( 2439 partition, 2440 order, 2441 measures, 2442 rows, 2443 after, 2444 pattern, 2445 define, 2446 ) 2447 ) 2448 alias = self.sql(expression, "alias") 2449 alias = f" {alias}" if alias else "" 2450 return f"{self.seg('MATCH_RECOGNIZE')} {self.wrap(body)}{alias}" 2451 2452 def query_modifiers(self, expression: exp.Expression, *sqls: str) -> str: 2453 limit = expression.args.get("limit") 2454 2455 if self.LIMIT_FETCH == "LIMIT" and isinstance(limit, exp.Fetch): 2456 limit = exp.Limit(expression=exp.maybe_copy(limit.args.get("count"))) 2457 elif self.LIMIT_FETCH == "FETCH" and isinstance(limit, exp.Limit): 2458 limit = exp.Fetch(direction="FIRST", count=exp.maybe_copy(limit.expression)) 2459 2460 return csv( 2461 *sqls, 2462 *[self.sql(join) for join in expression.args.get("joins") or []], 2463 self.sql(expression, "connect"), 2464 self.sql(expression, "match"), 2465 *[self.sql(lateral) for lateral in expression.args.get("laterals") or []], 2466 self.sql(expression, "prewhere"), 2467 self.sql(expression, "where"), 2468 self.sql(expression, "group"), 2469 self.sql(expression, "having"), 2470 *[gen(self, expression) for gen in self.AFTER_HAVING_MODIFIER_TRANSFORMS.values()], 2471 self.sql(expression, "order"), 2472 *self.offset_limit_modifiers(expression, isinstance(limit, exp.Fetch), limit), 2473 *self.after_limit_modifiers(expression), 2474 self.options_modifier(expression), 2475 sep="", 2476 ) 2477 2478 def options_modifier(self, expression: exp.Expression) -> str: 2479 options = self.expressions(expression, key="options") 2480 return f" {options}" if options else "" 2481 2482 def queryoption_sql(self, expression: exp.QueryOption) -> str: 2483 return "" 2484 2485 def offset_limit_modifiers( 2486 self, expression: exp.Expression, fetch: bool, limit: t.Optional[exp.Fetch | exp.Limit] 2487 ) -> t.List[str]: 2488 return [ 2489 self.sql(expression, "offset") if fetch else self.sql(limit), 2490 self.sql(limit) if fetch else self.sql(expression, "offset"), 2491 ] 2492 2493 def after_limit_modifiers(self, expression: exp.Expression) -> t.List[str]: 2494 locks = self.expressions(expression, key="locks", sep=" ") 2495 locks = f" {locks}" if locks else "" 2496 return [locks, self.sql(expression, "sample")] 2497 2498 def select_sql(self, expression: exp.Select) -> str: 2499 into = expression.args.get("into") 2500 if not self.SUPPORTS_SELECT_INTO and into: 2501 into.pop() 2502 2503 hint = self.sql(expression, "hint") 2504 distinct = self.sql(expression, "distinct") 2505 distinct = f" {distinct}" if distinct else "" 2506 kind = self.sql(expression, "kind") 2507 2508 limit = expression.args.get("limit") 2509 if isinstance(limit, exp.Limit) and self.LIMIT_IS_TOP: 2510 top = self.limit_sql(limit, top=True) 2511 limit.pop() 2512 else: 2513 top = "" 2514 2515 expressions = self.expressions(expression) 2516 2517 if kind: 2518 if kind in self.SELECT_KINDS: 2519 kind = f" AS {kind}" 2520 else: 2521 if kind == "STRUCT": 2522 expressions = self.expressions( 2523 sqls=[ 2524 self.sql( 2525 exp.Struct( 2526 expressions=[ 2527 exp.PropertyEQ(this=e.args.get("alias"), expression=e.this) 2528 if isinstance(e, exp.Alias) 2529 else e 2530 for e in expression.expressions 2531 ] 2532 ) 2533 ) 2534 ] 2535 ) 2536 kind = "" 2537 2538 operation_modifiers = self.expressions(expression, key="operation_modifiers", sep=" ") 2539 operation_modifiers = f"{self.sep()}{operation_modifiers}" if operation_modifiers else "" 2540 2541 # We use LIMIT_IS_TOP as a proxy for whether DISTINCT should go first because tsql and Teradata 2542 # are the only dialects that use LIMIT_IS_TOP and both place DISTINCT first. 2543 top_distinct = f"{distinct}{hint}{top}" if self.LIMIT_IS_TOP else f"{top}{hint}{distinct}" 2544 expressions = f"{self.sep()}{expressions}" if expressions else expressions 2545 sql = self.query_modifiers( 2546 expression, 2547 f"SELECT{top_distinct}{operation_modifiers}{kind}{expressions}", 2548 self.sql(expression, "into", comment=False), 2549 self.sql(expression, "from", comment=False), 2550 ) 2551 2552 # If both the CTE and SELECT clauses have comments, generate the latter earlier 2553 if expression.args.get("with"): 2554 sql = self.maybe_comment(sql, expression) 2555 expression.pop_comments() 2556 2557 sql = self.prepend_ctes(expression, sql) 2558 2559 if not self.SUPPORTS_SELECT_INTO and into: 2560 if into.args.get("temporary"): 2561 table_kind = " TEMPORARY" 2562 elif self.SUPPORTS_UNLOGGED_TABLES and into.args.get("unlogged"): 2563 table_kind = " UNLOGGED" 2564 else: 2565 table_kind = "" 2566 sql = f"CREATE{table_kind} TABLE {self.sql(into.this)} AS {sql}" 2567 2568 return sql 2569 2570 def schema_sql(self, expression: exp.Schema) -> str: 2571 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 2572 sql = self.schema_columns_sql(expression) 2573 return f"{this} {sql}" if this and sql else this or sql 2574 2575 def schema_columns_sql(self, expression: exp.Schema) -> str: 2576 if expression.expressions: 2577 return f"({self.sep('')}{self.expressions(expression)}{self.seg(')', sep='')}" 2578 return "" 2579 2580 def star_sql(self, expression: exp.Star) -> str: 2581 except_ = self.expressions(expression, key="except", flat=True) 2582 except_ = f"{self.seg(self.STAR_EXCEPT)} ({except_})" if except_ else "" 2583 replace = self.expressions(expression, key="replace", flat=True) 2584 replace = f"{self.seg('REPLACE')} ({replace})" if replace else "" 2585 rename = self.expressions(expression, key="rename", flat=True) 2586 rename = f"{self.seg('RENAME')} ({rename})" if rename else "" 2587 return f"*{except_}{replace}{rename}" 2588 2589 def parameter_sql(self, expression: exp.Parameter) -> str: 2590 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 2591 return f"{self.PARAMETER_TOKEN}{this}" 2592 2593 def sessionparameter_sql(self, expression: exp.SessionParameter) -> str: 2594 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 2595 kind = expression.text("kind") 2596 if kind: 2597 kind = f"{kind}." 2598 return f"@@{kind}{this}" 2599 2600 def placeholder_sql(self, expression: exp.Placeholder) -> str: 2601 return f"{self.NAMED_PLACEHOLDER_TOKEN}{expression.name}" if expression.this else "?" 2602 2603 def subquery_sql(self, expression: exp.Subquery, sep: str = " AS ") -> str: 2604 alias = self.sql(expression, "alias") 2605 alias = f"{sep}{alias}" if alias else "" 2606 sample = self.sql(expression, "sample") 2607 if self.dialect.ALIAS_POST_TABLESAMPLE and sample: 2608 alias = f"{sample}{alias}" 2609 2610 # Set to None so it's not generated again by self.query_modifiers() 2611 expression.set("sample", None) 2612 2613 pivots = self.expressions(expression, key="pivots", sep="", flat=True) 2614 sql = self.query_modifiers(expression, self.wrap(expression), alias, pivots) 2615 return self.prepend_ctes(expression, sql) 2616 2617 def qualify_sql(self, expression: exp.Qualify) -> str: 2618 this = self.indent(self.sql(expression, "this")) 2619 return f"{self.seg('QUALIFY')}{self.sep()}{this}" 2620 2621 def unnest_sql(self, expression: exp.Unnest) -> str: 2622 args = self.expressions(expression, flat=True) 2623 2624 alias = expression.args.get("alias") 2625 offset = expression.args.get("offset") 2626 2627 if self.UNNEST_WITH_ORDINALITY: 2628 if alias and isinstance(offset, exp.Expression): 2629 alias.append("columns", offset) 2630 2631 if alias and self.dialect.UNNEST_COLUMN_ONLY: 2632 columns = alias.columns 2633 alias = self.sql(columns[0]) if columns else "" 2634 else: 2635 alias = self.sql(alias) 2636 2637 alias = f" AS {alias}" if alias else alias 2638 if self.UNNEST_WITH_ORDINALITY: 2639 suffix = f" WITH ORDINALITY{alias}" if offset else alias 2640 else: 2641 if isinstance(offset, exp.Expression): 2642 suffix = f"{alias} WITH OFFSET AS {self.sql(offset)}" 2643 elif offset: 2644 suffix = f"{alias} WITH OFFSET" 2645 else: 2646 suffix = alias 2647 2648 return f"UNNEST({args}){suffix}" 2649 2650 def prewhere_sql(self, expression: exp.PreWhere) -> str: 2651 return "" 2652 2653 def where_sql(self, expression: exp.Where) -> str: 2654 this = self.indent(self.sql(expression, "this")) 2655 return f"{self.seg('WHERE')}{self.sep()}{this}" 2656 2657 def window_sql(self, expression: exp.Window) -> str: 2658 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 2659 partition = self.partition_by_sql(expression) 2660 order = expression.args.get("order") 2661 order = self.order_sql(order, flat=True) if order else "" 2662 spec = self.sql(expression, "spec") 2663 alias = self.sql(expression, "alias") 2664 over = self.sql(expression, "over") or "OVER" 2665 2666 this = f"{this} {'AS' if expression.arg_key == 'windows' else over}" 2667 2668 first = expression.args.get("first") 2669 if first is None: 2670 first = "" 2671 else: 2672 first = "FIRST" if first else "LAST" 2673 2674 if not partition and not order and not spec and alias: 2675 return f"{this} {alias}" 2676 2677 args = " ".join(arg for arg in (alias, first, partition, order, spec) if arg) 2678 return f"{this} ({args})" 2679 2680 def partition_by_sql(self, expression: exp.Window | exp.MatchRecognize) -> str: 2681 partition = self.expressions(expression, key="partition_by", flat=True) 2682 return f"PARTITION BY {partition}" if partition else "" 2683 2684 def windowspec_sql(self, expression: exp.WindowSpec) -> str: 2685 kind = self.sql(expression, "kind") 2686 start = csv(self.sql(expression, "start"), self.sql(expression, "start_side"), sep=" ") 2687 end = ( 2688 csv(self.sql(expression, "end"), self.sql(expression, "end_side"), sep=" ") 2689 or "CURRENT ROW" 2690 ) 2691 return f"{kind} BETWEEN {start} AND {end}" 2692 2693 def withingroup_sql(self, expression: exp.WithinGroup) -> str: 2694 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 2695 expression_sql = self.sql(expression, "expression")[1:] # order has a leading space 2696 return f"{this} WITHIN GROUP ({expression_sql})" 2697 2698 def between_sql(self, expression: exp.Between) -> str: 2699 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 2700 low = self.sql(expression, "low") 2701 high = self.sql(expression, "high") 2702 return f"{this} BETWEEN {low} AND {high}" 2703 2704 def bracket_offset_expressions( 2705 self, expression: exp.Bracket, index_offset: t.Optional[int] = None 2706 ) -> t.List[exp.Expression]: 2707 return apply_index_offset( 2708 expression.this, 2709 expression.expressions, 2710 (index_offset or self.dialect.INDEX_OFFSET) - expression.args.get("offset", 0), 2711 ) 2712 2713 def bracket_sql(self, expression: exp.Bracket) -> str: 2714 expressions = self.bracket_offset_expressions(expression) 2715 expressions_sql = ", ".join(self.sql(e) for e in expressions) 2716 return f"{self.sql(expression, 'this')}[{expressions_sql}]" 2717 2718 def all_sql(self, expression: exp.All) -> str: 2719 return f"ALL {self.wrap(expression)}" 2720 2721 def any_sql(self, expression: exp.Any) -> str: 2722 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 2723 if isinstance(expression.this, (*exp.UNWRAPPED_QUERIES, exp.Paren)): 2724 if isinstance(expression.this, exp.UNWRAPPED_QUERIES): 2725 this = self.wrap(this) 2726 return f"ANY{this}" 2727 return f"ANY {this}" 2728 2729 def exists_sql(self, expression: exp.Exists) -> str: 2730 return f"EXISTS{self.wrap(expression)}" 2731 2732 def case_sql(self, expression: exp.Case) -> str: 2733 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 2734 statements = [f"CASE {this}" if this else "CASE"] 2735 2736 for e in expression.args["ifs"]: 2737 statements.append(f"WHEN {self.sql(e, 'this')}") 2738 statements.append(f"THEN {self.sql(e, 'true')}") 2739 2740 default = self.sql(expression, "default") 2741 2742 if default: 2743 statements.append(f"ELSE {default}") 2744 2745 statements.append("END") 2746 2747 if self.pretty and self.too_wide(statements): 2748 return self.indent("\n".join(statements), skip_first=True, skip_last=True) 2749 2750 return " ".join(statements) 2751 2752 def constraint_sql(self, expression: exp.Constraint) -> str: 2753 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 2754 expressions = self.expressions(expression, flat=True) 2755 return f"CONSTRAINT {this} {expressions}" 2756 2757 def nextvaluefor_sql(self, expression: exp.NextValueFor) -> str: 2758 order = expression.args.get("order") 2759 order = f" OVER ({self.order_sql(order, flat=True)})" if order else "" 2760 return f"NEXT VALUE FOR {self.sql(expression, 'this')}{order}" 2761 2762 def extract_sql(self, expression: exp.Extract) -> str: 2763 this = self.sql(expression, "this") if self.EXTRACT_ALLOWS_QUOTES else expression.this.name 2764 expression_sql = self.sql(expression, "expression") 2765 return f"EXTRACT({this} FROM {expression_sql})" 2766 2767 def trim_sql(self, expression: exp.Trim) -> str: 2768 trim_type = self.sql(expression, "position") 2769 2770 if trim_type == "LEADING": 2771 func_name = "LTRIM" 2772 elif trim_type == "TRAILING": 2773 func_name = "RTRIM" 2774 else: 2775 func_name = "TRIM" 2776 2777 return self.func(func_name, expression.this, expression.expression) 2778 2779 def convert_concat_args(self, expression: exp.Concat | exp.ConcatWs) -> t.List[exp.Expression]: 2780 args = expression.expressions 2781 if isinstance(expression, exp.ConcatWs): 2782 args = args[1:] # Skip the delimiter 2783 2784 if self.dialect.STRICT_STRING_CONCAT and expression.args.get("safe"): 2785 args = [exp.cast(e, exp.DataType.Type.TEXT) for e in args] 2786 2787 if not self.dialect.CONCAT_COALESCE and expression.args.get("coalesce"): 2788 args = [exp.func("coalesce", e, exp.Literal.string("")) for e in args] 2789 2790 return args 2791 2792 def concat_sql(self, expression: exp.Concat) -> str: 2793 expressions = self.convert_concat_args(expression) 2794 2795 # Some dialects don't allow a single-argument CONCAT call 2796 if not self.SUPPORTS_SINGLE_ARG_CONCAT and len(expressions) == 1: 2797 return self.sql(expressions[0]) 2798 2799 return self.func("CONCAT", *expressions) 2800 2801 def concatws_sql(self, expression: exp.ConcatWs) -> str: 2802 return self.func( 2803 "CONCAT_WS", seq_get(expression.expressions, 0), *self.convert_concat_args(expression) 2804 ) 2805 2806 def check_sql(self, expression: exp.Check) -> str: 2807 this = self.sql(expression, key="this") 2808 return f"CHECK ({this})" 2809 2810 def foreignkey_sql(self, expression: exp.ForeignKey) -> str: 2811 expressions = self.expressions(expression, flat=True) 2812 reference = self.sql(expression, "reference") 2813 reference = f" {reference}" if reference else "" 2814 delete = self.sql(expression, "delete") 2815 delete = f" ON DELETE {delete}" if delete else "" 2816 update = self.sql(expression, "update") 2817 update = f" ON UPDATE {update}" if update else "" 2818 return f"FOREIGN KEY ({expressions}){reference}{delete}{update}" 2819 2820 def primarykey_sql(self, expression: exp.ForeignKey) -> str: 2821 expressions = self.expressions(expression, flat=True) 2822 options = self.expressions(expression, key="options", flat=True, sep=" ") 2823 options = f" {options}" if options else "" 2824 return f"PRIMARY KEY ({expressions}){options}" 2825 2826 def if_sql(self, expression: exp.If) -> str: 2827 return self.case_sql(exp.Case(ifs=[expression], default=expression.args.get("false"))) 2828 2829 def matchagainst_sql(self, expression: exp.MatchAgainst) -> str: 2830 modifier = expression.args.get("modifier") 2831 modifier = f" {modifier}" if modifier else "" 2832 return f"{self.func('MATCH', *expression.expressions)} AGAINST({self.sql(expression, 'this')}{modifier})" 2833 2834 def jsonkeyvalue_sql(self, expression: exp.JSONKeyValue) -> str: 2835 return f"{self.sql(expression, 'this')}{self.JSON_KEY_VALUE_PAIR_SEP} {self.sql(expression, 'expression')}" 2836 2837 def jsonpath_sql(self, expression: exp.JSONPath) -> str: 2838 path = self.expressions(expression, sep="", flat=True).lstrip(".") 2839 2840 if expression.args.get("escape"): 2841 path = self.escape_str(path) 2842 2843 if self.QUOTE_JSON_PATH: 2844 path = f"{self.dialect.QUOTE_START}{path}{self.dialect.QUOTE_END}" 2845 2846 return path 2847 2848 def json_path_part(self, expression: int | str | exp.JSONPathPart) -> str: 2849 if isinstance(expression, exp.JSONPathPart): 2850 transform = self.TRANSFORMS.get(expression.__class__) 2851 if not callable(transform): 2852 self.unsupported(f"Unsupported JSONPathPart type {expression.__class__.__name__}") 2853 return "" 2854 2855 return transform(self, expression) 2856 2857 if isinstance(expression, int): 2858 return str(expression) 2859 2860 if self.JSON_PATH_SINGLE_QUOTE_ESCAPE: 2861 escaped = expression.replace("'", "\\'") 2862 escaped = f"\\'{expression}\\'" 2863 else: 2864 escaped = expression.replace('"', '\\"') 2865 escaped = f'"{escaped}"' 2866 2867 return escaped 2868 2869 def formatjson_sql(self, expression: exp.FormatJson) -> str: 2870 return f"{self.sql(expression, 'this')} FORMAT JSON" 2871 2872 def jsonobject_sql(self, expression: exp.JSONObject | exp.JSONObjectAgg) -> str: 2873 null_handling = expression.args.get("null_handling") 2874 null_handling = f" {null_handling}" if null_handling else "" 2875 2876 unique_keys = expression.args.get("unique_keys") 2877 if unique_keys is not None: 2878 unique_keys = f" {'WITH' if unique_keys else 'WITHOUT'} UNIQUE KEYS" 2879 else: 2880 unique_keys = "" 2881 2882 return_type = self.sql(expression, "return_type") 2883 return_type = f" RETURNING {return_type}" if return_type else "" 2884 encoding = self.sql(expression, "encoding") 2885 encoding = f" ENCODING {encoding}" if encoding else "" 2886 2887 return self.func( 2888 "JSON_OBJECT" if isinstance(expression, exp.JSONObject) else "JSON_OBJECTAGG", 2889 *expression.expressions, 2890 suffix=f"{null_handling}{unique_keys}{return_type}{encoding})", 2891 ) 2892 2893 def jsonobjectagg_sql(self, expression: exp.JSONObjectAgg) -> str: 2894 return self.jsonobject_sql(expression) 2895 2896 def jsonarray_sql(self, expression: exp.JSONArray) -> str: 2897 null_handling = expression.args.get("null_handling") 2898 null_handling = f" {null_handling}" if null_handling else "" 2899 return_type = self.sql(expression, "return_type") 2900 return_type = f" RETURNING {return_type}" if return_type else "" 2901 strict = " STRICT" if expression.args.get("strict") else "" 2902 return self.func( 2903 "JSON_ARRAY", *expression.expressions, suffix=f"{null_handling}{return_type}{strict})" 2904 ) 2905 2906 def jsonarrayagg_sql(self, expression: exp.JSONArrayAgg) -> str: 2907 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 2908 order = self.sql(expression, "order") 2909 null_handling = expression.args.get("null_handling") 2910 null_handling = f" {null_handling}" if null_handling else "" 2911 return_type = self.sql(expression, "return_type") 2912 return_type = f" RETURNING {return_type}" if return_type else "" 2913 strict = " STRICT" if expression.args.get("strict") else "" 2914 return self.func( 2915 "JSON_ARRAYAGG", 2916 this, 2917 suffix=f"{order}{null_handling}{return_type}{strict})", 2918 ) 2919 2920 def jsoncolumndef_sql(self, expression: exp.JSONColumnDef) -> str: 2921 path = self.sql(expression, "path") 2922 path = f" PATH {path}" if path else "" 2923 nested_schema = self.sql(expression, "nested_schema") 2924 2925 if nested_schema: 2926 return f"NESTED{path} {nested_schema}" 2927 2928 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 2929 kind = self.sql(expression, "kind") 2930 kind = f" {kind}" if kind else "" 2931 return f"{this}{kind}{path}" 2932 2933 def jsonschema_sql(self, expression: exp.JSONSchema) -> str: 2934 return self.func("COLUMNS", *expression.expressions) 2935 2936 def jsontable_sql(self, expression: exp.JSONTable) -> str: 2937 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 2938 path = self.sql(expression, "path") 2939 path = f", {path}" if path else "" 2940 error_handling = expression.args.get("error_handling") 2941 error_handling = f" {error_handling}" if error_handling else "" 2942 empty_handling = expression.args.get("empty_handling") 2943 empty_handling = f" {empty_handling}" if empty_handling else "" 2944 schema = self.sql(expression, "schema") 2945 return self.func( 2946 "JSON_TABLE", this, suffix=f"{path}{error_handling}{empty_handling} {schema})" 2947 ) 2948 2949 def openjsoncolumndef_sql(self, expression: exp.OpenJSONColumnDef) -> str: 2950 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 2951 kind = self.sql(expression, "kind") 2952 path = self.sql(expression, "path") 2953 path = f" {path}" if path else "" 2954 as_json = " AS JSON" if expression.args.get("as_json") else "" 2955 return f"{this} {kind}{path}{as_json}" 2956 2957 def openjson_sql(self, expression: exp.OpenJSON) -> str: 2958 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 2959 path = self.sql(expression, "path") 2960 path = f", {path}" if path else "" 2961 expressions = self.expressions(expression) 2962 with_ = ( 2963 f" WITH ({self.seg(self.indent(expressions), sep='')}{self.seg(')', sep='')}" 2964 if expressions 2965 else "" 2966 ) 2967 return f"OPENJSON({this}{path}){with_}" 2968 2969 def in_sql(self, expression: exp.In) -> str: 2970 query = expression.args.get("query") 2971 unnest = expression.args.get("unnest") 2972 field = expression.args.get("field") 2973 is_global = " GLOBAL" if expression.args.get("is_global") else "" 2974 2975 if query: 2976 in_sql = self.sql(query) 2977 elif unnest: 2978 in_sql = self.in_unnest_op(unnest) 2979 elif field: 2980 in_sql = self.sql(field) 2981 else: 2982 in_sql = f"({self.expressions(expression, flat=True)})" 2983 2984 return f"{self.sql(expression, 'this')}{is_global} IN {in_sql}" 2985 2986 def in_unnest_op(self, unnest: exp.Unnest) -> str: 2987 return f"(SELECT {self.sql(unnest)})" 2988 2989 def interval_sql(self, expression: exp.Interval) -> str: 2990 unit = self.sql(expression, "unit") 2991 if not self.INTERVAL_ALLOWS_PLURAL_FORM: 2992 unit = self.TIME_PART_SINGULARS.get(unit, unit) 2993 unit = f" {unit}" if unit else "" 2994 2995 if self.SINGLE_STRING_INTERVAL: 2996 this = expression.this.name if expression.this else "" 2997 return f"INTERVAL '{this}{unit}'" if this else f"INTERVAL{unit}" 2998 2999 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 3000 if this: 3001 unwrapped = isinstance(expression.this, self.UNWRAPPED_INTERVAL_VALUES) 3002 this = f" {this}" if unwrapped else f" ({this})" 3003 3004 return f"INTERVAL{this}{unit}" 3005 3006 def return_sql(self, expression: exp.Return) -> str: 3007 return f"RETURN {self.sql(expression, 'this')}" 3008 3009 def reference_sql(self, expression: exp.Reference) -> str: 3010 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 3011 expressions = self.expressions(expression, flat=True) 3012 expressions = f"({expressions})" if expressions else "" 3013 options = self.expressions(expression, key="options", flat=True, sep=" ") 3014 options = f" {options}" if options else "" 3015 return f"REFERENCES {this}{expressions}{options}" 3016 3017 def anonymous_sql(self, expression: exp.Anonymous) -> str: 3018 # We don't normalize qualified functions such as a.b.foo(), because they can be case-sensitive 3019 parent = expression.parent 3020 is_qualified = isinstance(parent, exp.Dot) and expression is parent.expression 3021 return self.func( 3022 self.sql(expression, "this"), *expression.expressions, normalize=not is_qualified 3023 ) 3024 3025 def paren_sql(self, expression: exp.Paren) -> str: 3026 sql = self.seg(self.indent(self.sql(expression, "this")), sep="") 3027 return f"({sql}{self.seg(')', sep='')}" 3028 3029 def neg_sql(self, expression: exp.Neg) -> str: 3030 # This makes sure we don't convert "- - 5" to "--5", which is a comment 3031 this_sql = self.sql(expression, "this") 3032 sep = " " if this_sql[0] == "-" else "" 3033 return f"-{sep}{this_sql}" 3034 3035 def not_sql(self, expression: exp.Not) -> str: 3036 return f"NOT {self.sql(expression, 'this')}" 3037 3038 def alias_sql(self, expression: exp.Alias) -> str: 3039 alias = self.sql(expression, "alias") 3040 alias = f" AS {alias}" if alias else "" 3041 return f"{self.sql(expression, 'this')}{alias}" 3042 3043 def pivotalias_sql(self, expression: exp.PivotAlias) -> str: 3044 alias = expression.args["alias"] 3045 3046 identifier_alias = isinstance(alias, exp.Identifier) 3047 literal_alias = isinstance(alias, exp.Literal) 3048 3049 if identifier_alias and not self.UNPIVOT_ALIASES_ARE_IDENTIFIERS: 3050 alias.replace(exp.Literal.string(alias.output_name)) 3051 elif not identifier_alias and literal_alias and self.UNPIVOT_ALIASES_ARE_IDENTIFIERS: 3052 alias.replace(exp.to_identifier(alias.output_name)) 3053 3054 return self.alias_sql(expression) 3055 3056 def aliases_sql(self, expression: exp.Aliases) -> str: 3057 return f"{self.sql(expression, 'this')} AS ({self.expressions(expression, flat=True)})" 3058 3059 def atindex_sql(self, expression: exp.AtTimeZone) -> str: 3060 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 3061 index = self.sql(expression, "expression") 3062 return f"{this} AT {index}" 3063 3064 def attimezone_sql(self, expression: exp.AtTimeZone) -> str: 3065 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 3066 zone = self.sql(expression, "zone") 3067 return f"{this} AT TIME ZONE {zone}" 3068 3069 def fromtimezone_sql(self, expression: exp.FromTimeZone) -> str: 3070 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 3071 zone = self.sql(expression, "zone") 3072 return f"{this} AT TIME ZONE {zone} AT TIME ZONE 'UTC'" 3073 3074 def add_sql(self, expression: exp.Add) -> str: 3075 return self.binary(expression, "+") 3076 3077 def and_sql( 3078 self, expression: exp.And, stack: t.Optional[t.List[str | exp.Expression]] = None 3079 ) -> str: 3080 return self.connector_sql(expression, "AND", stack) 3081 3082 def or_sql( 3083 self, expression: exp.Or, stack: t.Optional[t.List[str | exp.Expression]] = None 3084 ) -> str: 3085 return self.connector_sql(expression, "OR", stack) 3086 3087 def xor_sql( 3088 self, expression: exp.Xor, stack: t.Optional[t.List[str | exp.Expression]] = None 3089 ) -> str: 3090 return self.connector_sql(expression, "XOR", stack) 3091 3092 def connector_sql( 3093 self, 3094 expression: exp.Connector, 3095 op: str, 3096 stack: t.Optional[t.List[str | exp.Expression]] = None, 3097 ) -> str: 3098 if stack is not None: 3099 if expression.expressions: 3100 stack.append(self.expressions(expression, sep=f" {op} ")) 3101 else: 3102 stack.append(expression.right) 3103 if expression.comments and self.comments: 3104 for comment in expression.comments: 3105 if comment: 3106 op += f" /*{self.pad_comment(comment)}*/" 3107 stack.extend((op, expression.left)) 3108 return op 3109 3110 stack = [expression] 3111 sqls: t.List[str] = [] 3112 ops = set() 3113 3114 while stack: 3115 node = stack.pop() 3116 if isinstance(node, exp.Connector): 3117 ops.add(getattr(self, f"{node.key}_sql")(node, stack)) 3118 else: 3119 sql = self.sql(node) 3120 if sqls and sqls[-1] in ops: 3121 sqls[-1] += f" {sql}" 3122 else: 3123 sqls.append(sql) 3124 3125 sep = "\n" if self.pretty and self.too_wide(sqls) else " " 3126 return sep.join(sqls) 3127 3128 def bitwiseand_sql(self, expression: exp.BitwiseAnd) -> str: 3129 return self.binary(expression, "&") 3130 3131 def bitwiseleftshift_sql(self, expression: exp.BitwiseLeftShift) -> str: 3132 return self.binary(expression, "<<") 3133 3134 def bitwisenot_sql(self, expression: exp.BitwiseNot) -> str: 3135 return f"~{self.sql(expression, 'this')}" 3136 3137 def bitwiseor_sql(self, expression: exp.BitwiseOr) -> str: 3138 return self.binary(expression, "|") 3139 3140 def bitwiserightshift_sql(self, expression: exp.BitwiseRightShift) -> str: 3141 return self.binary(expression, ">>") 3142 3143 def bitwisexor_sql(self, expression: exp.BitwiseXor) -> str: 3144 return self.binary(expression, "^") 3145 3146 def cast_sql(self, expression: exp.Cast, safe_prefix: t.Optional[str] = None) -> str: 3147 format_sql = self.sql(expression, "format") 3148 format_sql = f" FORMAT {format_sql}" if format_sql else "" 3149 to_sql = self.sql(expression, "to") 3150 to_sql = f" {to_sql}" if to_sql else "" 3151 action = self.sql(expression, "action") 3152 action = f" {action}" if action else "" 3153 return f"{safe_prefix or ''}CAST({self.sql(expression, 'this')} AS{to_sql}{format_sql}{action})" 3154 3155 def currentdate_sql(self, expression: exp.CurrentDate) -> str: 3156 zone = self.sql(expression, "this") 3157 return f"CURRENT_DATE({zone})" if zone else "CURRENT_DATE" 3158 3159 def collate_sql(self, expression: exp.Collate) -> str: 3160 if self.COLLATE_IS_FUNC: 3161 return self.function_fallback_sql(expression) 3162 return self.binary(expression, "COLLATE") 3163 3164 def command_sql(self, expression: exp.Command) -> str: 3165 return f"{self.sql(expression, 'this')} {expression.text('expression').strip()}" 3166 3167 def comment_sql(self, expression: exp.Comment) -> str: 3168 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 3169 kind = expression.args["kind"] 3170 materialized = " MATERIALIZED" if expression.args.get("materialized") else "" 3171 exists_sql = " IF EXISTS " if expression.args.get("exists") else " " 3172 expression_sql = self.sql(expression, "expression") 3173 return f"COMMENT{exists_sql}ON{materialized} {kind} {this} IS {expression_sql}" 3174 3175 def mergetreettlaction_sql(self, expression: exp.MergeTreeTTLAction) -> str: 3176 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 3177 delete = " DELETE" if expression.args.get("delete") else "" 3178 recompress = self.sql(expression, "recompress") 3179 recompress = f" RECOMPRESS {recompress}" if recompress else "" 3180 to_disk = self.sql(expression, "to_disk") 3181 to_disk = f" TO DISK {to_disk}" if to_disk else "" 3182 to_volume = self.sql(expression, "to_volume") 3183 to_volume = f" TO VOLUME {to_volume}" if to_volume else "" 3184 return f"{this}{delete}{recompress}{to_disk}{to_volume}" 3185 3186 def mergetreettl_sql(self, expression: exp.MergeTreeTTL) -> str: 3187 where = self.sql(expression, "where") 3188 group = self.sql(expression, "group") 3189 aggregates = self.expressions(expression, key="aggregates") 3190 aggregates = self.seg("SET") + self.seg(aggregates) if aggregates else "" 3191 3192 if not (where or group or aggregates) and len(expression.expressions) == 1: 3193 return f"TTL {self.expressions(expression, flat=True)}" 3194 3195 return f"TTL{self.seg(self.expressions(expression))}{where}{group}{aggregates}" 3196 3197 def transaction_sql(self, expression: exp.Transaction) -> str: 3198 return "BEGIN" 3199 3200 def commit_sql(self, expression: exp.Commit) -> str: 3201 chain = expression.args.get("chain") 3202 if chain is not None: 3203 chain = " AND CHAIN" if chain else " AND NO CHAIN" 3204 3205 return f"COMMIT{chain or ''}" 3206 3207 def rollback_sql(self, expression: exp.Rollback) -> str: 3208 savepoint = expression.args.get("savepoint") 3209 savepoint = f" TO {savepoint}" if savepoint else "" 3210 return f"ROLLBACK{savepoint}" 3211 3212 def altercolumn_sql(self, expression: exp.AlterColumn) -> str: 3213 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 3214 3215 dtype = self.sql(expression, "dtype") 3216 if dtype: 3217 collate = self.sql(expression, "collate") 3218 collate = f" COLLATE {collate}" if collate else "" 3219 using = self.sql(expression, "using") 3220 using = f" USING {using}" if using else "" 3221 return f"ALTER COLUMN {this} SET DATA TYPE {dtype}{collate}{using}" 3222 3223 default = self.sql(expression, "default") 3224 if default: 3225 return f"ALTER COLUMN {this} SET DEFAULT {default}" 3226 3227 comment = self.sql(expression, "comment") 3228 if comment: 3229 return f"ALTER COLUMN {this} COMMENT {comment}" 3230 3231 allow_null = expression.args.get("allow_null") 3232 drop = expression.args.get("drop") 3233 3234 if not drop and not allow_null: 3235 self.unsupported("Unsupported ALTER COLUMN syntax") 3236 3237 if allow_null is not None: 3238 keyword = "DROP" if drop else "SET" 3239 return f"ALTER COLUMN {this} {keyword} NOT NULL" 3240 3241 return f"ALTER COLUMN {this} DROP DEFAULT" 3242 3243 def alterdiststyle_sql(self, expression: exp.AlterDistStyle) -> str: 3244 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 3245 if not isinstance(expression.this, exp.Var): 3246 this = f"KEY DISTKEY {this}" 3247 return f"ALTER DISTSTYLE {this}" 3248 3249 def altersortkey_sql(self, expression: exp.AlterSortKey) -> str: 3250 compound = " COMPOUND" if expression.args.get("compound") else "" 3251 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 3252 expressions = self.expressions(expression, flat=True) 3253 expressions = f"({expressions})" if expressions else "" 3254 return f"ALTER{compound} SORTKEY {this or expressions}" 3255 3256 def alterrename_sql(self, expression: exp.AlterRename) -> str: 3257 if not self.RENAME_TABLE_WITH_DB: 3258 # Remove db from tables 3259 expression = expression.transform( 3260 lambda n: exp.table_(n.this) if isinstance(n, exp.Table) else n 3261 ).assert_is(exp.AlterRename) 3262 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 3263 return f"RENAME TO {this}" 3264 3265 def renamecolumn_sql(self, expression: exp.RenameColumn) -> str: 3266 exists = " IF EXISTS" if expression.args.get("exists") else "" 3267 old_column = self.sql(expression, "this") 3268 new_column = self.sql(expression, "to") 3269 return f"RENAME COLUMN{exists} {old_column} TO {new_column}" 3270 3271 def alterset_sql(self, expression: exp.AlterSet) -> str: 3272 exprs = self.expressions(expression, flat=True) 3273 return f"SET {exprs}" 3274 3275 def alter_sql(self, expression: exp.Alter) -> str: 3276 actions = expression.args["actions"] 3277 3278 if isinstance(actions[0], exp.ColumnDef): 3279 actions = self.add_column_sql(expression) 3280 elif isinstance(actions[0], exp.Schema): 3281 actions = self.expressions(expression, key="actions", prefix="ADD COLUMNS ") 3282 elif isinstance(actions[0], exp.Delete): 3283 actions = self.expressions(expression, key="actions", flat=True) 3284 elif isinstance(actions[0], exp.Query): 3285 actions = "AS " + self.expressions(expression, key="actions") 3286 else: 3287 actions = self.expressions(expression, key="actions", flat=True) 3288 3289 exists = " IF EXISTS" if expression.args.get("exists") else "" 3290 on_cluster = self.sql(expression, "cluster") 3291 on_cluster = f" {on_cluster}" if on_cluster else "" 3292 only = " ONLY" if expression.args.get("only") else "" 3293 options = self.expressions(expression, key="options") 3294 options = f", {options}" if options else "" 3295 kind = self.sql(expression, "kind") 3296 not_valid = " NOT VALID" if expression.args.get("not_valid") else "" 3297 3298 return f"ALTER {kind}{exists}{only} {self.sql(expression, 'this')}{on_cluster} {actions}{not_valid}{options}" 3299 3300 def add_column_sql(self, expression: exp.Alter) -> str: 3301 if self.ALTER_TABLE_INCLUDE_COLUMN_KEYWORD: 3302 return self.expressions( 3303 expression, 3304 key="actions", 3305 prefix="ADD COLUMN ", 3306 skip_first=True, 3307 ) 3308 return f"ADD {self.expressions(expression, key='actions', flat=True)}" 3309 3310 def droppartition_sql(self, expression: exp.DropPartition) -> str: 3311 expressions = self.expressions(expression) 3312 exists = " IF EXISTS " if expression.args.get("exists") else " " 3313 return f"DROP{exists}{expressions}" 3314 3315 def addconstraint_sql(self, expression: exp.AddConstraint) -> str: 3316 return f"ADD {self.expressions(expression)}" 3317 3318 def distinct_sql(self, expression: exp.Distinct) -> str: 3319 this = self.expressions(expression, flat=True) 3320 3321 if not self.MULTI_ARG_DISTINCT and len(expression.expressions) > 1: 3322 case = exp.case() 3323 for arg in expression.expressions: 3324 case = case.when(arg.is_(exp.null()), exp.null()) 3325 this = self.sql(case.else_(f"({this})")) 3326 3327 this = f" {this}" if this else "" 3328 3329 on = self.sql(expression, "on") 3330 on = f" ON {on}" if on else "" 3331 return f"DISTINCT{this}{on}" 3332 3333 def ignorenulls_sql(self, expression: exp.IgnoreNulls) -> str: 3334 return self._embed_ignore_nulls(expression, "IGNORE NULLS") 3335 3336 def respectnulls_sql(self, expression: exp.RespectNulls) -> str: 3337 return self._embed_ignore_nulls(expression, "RESPECT NULLS") 3338 3339 def havingmax_sql(self, expression: exp.HavingMax) -> str: 3340 this_sql = self.sql(expression, "this") 3341 expression_sql = self.sql(expression, "expression") 3342 kind = "MAX" if expression.args.get("max") else "MIN" 3343 return f"{this_sql} HAVING {kind} {expression_sql}" 3344 3345 def intdiv_sql(self, expression: exp.IntDiv) -> str: 3346 return self.sql( 3347 exp.Cast( 3348 this=exp.Div(this=expression.this, expression=expression.expression), 3349 to=exp.DataType(this=exp.DataType.Type.INT), 3350 ) 3351 ) 3352 3353 def dpipe_sql(self, expression: exp.DPipe) -> str: 3354 if self.dialect.STRICT_STRING_CONCAT and expression.args.get("safe"): 3355 return self.func( 3356 "CONCAT", *(exp.cast(e, exp.DataType.Type.TEXT) for e in expression.flatten()) 3357 ) 3358 return self.binary(expression, "||") 3359 3360 def div_sql(self, expression: exp.Div) -> str: 3361 l, r = expression.left, expression.right 3362 3363 if not self.dialect.SAFE_DIVISION and expression.args.get("safe"): 3364 r.replace(exp.Nullif(this=r.copy(), expression=exp.Literal.number(0))) 3365 3366 if self.dialect.TYPED_DIVISION and not expression.args.get("typed"): 3367 if not l.is_type(*exp.DataType.REAL_TYPES) and not r.is_type(*exp.DataType.REAL_TYPES): 3368 l.replace(exp.cast(l.copy(), to=exp.DataType.Type.DOUBLE)) 3369 3370 elif not self.dialect.TYPED_DIVISION and expression.args.get("typed"): 3371 if l.is_type(*exp.DataType.INTEGER_TYPES) and r.is_type(*exp.DataType.INTEGER_TYPES): 3372 return self.sql( 3373 exp.cast( 3374 l / r, 3375 to=exp.DataType.Type.BIGINT, 3376 ) 3377 ) 3378 3379 return self.binary(expression, "/") 3380 3381 def overlaps_sql(self, expression: exp.Overlaps) -> str: 3382 return self.binary(expression, "OVERLAPS") 3383 3384 def distance_sql(self, expression: exp.Distance) -> str: 3385 return self.binary(expression, "<->") 3386 3387 def dot_sql(self, expression: exp.Dot) -> str: 3388 return f"{self.sql(expression, 'this')}.{self.sql(expression, 'expression')}" 3389 3390 def eq_sql(self, expression: exp.EQ) -> str: 3391 return self.binary(expression, "=") 3392 3393 def propertyeq_sql(self, expression: exp.PropertyEQ) -> str: 3394 return self.binary(expression, ":=") 3395 3396 def escape_sql(self, expression: exp.Escape) -> str: 3397 return self.binary(expression, "ESCAPE") 3398 3399 def glob_sql(self, expression: exp.Glob) -> str: 3400 return self.binary(expression, "GLOB") 3401 3402 def gt_sql(self, expression: exp.GT) -> str: 3403 return self.binary(expression, ">") 3404 3405 def gte_sql(self, expression: exp.GTE) -> str: 3406 return self.binary(expression, ">=") 3407 3408 def ilike_sql(self, expression: exp.ILike) -> str: 3409 return self.binary(expression, "ILIKE") 3410 3411 def ilikeany_sql(self, expression: exp.ILikeAny) -> str: 3412 return self.binary(expression, "ILIKE ANY") 3413 3414 def is_sql(self, expression: exp.Is) -> str: 3415 if not self.IS_BOOL_ALLOWED and isinstance(expression.expression, exp.Boolean): 3416 return self.sql( 3417 expression.this if expression.expression.this else exp.not_(expression.this) 3418 ) 3419 return self.binary(expression, "IS") 3420 3421 def like_sql(self, expression: exp.Like) -> str: 3422 return self.binary(expression, "LIKE") 3423 3424 def likeany_sql(self, expression: exp.LikeAny) -> str: 3425 return self.binary(expression, "LIKE ANY") 3426 3427 def similarto_sql(self, expression: exp.SimilarTo) -> str: 3428 return self.binary(expression, "SIMILAR TO") 3429 3430 def lt_sql(self, expression: exp.LT) -> str: 3431 return self.binary(expression, "<") 3432 3433 def lte_sql(self, expression: exp.LTE) -> str: 3434 return self.binary(expression, "<=") 3435 3436 def mod_sql(self, expression: exp.Mod) -> str: 3437 return self.binary(expression, "%") 3438 3439 def mul_sql(self, expression: exp.Mul) -> str: 3440 return self.binary(expression, "*") 3441 3442 def neq_sql(self, expression: exp.NEQ) -> str: 3443 return self.binary(expression, "<>") 3444 3445 def nullsafeeq_sql(self, expression: exp.NullSafeEQ) -> str: 3446 return self.binary(expression, "IS NOT DISTINCT FROM") 3447 3448 def nullsafeneq_sql(self, expression: exp.NullSafeNEQ) -> str: 3449 return self.binary(expression, "IS DISTINCT FROM") 3450 3451 def slice_sql(self, expression: exp.Slice) -> str: 3452 return self.binary(expression, ":") 3453 3454 def sub_sql(self, expression: exp.Sub) -> str: 3455 return self.binary(expression, "-") 3456 3457 def trycast_sql(self, expression: exp.TryCast) -> str: 3458 return self.cast_sql(expression, safe_prefix="TRY_") 3459 3460 def try_sql(self, expression: exp.Try) -> str: 3461 if not self.TRY_SUPPORTED: 3462 self.unsupported("Unsupported TRY function") 3463 return self.sql(expression, "this") 3464 3465 return self.func("TRY", expression.this) 3466 3467 def log_sql(self, expression: exp.Log) -> str: 3468 this = expression.this 3469 expr = expression.expression 3470 3471 if self.dialect.LOG_BASE_FIRST is False: 3472 this, expr = expr, this 3473 elif self.dialect.LOG_BASE_FIRST is None and expr: 3474 if this.name in ("2", "10"): 3475 return self.func(f"LOG{this.name}", expr) 3476 3477 self.unsupported(f"Unsupported logarithm with base {self.sql(this)}") 3478 3479 return self.func("LOG", this, expr) 3480 3481 def use_sql(self, expression: exp.Use) -> str: 3482 kind = self.sql(expression, "kind") 3483 kind = f" {kind}" if kind else "" 3484 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 3485 this = f" {this}" if this else "" 3486 return f"USE{kind}{this}" 3487 3488 def binary(self, expression: exp.Binary, op: str) -> str: 3489 sqls: t.List[str] = [] 3490 stack: t.List[t.Union[str, exp.Expression]] = [expression] 3491 binary_type = type(expression) 3492 3493 while stack: 3494 node = stack.pop() 3495 3496 if type(node) is binary_type: 3497 op_func = node.args.get("operator") 3498 if op_func: 3499 op = f"OPERATOR({self.sql(op_func)})" 3500 3501 stack.append(node.right) 3502 stack.append(f" {self.maybe_comment(op, comments=node.comments)} ") 3503 stack.append(node.left) 3504 else: 3505 sqls.append(self.sql(node)) 3506 3507 return "".join(sqls) 3508 3509 def function_fallback_sql(self, expression: exp.Func) -> str: 3510 args = [] 3511 3512 for key in expression.arg_types: 3513 arg_value = expression.args.get(key) 3514 3515 if isinstance(arg_value, list): 3516 for value in arg_value: 3517 args.append(value) 3518 elif arg_value is not None: 3519 args.append(arg_value) 3520 3521 if self.normalize_functions: 3522 name = expression.sql_name() 3523 else: 3524 name = (expression._meta and expression.meta.get("name")) or expression.sql_name() 3525 3526 return self.func(name, *args) 3527 3528 def func( 3529 self, 3530 name: str, 3531 *args: t.Optional[exp.Expression | str], 3532 prefix: str = "(", 3533 suffix: str = ")", 3534 normalize: bool = True, 3535 ) -> str: 3536 name = self.normalize_func(name) if normalize else name 3537 return f"{name}{prefix}{self.format_args(*args)}{suffix}" 3538 3539 def format_args(self, *args: t.Optional[str | exp.Expression], sep: str = ", ") -> str: 3540 arg_sqls = tuple( 3541 self.sql(arg) for arg in args if arg is not None and not isinstance(arg, bool) 3542 ) 3543 if self.pretty and self.too_wide(arg_sqls): 3544 return self.indent( 3545 "\n" + f"{sep.strip()}\n".join(arg_sqls) + "\n", skip_first=True, skip_last=True 3546 ) 3547 return sep.join(arg_sqls) 3548 3549 def too_wide(self, args: t.Iterable) -> bool: 3550 return sum(len(arg) for arg in args) > self.max_text_width 3551 3552 def format_time( 3553 self, 3554 expression: exp.Expression, 3555 inverse_time_mapping: t.Optional[t.Dict[str, str]] = None, 3556 inverse_time_trie: t.Optional[t.Dict] = None, 3557 ) -> t.Optional[str]: 3558 return format_time( 3559 self.sql(expression, "format"), 3560 inverse_time_mapping or self.dialect.INVERSE_TIME_MAPPING, 3561 inverse_time_trie or self.dialect.INVERSE_TIME_TRIE, 3562 ) 3563 3564 def expressions( 3565 self, 3566 expression: t.Optional[exp.Expression] = None, 3567 key: t.Optional[str] = None, 3568 sqls: t.Optional[t.Collection[str | exp.Expression]] = None, 3569 flat: bool = False, 3570 indent: bool = True, 3571 skip_first: bool = False, 3572 skip_last: bool = False, 3573 sep: str = ", ", 3574 prefix: str = "", 3575 dynamic: bool = False, 3576 new_line: bool = False, 3577 ) -> str: 3578 expressions = expression.args.get(key or "expressions") if expression else sqls 3579 3580 if not expressions: 3581 return "" 3582 3583 if flat: 3584 return sep.join(sql for sql in (self.sql(e) for e in expressions) if sql) 3585 3586 num_sqls = len(expressions) 3587 result_sqls = [] 3588 3589 for i, e in enumerate(expressions): 3590 sql = self.sql(e, comment=False) 3591 if not sql: 3592 continue 3593 3594 comments = self.maybe_comment("", e) if isinstance(e, exp.Expression) else "" 3595 3596 if self.pretty: 3597 if self.leading_comma: 3598 result_sqls.append(f"{sep if i > 0 else ''}{prefix}{sql}{comments}") 3599 else: 3600 result_sqls.append( 3601 f"{prefix}{sql}{(sep.rstrip() if comments else sep) if i + 1 < num_sqls else ''}{comments}" 3602 ) 3603 else: 3604 result_sqls.append(f"{prefix}{sql}{comments}{sep if i + 1 < num_sqls else ''}") 3605 3606 if self.pretty and (not dynamic or self.too_wide(result_sqls)): 3607 if new_line: 3608 result_sqls.insert(0, "") 3609 result_sqls.append("") 3610 result_sql = "\n".join(s.rstrip() for s in result_sqls) 3611 else: 3612 result_sql = "".join(result_sqls) 3613 3614 return ( 3615 self.indent(result_sql, skip_first=skip_first, skip_last=skip_last) 3616 if indent 3617 else result_sql 3618 ) 3619 3620 def op_expressions(self, op: str, expression: exp.Expression, flat: bool = False) -> str: 3621 flat = flat or isinstance(expression.parent, exp.Properties) 3622 expressions_sql = self.expressions(expression, flat=flat) 3623 if flat: 3624 return f"{op} {expressions_sql}" 3625 return f"{self.seg(op)}{self.sep() if expressions_sql else ''}{expressions_sql}" 3626 3627 def naked_property(self, expression: exp.Property) -> str: 3628 property_name = exp.Properties.PROPERTY_TO_NAME.get(expression.__class__) 3629 if not property_name: 3630 self.unsupported(f"Unsupported property {expression.__class__.__name__}") 3631 return f"{property_name} {self.sql(expression, 'this')}" 3632 3633 def tag_sql(self, expression: exp.Tag) -> str: 3634 return f"{expression.args.get('prefix')}{self.sql(expression.this)}{expression.args.get('postfix')}" 3635 3636 def token_sql(self, token_type: TokenType) -> str: 3637 return self.TOKEN_MAPPING.get(token_type, token_type.name) 3638 3639 def userdefinedfunction_sql(self, expression: exp.UserDefinedFunction) -> str: 3640 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 3641 expressions = self.no_identify(self.expressions, expression) 3642 expressions = ( 3643 self.wrap(expressions) if expression.args.get("wrapped") else f" {expressions}" 3644 ) 3645 return f"{this}{expressions}" if expressions.strip() != "" else this 3646 3647 def joinhint_sql(self, expression: exp.JoinHint) -> str: 3648 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 3649 expressions = self.expressions(expression, flat=True) 3650 return f"{this}({expressions})" 3651 3652 def kwarg_sql(self, expression: exp.Kwarg) -> str: 3653 return self.binary(expression, "=>") 3654 3655 def when_sql(self, expression: exp.When) -> str: 3656 matched = "MATCHED" if expression.args["matched"] else "NOT MATCHED" 3657 source = " BY SOURCE" if self.MATCHED_BY_SOURCE and expression.args.get("source") else "" 3658 condition = self.sql(expression, "condition") 3659 condition = f" AND {condition}" if condition else "" 3660 3661 then_expression = expression.args.get("then") 3662 if isinstance(then_expression, exp.Insert): 3663 this = self.sql(then_expression, "this") 3664 this = f"INSERT {this}" if this else "INSERT" 3665 then = self.sql(then_expression, "expression") 3666 then = f"{this} VALUES {then}" if then else this 3667 elif isinstance(then_expression, exp.Update): 3668 if isinstance(then_expression.args.get("expressions"), exp.Star): 3669 then = f"UPDATE {self.sql(then_expression, 'expressions')}" 3670 else: 3671 then = f"UPDATE SET {self.expressions(then_expression, flat=True)}" 3672 else: 3673 then = self.sql(then_expression) 3674 return f"WHEN {matched}{source}{condition} THEN {then}" 3675 3676 def merge_sql(self, expression: exp.Merge) -> str: 3677 table = expression.this 3678 table_alias = "" 3679 3680 hints = table.args.get("hints") 3681 if hints and table.alias and isinstance(hints[0], exp.WithTableHint): 3682 # T-SQL syntax is MERGE ... <target_table> [WITH (<merge_hint>)] [[AS] table_alias] 3683 table_alias = f" AS {self.sql(table.args['alias'].pop())}" 3684 3685 this = self.sql(table) 3686 using = f"USING {self.sql(expression, 'using')}" 3687 on = f"ON {self.sql(expression, 'on')}" 3688 expressions = self.expressions(expression, sep=" ", indent=False) 3689 returning = self.sql(expression, "returning") 3690 if returning: 3691 expressions = f"{expressions}{returning}" 3692 3693 sep = self.sep() 3694 3695 return self.prepend_ctes( 3696 expression, 3697 f"MERGE INTO {this}{table_alias}{sep}{using}{sep}{on}{sep}{expressions}", 3698 ) 3699 3700 @unsupported_args("format") 3701 def tochar_sql(self, expression: exp.ToChar) -> str: 3702 return self.sql(exp.cast(expression.this, exp.DataType.Type.TEXT)) 3703 3704 def tonumber_sql(self, expression: exp.ToNumber) -> str: 3705 if not self.SUPPORTS_TO_NUMBER: 3706 self.unsupported("Unsupported TO_NUMBER function") 3707 return self.sql(exp.cast(expression.this, exp.DataType.Type.DOUBLE)) 3708 3709 fmt = expression.args.get("format") 3710 if not fmt: 3711 self.unsupported("Conversion format is required for TO_NUMBER") 3712 return self.sql(exp.cast(expression.this, exp.DataType.Type.DOUBLE)) 3713 3714 return self.func("TO_NUMBER", expression.this, fmt) 3715 3716 def dictproperty_sql(self, expression: exp.DictProperty) -> str: 3717 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 3718 kind = self.sql(expression, "kind") 3719 settings_sql = self.expressions(expression, key="settings", sep=" ") 3720 args = f"({self.sep('')}{settings_sql}{self.seg(')', sep='')}" if settings_sql else "()" 3721 return f"{this}({kind}{args})" 3722 3723 def dictrange_sql(self, expression: exp.DictRange) -> str: 3724 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 3725 max = self.sql(expression, "max") 3726 min = self.sql(expression, "min") 3727 return f"{this}(MIN {min} MAX {max})" 3728 3729 def dictsubproperty_sql(self, expression: exp.DictSubProperty) -> str: 3730 return f"{self.sql(expression, 'this')} {self.sql(expression, 'value')}" 3731 3732 def duplicatekeyproperty_sql(self, expression: exp.DuplicateKeyProperty) -> str: 3733 return f"DUPLICATE KEY ({self.expressions(expression, flat=True)})" 3734 3735 # https://docs.starrocks.io/docs/sql-reference/sql-statements/data-definition/CREATE_TABLE/#distribution_desc 3736 def distributedbyproperty_sql(self, expression: exp.DistributedByProperty) -> str: 3737 expressions = self.expressions(expression, flat=True) 3738 expressions = f" {self.wrap(expressions)}" if expressions else "" 3739 buckets = self.sql(expression, "buckets") 3740 kind = self.sql(expression, "kind") 3741 buckets = f" BUCKETS {buckets}" if buckets else "" 3742 order = self.sql(expression, "order") 3743 return f"DISTRIBUTED BY {kind}{expressions}{buckets}{order}" 3744 3745 def oncluster_sql(self, expression: exp.OnCluster) -> str: 3746 return "" 3747 3748 def clusteredbyproperty_sql(self, expression: exp.ClusteredByProperty) -> str: 3749 expressions = self.expressions(expression, key="expressions", flat=True) 3750 sorted_by = self.expressions(expression, key="sorted_by", flat=True) 3751 sorted_by = f" SORTED BY ({sorted_by})" if sorted_by else "" 3752 buckets = self.sql(expression, "buckets") 3753 return f"CLUSTERED BY ({expressions}){sorted_by} INTO {buckets} BUCKETS" 3754 3755 def anyvalue_sql(self, expression: exp.AnyValue) -> str: 3756 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 3757 having = self.sql(expression, "having") 3758 3759 if having: 3760 this = f"{this} HAVING {'MAX' if expression.args.get('max') else 'MIN'} {having}" 3761 3762 return self.func("ANY_VALUE", this) 3763 3764 def querytransform_sql(self, expression: exp.QueryTransform) -> str: 3765 transform = self.func("TRANSFORM", *expression.expressions) 3766 row_format_before = self.sql(expression, "row_format_before") 3767 row_format_before = f" {row_format_before}" if row_format_before else "" 3768 record_writer = self.sql(expression, "record_writer") 3769 record_writer = f" RECORDWRITER {record_writer}" if record_writer else "" 3770 using = f" USING {self.sql(expression, 'command_script')}" 3771 schema = self.sql(expression, "schema") 3772 schema = f" AS {schema}" if schema else "" 3773 row_format_after = self.sql(expression, "row_format_after") 3774 row_format_after = f" {row_format_after}" if row_format_after else "" 3775 record_reader = self.sql(expression, "record_reader") 3776 record_reader = f" RECORDREADER {record_reader}" if record_reader else "" 3777 return f"{transform}{row_format_before}{record_writer}{using}{schema}{row_format_after}{record_reader}" 3778 3779 def indexconstraintoption_sql(self, expression: exp.IndexConstraintOption) -> str: 3780 key_block_size = self.sql(expression, "key_block_size") 3781 if key_block_size: 3782 return f"KEY_BLOCK_SIZE = {key_block_size}" 3783 3784 using = self.sql(expression, "using") 3785 if using: 3786 return f"USING {using}" 3787 3788 parser = self.sql(expression, "parser") 3789 if parser: 3790 return f"WITH PARSER {parser}" 3791 3792 comment = self.sql(expression, "comment") 3793 if comment: 3794 return f"COMMENT {comment}" 3795 3796 visible = expression.args.get("visible") 3797 if visible is not None: 3798 return "VISIBLE" if visible else "INVISIBLE" 3799 3800 engine_attr = self.sql(expression, "engine_attr") 3801 if engine_attr: 3802 return f"ENGINE_ATTRIBUTE = {engine_attr}" 3803 3804 secondary_engine_attr = self.sql(expression, "secondary_engine_attr") 3805 if secondary_engine_attr: 3806 return f"SECONDARY_ENGINE_ATTRIBUTE = {secondary_engine_attr}" 3807 3808 self.unsupported("Unsupported index constraint option.") 3809 return "" 3810 3811 def checkcolumnconstraint_sql(self, expression: exp.CheckColumnConstraint) -> str: 3812 enforced = " ENFORCED" if expression.args.get("enforced") else "" 3813 return f"CHECK ({self.sql(expression, 'this')}){enforced}" 3814 3815 def indexcolumnconstraint_sql(self, expression: exp.IndexColumnConstraint) -> str: 3816 kind = self.sql(expression, "kind") 3817 kind = f"{kind} INDEX" if kind else "INDEX" 3818 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 3819 this = f" {this}" if this else "" 3820 index_type = self.sql(expression, "index_type") 3821 index_type = f" USING {index_type}" if index_type else "" 3822 expressions = self.expressions(expression, flat=True) 3823 expressions = f" ({expressions})" if expressions else "" 3824 options = self.expressions(expression, key="options", sep=" ") 3825 options = f" {options}" if options else "" 3826 return f"{kind}{this}{index_type}{expressions}{options}" 3827 3828 def nvl2_sql(self, expression: exp.Nvl2) -> str: 3829 if self.NVL2_SUPPORTED: 3830 return self.function_fallback_sql(expression) 3831 3832 case = exp.Case().when( 3833 expression.this.is_(exp.null()).not_(copy=False), 3834 expression.args["true"], 3835 copy=False, 3836 ) 3837 else_cond = expression.args.get("false") 3838 if else_cond: 3839 case.else_(else_cond, copy=False) 3840 3841 return self.sql(case) 3842 3843 def comprehension_sql(self, expression: exp.Comprehension) -> str: 3844 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 3845 expr = self.sql(expression, "expression") 3846 iterator = self.sql(expression, "iterator") 3847 condition = self.sql(expression, "condition") 3848 condition = f" IF {condition}" if condition else "" 3849 return f"{this} FOR {expr} IN {iterator}{condition}" 3850 3851 def columnprefix_sql(self, expression: exp.ColumnPrefix) -> str: 3852 return f"{self.sql(expression, 'this')}({self.sql(expression, 'expression')})" 3853 3854 def opclass_sql(self, expression: exp.Opclass) -> str: 3855 return f"{self.sql(expression, 'this')} {self.sql(expression, 'expression')}" 3856 3857 def predict_sql(self, expression: exp.Predict) -> str: 3858 model = self.sql(expression, "this") 3859 model = f"MODEL {model}" 3860 table = self.sql(expression, "expression") 3861 table = f"TABLE {table}" if not isinstance(expression.expression, exp.Subquery) else table 3862 parameters = self.sql(expression, "params_struct") 3863 return self.func("PREDICT", model, table, parameters or None) 3864 3865 def forin_sql(self, expression: exp.ForIn) -> str: 3866 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 3867 expression_sql = self.sql(expression, "expression") 3868 return f"FOR {this} DO {expression_sql}" 3869 3870 def refresh_sql(self, expression: exp.Refresh) -> str: 3871 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 3872 table = "" if isinstance(expression.this, exp.Literal) else "TABLE " 3873 return f"REFRESH {table}{this}" 3874 3875 def toarray_sql(self, expression: exp.ToArray) -> str: 3876 arg = expression.this 3877 if not arg.type: 3878 from sqlglot.optimizer.annotate_types import annotate_types 3879 3880 arg = annotate_types(arg) 3881 3882 if arg.is_type(exp.DataType.Type.ARRAY): 3883 return self.sql(arg) 3884 3885 cond_for_null = arg.is_(exp.null()) 3886 return self.sql(exp.func("IF", cond_for_null, exp.null(), exp.array(arg, copy=False))) 3887 3888 def tsordstotime_sql(self, expression: exp.TsOrDsToTime) -> str: 3889 this = expression.this 3890 if isinstance(this, exp.TsOrDsToTime) or this.is_type(exp.DataType.Type.TIME): 3891 return self.sql(this) 3892 3893 return self.sql(exp.cast(this, exp.DataType.Type.TIME)) 3894 3895 def tsordstotimestamp_sql(self, expression: exp.TsOrDsToTimestamp) -> str: 3896 this = expression.this 3897 if isinstance(this, exp.TsOrDsToTimestamp) or this.is_type(exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP): 3898 return self.sql(this) 3899 3900 return self.sql(exp.cast(this, exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP)) 3901 3902 def tsordstodate_sql(self, expression: exp.TsOrDsToDate) -> str: 3903 this = expression.this 3904 time_format = self.format_time(expression) 3905 3906 if time_format and time_format not in (self.dialect.TIME_FORMAT, self.dialect.DATE_FORMAT): 3907 return self.sql( 3908 exp.cast( 3909 exp.StrToTime(this=this, format=expression.args["format"]), 3910 exp.DataType.Type.DATE, 3911 ) 3912 ) 3913 3914 if isinstance(this, exp.TsOrDsToDate) or this.is_type(exp.DataType.Type.DATE): 3915 return self.sql(this) 3916 3917 return self.sql(exp.cast(this, exp.DataType.Type.DATE)) 3918 3919 def unixdate_sql(self, expression: exp.UnixDate) -> str: 3920 return self.sql( 3921 exp.func( 3922 "DATEDIFF", 3923 expression.this, 3924 exp.cast(exp.Literal.string("1970-01-01"), exp.DataType.Type.DATE), 3925 "day", 3926 ) 3927 ) 3928 3929 def lastday_sql(self, expression: exp.LastDay) -> str: 3930 if self.LAST_DAY_SUPPORTS_DATE_PART: 3931 return self.function_fallback_sql(expression) 3932 3933 unit = expression.text("unit") 3934 if unit and unit != "MONTH": 3935 self.unsupported("Date parts are not supported in LAST_DAY.") 3936 3937 return self.func("LAST_DAY", expression.this) 3938 3939 def dateadd_sql(self, expression: exp.DateAdd) -> str: 3940 from sqlglot.dialects.dialect import unit_to_str 3941 3942 return self.func( 3943 "DATE_ADD", expression.this, expression.expression, unit_to_str(expression) 3944 ) 3945 3946 def arrayany_sql(self, expression: exp.ArrayAny) -> str: 3947 if self.CAN_IMPLEMENT_ARRAY_ANY: 3948 filtered = exp.ArrayFilter(this=expression.this, expression=expression.expression) 3949 filtered_not_empty = exp.ArraySize(this=filtered).neq(0) 3950 original_is_empty = exp.ArraySize(this=expression.this).eq(0) 3951 return self.sql(exp.paren(original_is_empty.or_(filtered_not_empty))) 3952 3953 from sqlglot.dialects import Dialect 3954 3955 # SQLGlot's executor supports ARRAY_ANY, so we don't wanna warn for the SQLGlot dialect 3956 if self.dialect.__class__ != Dialect: 3957 self.unsupported("ARRAY_ANY is unsupported") 3958 3959 return self.function_fallback_sql(expression) 3960 3961 def struct_sql(self, expression: exp.Struct) -> str: 3962 expression.set( 3963 "expressions", 3964 [ 3965 exp.alias_(e.expression, e.name if e.this.is_string else e.this) 3966 if isinstance(e, exp.PropertyEQ) 3967 else e 3968 for e in expression.expressions 3969 ], 3970 ) 3971 3972 return self.function_fallback_sql(expression) 3973 3974 def partitionrange_sql(self, expression: exp.PartitionRange) -> str: 3975 low = self.sql(expression, "this") 3976 high = self.sql(expression, "expression") 3977 3978 return f"{low} TO {high}" 3979 3980 def truncatetable_sql(self, expression: exp.TruncateTable) -> str: 3981 target = "DATABASE" if expression.args.get("is_database") else "TABLE" 3982 tables = f" {self.expressions(expression)}" 3983 3984 exists = " IF EXISTS" if expression.args.get("exists") else "" 3985 3986 on_cluster = self.sql(expression, "cluster") 3987 on_cluster = f" {on_cluster}" if on_cluster else "" 3988 3989 identity = self.sql(expression, "identity") 3990 identity = f" {identity} IDENTITY" if identity else "" 3991 3992 option = self.sql(expression, "option") 3993 option = f" {option}" if option else "" 3994 3995 partition = self.sql(expression, "partition") 3996 partition = f" {partition}" if partition else "" 3997 3998 return f"TRUNCATE {target}{exists}{tables}{on_cluster}{identity}{option}{partition}" 3999 4000 # This transpiles T-SQL's CONVERT function 4001 # https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/sql/t-sql/functions/cast-and-convert-transact-sql?view=sql-server-ver16 4002 def convert_sql(self, expression: exp.Convert) -> str: 4003 to = expression.this 4004 value = expression.expression 4005 style = expression.args.get("style") 4006 safe = expression.args.get("safe") 4007 strict = expression.args.get("strict") 4008 4009 if not to or not value: 4010 return "" 4011 4012 # Retrieve length of datatype and override to default if not specified 4013 if not seq_get(to.expressions, 0) and to.this in self.PARAMETERIZABLE_TEXT_TYPES: 4014 to = exp.DataType.build(to.this, expressions=[exp.Literal.number(30)], nested=False) 4015 4016 transformed: t.Optional[exp.Expression] = None 4017 cast = exp.Cast if strict else exp.TryCast 4018 4019 # Check whether a conversion with format (T-SQL calls this 'style') is applicable 4020 if isinstance(style, exp.Literal) and style.is_int: 4021 from sqlglot.dialects.tsql import TSQL 4022 4023 style_value = style.name 4024 converted_style = TSQL.CONVERT_FORMAT_MAPPING.get(style_value) 4025 if not converted_style: 4026 self.unsupported(f"Unsupported T-SQL 'style' value: {style_value}") 4027 4028 fmt = exp.Literal.string(converted_style) 4029 4030 if to.this == exp.DataType.Type.DATE: 4031 transformed = exp.StrToDate(this=value, format=fmt) 4032 elif to.this == exp.DataType.Type.DATETIME: 4033 transformed = exp.StrToTime(this=value, format=fmt) 4034 elif to.this in self.PARAMETERIZABLE_TEXT_TYPES: 4035 transformed = cast(this=exp.TimeToStr(this=value, format=fmt), to=to, safe=safe) 4036 elif to.this == exp.DataType.Type.TEXT: 4037 transformed = exp.TimeToStr(this=value, format=fmt) 4038 4039 if not transformed: 4040 transformed = cast(this=value, to=to, safe=safe) 4041 4042 return self.sql(transformed) 4043 4044 def _jsonpathkey_sql(self, expression: exp.JSONPathKey) -> str: 4045 this = expression.this 4046 if isinstance(this, exp.JSONPathWildcard): 4047 this = self.json_path_part(this) 4048 return f".{this}" if this else "" 4049 4050 if exp.SAFE_IDENTIFIER_RE.match(this): 4051 return f".{this}" 4052 4053 this = self.json_path_part(this) 4054 return f"[{this}]" if self.JSON_PATH_BRACKETED_KEY_SUPPORTED else f".{this}" 4055 4056 def _jsonpathsubscript_sql(self, expression: exp.JSONPathSubscript) -> str: 4057 this = self.json_path_part(expression.this) 4058 return f"[{this}]" if this else "" 4059 4060 def _simplify_unless_literal(self, expression: E) -> E: 4061 if not isinstance(expression, exp.Literal): 4062 from sqlglot.optimizer.simplify import simplify 4063 4064 expression = simplify(expression, dialect=self.dialect) 4065 4066 return expression 4067 4068 def _embed_ignore_nulls(self, expression: exp.IgnoreNulls | exp.RespectNulls, text: str) -> str: 4069 if self.IGNORE_NULLS_IN_FUNC and not expression.meta.get("inline"): 4070 # The first modifier here will be the one closest to the AggFunc's arg 4071 mods = sorted( 4072 expression.find_all(exp.HavingMax, exp.Order, exp.Limit), 4073 key=lambda x: 0 4074 if isinstance(x, exp.HavingMax) 4075 else (1 if isinstance(x, exp.Order) else 2), 4076 ) 4077 4078 if mods: 4079 mod = mods[0] 4080 this = expression.__class__(this=mod.this.copy()) 4081 this.meta["inline"] = True 4082 mod.this.replace(this) 4083 return self.sql(expression.this) 4084 4085 agg_func = expression.find(exp.AggFunc) 4086 4087 if agg_func: 4088 return self.sql(agg_func)[:-1] + f" {text})" 4089 4090 return f"{self.sql(expression, 'this')} {text}" 4091 4092 def _replace_line_breaks(self, string: str) -> str: 4093 """We don't want to extra indent line breaks so we temporarily replace them with sentinels.""" 4094 if self.pretty: 4095 return string.replace("\n", self.SENTINEL_LINE_BREAK) 4096 return string 4097 4098 def copyparameter_sql(self, expression: exp.CopyParameter) -> str: 4099 option = self.sql(expression, "this") 4100 4101 if expression.expressions: 4102 upper = option.upper() 4103 4104 # Snowflake FILE_FORMAT options are separated by whitespace 4105 sep = " " if upper == "FILE_FORMAT" else ", " 4106 4107 # Databricks copy/format options do not set their list of values with EQ 4108 op = " " if upper in ("COPY_OPTIONS", "FORMAT_OPTIONS") else " = " 4109 values = self.expressions(expression, flat=True, sep=sep) 4110 return f"{option}{op}({values})" 4111 4112 value = self.sql(expression, "expression") 4113 4114 if not value: 4115 return option 4116 4117 op = " = " if self.COPY_PARAMS_EQ_REQUIRED else " " 4118 4119 return f"{option}{op}{value}" 4120 4121 def credentials_sql(self, expression: exp.Credentials) -> str: 4122 cred_expr = expression.args.get("credentials") 4123 if isinstance(cred_expr, exp.Literal): 4124 # Redshift case: CREDENTIALS <string> 4125 credentials = self.sql(expression, "credentials") 4126 credentials = f"CREDENTIALS {credentials}" if credentials else "" 4127 else: 4128 # Snowflake case: CREDENTIALS = (...) 4129 credentials = self.expressions(expression, key="credentials", flat=True, sep=" ") 4130 credentials = f"CREDENTIALS = ({credentials})" if cred_expr is not None else "" 4131 4132 storage = self.sql(expression, "storage") 4133 storage = f"STORAGE_INTEGRATION = {storage}" if storage else "" 4134 4135 encryption = self.expressions(expression, key="encryption", flat=True, sep=" ") 4136 encryption = f" ENCRYPTION = ({encryption})" if encryption else "" 4137 4138 iam_role = self.sql(expression, "iam_role") 4139 iam_role = f"IAM_ROLE {iam_role}" if iam_role else "" 4140 4141 region = self.sql(expression, "region") 4142 region = f" REGION {region}" if region else "" 4143 4144 return f"{credentials}{storage}{encryption}{iam_role}{region}" 4145 4146 def copy_sql(self, expression: exp.Copy) -> str: 4147 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 4148 this = f" INTO {this}" if self.COPY_HAS_INTO_KEYWORD else f" {this}" 4149 4150 credentials = self.sql(expression, "credentials") 4151 credentials = self.seg(credentials) if credentials else "" 4152 kind = self.seg("FROM" if expression.args.get("kind") else "TO") 4153 files = self.expressions(expression, key="files", flat=True) 4154 4155 sep = ", " if self.dialect.COPY_PARAMS_ARE_CSV else " " 4156 params = self.expressions( 4157 expression, 4158 key="params", 4159 sep=sep, 4160 new_line=True, 4161 skip_last=True, 4162 skip_first=True, 4163 indent=self.COPY_PARAMS_ARE_WRAPPED, 4164 ) 4165 4166 if params: 4167 if self.COPY_PARAMS_ARE_WRAPPED: 4168 params = f" WITH ({params})" 4169 elif not self.pretty: 4170 params = f" {params}" 4171 4172 return f"COPY{this}{kind} {files}{credentials}{params}" 4173 4174 def semicolon_sql(self, expression: exp.Semicolon) -> str: 4175 return "" 4176 4177 def datadeletionproperty_sql(self, expression: exp.DataDeletionProperty) -> str: 4178 on_sql = "ON" if expression.args.get("on") else "OFF" 4179 filter_col: t.Optional[str] = self.sql(expression, "filter_column") 4180 filter_col = f"FILTER_COLUMN={filter_col}" if filter_col else None 4181 retention_period: t.Optional[str] = self.sql(expression, "retention_period") 4182 retention_period = f"RETENTION_PERIOD={retention_period}" if retention_period else None 4183 4184 if filter_col or retention_period: 4185 on_sql = self.func("ON", filter_col, retention_period) 4186 4187 return f"DATA_DELETION={on_sql}" 4188 4189 def maskingpolicycolumnconstraint_sql( 4190 self, expression: exp.MaskingPolicyColumnConstraint 4191 ) -> str: 4192 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 4193 expressions = self.expressions(expression, flat=True) 4194 expressions = f" USING ({expressions})" if expressions else "" 4195 return f"MASKING POLICY {this}{expressions}" 4196 4197 def gapfill_sql(self, expression: exp.GapFill) -> str: 4198 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 4199 this = f"TABLE {this}" 4200 return self.func("GAP_FILL", this, *[v for k, v in expression.args.items() if k != "this"]) 4201 4202 def scope_resolution(self, rhs: str, scope_name: str) -> str: 4203 return self.func("SCOPE_RESOLUTION", scope_name or None, rhs) 4204 4205 def scoperesolution_sql(self, expression: exp.ScopeResolution) -> str: 4206 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 4207 expr = expression.expression 4208 4209 if isinstance(expr, exp.Func): 4210 # T-SQL's CLR functions are case sensitive 4211 expr = f"{self.sql(expr, 'this')}({self.format_args(*expr.expressions)})" 4212 else: 4213 expr = self.sql(expression, "expression") 4214 4215 return self.scope_resolution(expr, this) 4216 4217 def parsejson_sql(self, expression: exp.ParseJSON) -> str: 4218 if self.PARSE_JSON_NAME is None: 4219 return self.sql(expression.this) 4220 4221 return self.func(self.PARSE_JSON_NAME, expression.this, expression.expression) 4222 4223 def rand_sql(self, expression: exp.Rand) -> str: 4224 lower = self.sql(expression, "lower") 4225 upper = self.sql(expression, "upper") 4226 4227 if lower and upper: 4228 return f"({upper} - {lower}) * {self.func('RAND', expression.this)} + {lower}" 4229 return self.func("RAND", expression.this) 4230 4231 def changes_sql(self, expression: exp.Changes) -> str: 4232 information = self.sql(expression, "information") 4233 information = f"INFORMATION => {information}" 4234 at_before = self.sql(expression, "at_before") 4235 at_before = f"{self.seg('')}{at_before}" if at_before else "" 4236 end = self.sql(expression, "end") 4237 end = f"{self.seg('')}{end}" if end else "" 4238 4239 return f"CHANGES ({information}){at_before}{end}" 4240 4241 def pad_sql(self, expression: exp.Pad) -> str: 4242 prefix = "L" if expression.args.get("is_left") else "R" 4243 4244 fill_pattern = self.sql(expression, "fill_pattern") or None 4245 if not fill_pattern and self.PAD_FILL_PATTERN_IS_REQUIRED: 4246 fill_pattern = "' '" 4247 4248 return self.func(f"{prefix}PAD", expression.this, expression.expression, fill_pattern) 4249 4250 def summarize_sql(self, expression: exp.Summarize) -> str: 4251 table = " TABLE" if expression.args.get("table") else "" 4252 return f"SUMMARIZE{table} {self.sql(expression.this)}" 4253 4254 def explodinggenerateseries_sql(self, expression: exp.ExplodingGenerateSeries) -> str: 4255 generate_series = exp.GenerateSeries(**expression.args) 4256 4257 parent = expression.parent 4258 if isinstance(parent, (exp.Alias, exp.TableAlias)): 4259 parent = parent.parent 4260 4261 if self.SUPPORTS_EXPLODING_PROJECTIONS and not isinstance(parent, (exp.Table, exp.Unnest)): 4262 return self.sql(exp.Unnest(expressions=[generate_series])) 4263 4264 if isinstance(parent, exp.Select): 4265 self.unsupported("GenerateSeries projection unnesting is not supported.") 4266 4267 return self.sql(generate_series) 4268 4269 def arrayconcat_sql(self, expression: exp.ArrayConcat, name: str = "ARRAY_CONCAT") -> str: 4270 exprs = expression.expressions 4271 if not self.ARRAY_CONCAT_IS_VAR_LEN: 4272 rhs = reduce(lambda x, y: exp.ArrayConcat(this=x, expressions=[y]), exprs) 4273 else: 4274 rhs = self.expressions(expression) 4275 4276 return self.func(name, expression.this, rhs or None) 4277 4278 def converttimezone_sql(self, expression: exp.ConvertTimezone) -> str: 4279 if self.SUPPORTS_CONVERT_TIMEZONE: 4280 return self.function_fallback_sql(expression) 4281 4282 source_tz = expression.args.get("source_tz") 4283 target_tz = expression.args.get("target_tz") 4284 timestamp = expression.args.get("timestamp") 4285 4286 if source_tz and timestamp: 4287 timestamp = exp.AtTimeZone( 4288 this=exp.cast(timestamp, exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMPNTZ), zone=source_tz 4289 ) 4290 4291 expr = exp.AtTimeZone(this=timestamp, zone=target_tz) 4292 4293 return self.sql(expr) 4294 4295 def json_sql(self, expression: exp.JSON) -> str: 4296 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 4297 this = f" {this}" if this else "" 4298 4299 _with = expression.args.get("with") 4300 4301 if _with is None: 4302 with_sql = "" 4303 elif not _with: 4304 with_sql = " WITHOUT" 4305 else: 4306 with_sql = " WITH" 4307 4308 unique_sql = " UNIQUE KEYS" if expression.args.get("unique") else "" 4309 4310 return f"JSON{this}{with_sql}{unique_sql}" 4311 4312 def jsonvalue_sql(self, expression: exp.JSONValue) -> str: 4313 def _generate_on_options(arg: t.Any) -> str: 4314 return arg if isinstance(arg, str) else f"DEFAULT {self.sql(arg)}" 4315 4316 path = self.sql(expression, "path") 4317 returning = self.sql(expression, "returning") 4318 returning = f" RETURNING {returning}" if returning else "" 4319 4320 on_condition = self.sql(expression, "on_condition") 4321 on_condition = f" {on_condition}" if on_condition else "" 4322 4323 return self.func("JSON_VALUE", expression.this, f"{path}{returning}{on_condition}") 4324 4325 def conditionalinsert_sql(self, expression: exp.ConditionalInsert) -> str: 4326 else_ = "ELSE " if expression.args.get("else_") else "" 4327 condition = self.sql(expression, "expression") 4328 condition = f"WHEN {condition} THEN " if condition else else_ 4329 insert = self.sql(expression, "this")[len("INSERT") :].strip() 4330 return f"{condition}{insert}" 4331 4332 def multitableinserts_sql(self, expression: exp.MultitableInserts) -> str: 4333 kind = self.sql(expression, "kind") 4334 expressions = self.seg(self.expressions(expression, sep=" ")) 4335 res = f"INSERT {kind}{expressions}{self.seg(self.sql(expression, 'source'))}" 4336 return res 4337 4338 def oncondition_sql(self, expression: exp.OnCondition) -> str: 4339 # Static options like "NULL ON ERROR" are stored as strings, in contrast to "DEFAULT <expr> ON ERROR" 4340 empty = expression.args.get("empty") 4341 empty = ( 4342 f"DEFAULT {empty} ON EMPTY" 4343 if isinstance(empty, exp.Expression) 4344 else self.sql(expression, "empty") 4345 ) 4346 4347 error = expression.args.get("error") 4348 error = ( 4349 f"DEFAULT {error} ON ERROR" 4350 if isinstance(error, exp.Expression) 4351 else self.sql(expression, "error") 4352 ) 4353 4354 if error and empty: 4355 error = ( 4356 f"{empty} {error}" 4357 if self.dialect.ON_CONDITION_EMPTY_BEFORE_ERROR 4358 else f"{error} {empty}" 4359 ) 4360 empty = "" 4361 4362 null = self.sql(expression, "null") 4363 4364 return f"{empty}{error}{null}" 4365 4366 def jsonexists_sql(self, expression: exp.JSONExists) -> str: 4367 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 4368 path = self.sql(expression, "path") 4369 4370 passing = self.expressions(expression, "passing") 4371 passing = f" PASSING {passing}" if passing else "" 4372 4373 on_condition = self.sql(expression, "on_condition") 4374 on_condition = f" {on_condition}" if on_condition else "" 4375 4376 path = f"{path}{passing}{on_condition}" 4377 4378 return self.func("JSON_EXISTS", this, path) 4379 4380 def arrayagg_sql(self, expression: exp.ArrayAgg) -> str: 4381 array_agg = self.function_fallback_sql(expression) 4382 4383 # Add a NULL FILTER on the column to mimic the results going from a dialect that excludes nulls 4384 # on ARRAY_AGG (e.g Spark) to one that doesn't (e.g. DuckDB) 4385 if self.dialect.ARRAY_AGG_INCLUDES_NULLS and expression.args.get("nulls_excluded"): 4386 parent = expression.parent 4387 if isinstance(parent, exp.Filter): 4388 parent_cond = parent.expression.this 4389 parent_cond.replace(parent_cond.and_(expression.this.is_(exp.null()).not_())) 4390 else: 4391 this = expression.this 4392 # Do not add the filter if the input is not a column (e.g. literal, struct etc) 4393 if this.find(exp.Column): 4394 # DISTINCT is already present in the agg function, do not propagate it to FILTER as well 4395 this_sql = ( 4396 self.expressions(this) 4397 if isinstance(this, exp.Distinct) 4398 else self.sql(expression, "this") 4399 ) 4400 4401 array_agg = f"{array_agg} FILTER(WHERE {this_sql} IS NOT NULL)" 4402 4403 return array_agg 4404 4405 def apply_sql(self, expression: exp.Apply) -> str: 4406 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 4407 expr = self.sql(expression, "expression") 4408 4409 return f"{this} APPLY({expr})" 4410 4411 def grant_sql(self, expression: exp.Grant) -> str: 4412 privileges_sql = self.expressions(expression, key="privileges", flat=True) 4413 4414 kind = self.sql(expression, "kind") 4415 kind = f" {kind}" if kind else "" 4416 4417 securable = self.sql(expression, "securable") 4418 securable = f" {securable}" if securable else "" 4419 4420 principals = self.expressions(expression, key="principals", flat=True) 4421 4422 grant_option = " WITH GRANT OPTION" if expression.args.get("grant_option") else "" 4423 4424 return f"GRANT {privileges_sql} ON{kind}{securable} TO {principals}{grant_option}" 4425 4426 def grantprivilege_sql(self, expression: exp.GrantPrivilege): 4427 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 4428 columns = self.expressions(expression, flat=True) 4429 columns = f"({columns})" if columns else "" 4430 4431 return f"{this}{columns}" 4432 4433 def grantprincipal_sql(self, expression: exp.GrantPrincipal): 4434 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 4435 4436 kind = self.sql(expression, "kind") 4437 kind = f"{kind} " if kind else "" 4438 4439 return f"{kind}{this}" 4440 4441 def columns_sql(self, expression: exp.Columns): 4442 func = self.function_fallback_sql(expression) 4443 if expression.args.get("unpack"): 4444 func = f"*{func}" 4445 4446 return func 4447 4448 def overlay_sql(self, expression: exp.Overlay): 4449 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 4450 expr = self.sql(expression, "expression") 4451 from_sql = self.sql(expression, "from") 4452 for_sql = self.sql(expression, "for") 4453 for_sql = f" FOR {for_sql}" if for_sql else "" 4454 4455 return f"OVERLAY({this} PLACING {expr} FROM {from_sql}{for_sql})" 4456 4457 @unsupported_args("format") 4458 def todouble_sql(self, expression: exp.ToDouble) -> str: 4459 return self.sql(exp.cast(expression.this, exp.DataType.Type.DOUBLE)) 4460 4461 def string_sql(self, expression: exp.String) -> str: 4462 this = expression.this 4463 zone = expression.args.get("zone") 4464 4465 if zone: 4466 # This is a BigQuery specific argument for STRING(<timestamp_expr>, <time_zone>) 4467 # BigQuery stores timestamps internally as UTC, so ConvertTimezone is used with UTC 4468 # set for source_tz to transpile the time conversion before the STRING cast 4469 this = exp.ConvertTimezone( 4470 source_tz=exp.Literal.string("UTC"), target_tz=zone, timestamp=this 4471 ) 4472 4473 return self.sql(exp.cast(this, exp.DataType.Type.VARCHAR)) 4474 4475 def median_sql(self, expression: exp.Median): 4476 if not self.SUPPORTS_MEDIAN: 4477 return self.sql( 4478 exp.PercentileCont(this=expression.this, expression=exp.Literal.number(0.5)) 4479 ) 4480 4481 return self.function_fallback_sql(expression) 4482 4483 def overflowtruncatebehavior_sql(self, expression: exp.OverflowTruncateBehavior) -> str: 4484 filler = self.sql(expression, "this") 4485 filler = f" {filler}" if filler else "" 4486 with_count = "WITH COUNT" if expression.args.get("with_count") else "WITHOUT COUNT" 4487 return f"TRUNCATE{filler} {with_count}" 4488 4489 def unixseconds_sql(self, expression: exp.UnixSeconds) -> str: 4490 if self.SUPPORTS_UNIX_SECONDS: 4491 return self.function_fallback_sql(expression) 4492 4493 start_ts = exp.cast( 4494 exp.Literal.string("1970-01-01 00:00:00+00"), to=exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMPTZ 4495 ) 4496 4497 return self.sql( 4498 exp.TimestampDiff(this=expression.this, expression=start_ts, unit=exp.var("SECONDS")) 4499 ) 4500 4501 def arraysize_sql(self, expression: exp.ArraySize) -> str: 4502 dim = expression.expression 4503 4504 # For dialects that don't support the dimension arg, we can safely transpile it's default value (1st dimension) 4505 if dim and self.ARRAY_SIZE_DIM_REQUIRED is None: 4506 if not (dim.is_int and dim.name == "1"): 4507 self.unsupported("Cannot transpile dimension argument for ARRAY_LENGTH") 4508 dim = None 4509 4510 # If dimension is required but not specified, default initialize it 4511 if self.ARRAY_SIZE_DIM_REQUIRED and not dim: 4512 dim = exp.Literal.number(1) 4513 4514 return self.func(self.ARRAY_SIZE_NAME, expression.this, dim)
Generator converts a given syntax tree to the corresponding SQL string.
Arguments:
- pretty: Whether to format the produced SQL string. Default: False.
- identify: Determines when an identifier should be quoted. Possible values are: False (default): Never quote, except in cases where it's mandatory by the dialect. True or 'always': Always quote. 'safe': Only quote identifiers that are case insensitive.
- normalize: Whether to normalize identifiers to lowercase. Default: False.
- pad: The pad size in a formatted string. For example, this affects the indentation of a projection in a query, relative to its nesting level. Default: 2.
- indent: The indentation size in a formatted string. For example, this affects the
indentation of subqueries and filters under a
WHERE
clause. Default: 2. - normalize_functions: How to normalize function names. Possible values are: "upper" or True (default): Convert names to uppercase. "lower": Convert names to lowercase. False: Disables function name normalization.
- unsupported_level: Determines the generator's behavior when it encounters unsupported expressions. Default ErrorLevel.WARN.
- max_unsupported: Maximum number of unsupported messages to include in a raised UnsupportedError. This is only relevant if unsupported_level is ErrorLevel.RAISE. Default: 3
- leading_comma: Whether the comma is leading or trailing in select expressions. This is only relevant when generating in pretty mode. Default: False
- max_text_width: The max number of characters in a segment before creating new lines in pretty mode. The default is on the smaller end because the length only represents a segment and not the true line length. Default: 80
- comments: Whether to preserve comments in the output SQL code. Default: True
Generator( pretty: Optional[bool] = None, identify: str | bool = False, normalize: bool = False, pad: int = 2, indent: int = 2, normalize_functions: Union[str, bool, NoneType] = None, unsupported_level: sqlglot.errors.ErrorLevel = <ErrorLevel.WARN: 'WARN'>, max_unsupported: int = 3, leading_comma: bool = False, max_text_width: int = 80, comments: bool = True, dialect: Union[str, sqlglot.dialects.dialect.Dialect, Type[sqlglot.dialects.dialect.Dialect], NoneType] = None)
657 def __init__( 658 self, 659 pretty: t.Optional[bool] = None, 660 identify: str | bool = False, 661 normalize: bool = False, 662 pad: int = 2, 663 indent: int = 2, 664 normalize_functions: t.Optional[str | bool] = None, 665 unsupported_level: ErrorLevel = ErrorLevel.WARN, 666 max_unsupported: int = 3, 667 leading_comma: bool = False, 668 max_text_width: int = 80, 669 comments: bool = True, 670 dialect: DialectType = None, 671 ): 672 import sqlglot 673 from sqlglot.dialects import Dialect 674 675 self.pretty = pretty if pretty is not None else sqlglot.pretty 676 self.identify = identify 677 self.normalize = normalize 678 self.pad = pad 679 self._indent = indent 680 self.unsupported_level = unsupported_level 681 self.max_unsupported = max_unsupported 682 self.leading_comma = leading_comma 683 self.max_text_width = max_text_width 684 self.comments = comments 685 self.dialect = Dialect.get_or_raise(dialect) 686 687 # This is both a Dialect property and a Generator argument, so we prioritize the latter 688 self.normalize_functions = ( 689 self.dialect.NORMALIZE_FUNCTIONS if normalize_functions is None else normalize_functions 690 ) 691 692 self.unsupported_messages: t.List[str] = [] 693 self._escaped_quote_end: str = ( 694 self.dialect.tokenizer_class.STRING_ESCAPES[0] + self.dialect.QUOTE_END 695 ) 696 self._escaped_identifier_end = self.dialect.IDENTIFIER_END * 2 697 698 self._next_name = name_sequence("_t") 699 700 self._identifier_start = self.dialect.IDENTIFIER_START 701 self._identifier_end = self.dialect.IDENTIFIER_END
TRANSFORMS: Dict[Type[sqlglot.expressions.Expression], Callable[..., str]] =
{<class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONPathFilter'>: <function <lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONPathKey'>: <function <lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONPathRecursive'>: <function <lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONPathRoot'>: <function <lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONPathScript'>: <function <lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONPathSelector'>: <function <lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONPathSlice'>: <function <lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONPathSubscript'>: <function <lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONPathUnion'>: <function <lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONPathWildcard'>: <function <lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.AllowedValuesProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayContainsAll'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayOverlaps'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.AutoRefreshProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.BackupProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CaseSpecificColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CharacterSetColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CharacterSetProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ClusteredColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CollateColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CommentColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ConnectByRoot'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CopyGrantsProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateFormatColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DefaultColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DynamicProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.EmptyProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.EncodeColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.EphemeralColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ExcludeColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ExecuteAsProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Except'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ExternalProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.GlobalProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.HeapProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.IcebergProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.InheritsProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.InlineLengthColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.InputModelProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Intersect'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.IntervalSpan'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LanguageProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LocationProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LogProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.MaterializedProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.NonClusteredColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.NoPrimaryIndexProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.NotForReplicationColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.OnCommitProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.OnProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.OnUpdateColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Operator'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.OutputModelProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.PathColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.PivotAny'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ProjectionPolicyColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RemoteWithConnectionModelProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ReturnsProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SampleProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SecureProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SecurityProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SetConfigProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SetProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SettingsProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SharingProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SqlReadWriteProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SqlSecurityProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StabilityProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Stream'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StreamingTableProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StrictProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SwapTable'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TemporaryProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TagColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TitleColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ToMap'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ToTableProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TransformModelProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TransientProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Union'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.UnloggedProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Uuid'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.UppercaseColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.VarMap'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ViewAttributeProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.VolatileProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.WithJournalTableProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.WithProcedureOptions'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.WithSchemaBindingProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.WithOperator'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>}
SUPPORTED_JSON_PATH_PARTS =
{<class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONPathScript'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONPathRoot'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONPathRecursive'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONPathKey'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONPathWildcard'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONPathFilter'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONPathUnion'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONPathSubscript'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONPathSelector'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONPathSlice'>}
TYPE_MAPPING =
{<Type.NCHAR: 'NCHAR'>: 'CHAR', <Type.NVARCHAR: 'NVARCHAR'>: 'VARCHAR', <Type.MEDIUMTEXT: 'MEDIUMTEXT'>: 'TEXT', <Type.LONGTEXT: 'LONGTEXT'>: 'TEXT', <Type.TINYTEXT: 'TINYTEXT'>: 'TEXT', <Type.MEDIUMBLOB: 'MEDIUMBLOB'>: 'BLOB', <Type.LONGBLOB: 'LONGBLOB'>: 'BLOB', <Type.TINYBLOB: 'TINYBLOB'>: 'BLOB', <Type.INET: 'INET'>: 'INET', <Type.ROWVERSION: 'ROWVERSION'>: 'VARBINARY'}
TIME_PART_SINGULARS =
{'MICROSECONDS': 'MICROSECOND', 'SECONDS': 'SECOND', 'MINUTES': 'MINUTE', 'HOURS': 'HOUR', 'DAYS': 'DAY', 'WEEKS': 'WEEK', 'MONTHS': 'MONTH', 'QUARTERS': 'QUARTER', 'YEARS': 'YEAR'}
AFTER_HAVING_MODIFIER_TRANSFORMS =
{'cluster': <function Generator.<lambda>>, 'distribute': <function Generator.<lambda>>, 'sort': <function Generator.<lambda>>, 'windows': <function Generator.<lambda>>, 'qualify': <function Generator.<lambda>>}
PROPERTIES_LOCATION =
{<class 'sqlglot.expressions.AllowedValuesProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.AlgorithmProperty'>: <Location.POST_CREATE: 'POST_CREATE'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.AutoIncrementProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.AutoRefreshProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.BackupProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.BlockCompressionProperty'>: <Location.POST_NAME: 'POST_NAME'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CharacterSetProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ChecksumProperty'>: <Location.POST_NAME: 'POST_NAME'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CollateProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CopyGrantsProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Cluster'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ClusteredByProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DistributedByProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DuplicateKeyProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DataBlocksizeProperty'>: <Location.POST_NAME: 'POST_NAME'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DataDeletionProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DefinerProperty'>: <Location.POST_CREATE: 'POST_CREATE'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DictRange'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DictProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DynamicProperty'>: <Location.POST_CREATE: 'POST_CREATE'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DistKeyProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DistStyleProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.EmptyProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.EngineProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ExecuteAsProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ExternalProperty'>: <Location.POST_CREATE: 'POST_CREATE'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.FallbackProperty'>: <Location.POST_NAME: 'POST_NAME'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.FileFormatProperty'>: <Location.POST_WITH: 'POST_WITH'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.FreespaceProperty'>: <Location.POST_NAME: 'POST_NAME'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.GlobalProperty'>: <Location.POST_CREATE: 'POST_CREATE'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.HeapProperty'>: <Location.POST_WITH: 'POST_WITH'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.InheritsProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.IcebergProperty'>: <Location.POST_CREATE: 'POST_CREATE'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.InputModelProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.IsolatedLoadingProperty'>: <Location.POST_NAME: 'POST_NAME'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JournalProperty'>: <Location.POST_NAME: 'POST_NAME'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LanguageProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LikeProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LocationProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LockProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LockingProperty'>: <Location.POST_ALIAS: 'POST_ALIAS'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LogProperty'>: <Location.POST_NAME: 'POST_NAME'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.MaterializedProperty'>: <Location.POST_CREATE: 'POST_CREATE'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.MergeBlockRatioProperty'>: <Location.POST_NAME: 'POST_NAME'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.NoPrimaryIndexProperty'>: <Location.POST_EXPRESSION: 'POST_EXPRESSION'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.OnProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.OnCommitProperty'>: <Location.POST_EXPRESSION: 'POST_EXPRESSION'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Order'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.OutputModelProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.PartitionedByProperty'>: <Location.POST_WITH: 'POST_WITH'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.PartitionedOfProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.PrimaryKey'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Property'>: <Location.POST_WITH: 'POST_WITH'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RemoteWithConnectionModelProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ReturnsProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RowFormatProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RowFormatDelimitedProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RowFormatSerdeProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SampleProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SchemaCommentProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SecureProperty'>: <Location.POST_CREATE: 'POST_CREATE'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SecurityProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SerdeProperties'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Set'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SettingsProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SetProperty'>: <Location.POST_CREATE: 'POST_CREATE'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SetConfigProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SharingProperty'>: <Location.POST_EXPRESSION: 'POST_EXPRESSION'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SequenceProperties'>: <Location.POST_EXPRESSION: 'POST_EXPRESSION'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SortKeyProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SqlReadWriteProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SqlSecurityProperty'>: <Location.POST_CREATE: 'POST_CREATE'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StabilityProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StreamingTableProperty'>: <Location.POST_CREATE: 'POST_CREATE'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StrictProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TemporaryProperty'>: <Location.POST_CREATE: 'POST_CREATE'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ToTableProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TransientProperty'>: <Location.POST_CREATE: 'POST_CREATE'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TransformModelProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.MergeTreeTTL'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.UnloggedProperty'>: <Location.POST_CREATE: 'POST_CREATE'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ViewAttributeProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.VolatileProperty'>: <Location.POST_CREATE: 'POST_CREATE'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.WithDataProperty'>: <Location.POST_EXPRESSION: 'POST_EXPRESSION'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.WithJournalTableProperty'>: <Location.POST_NAME: 'POST_NAME'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.WithProcedureOptions'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.WithSchemaBindingProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.WithSystemVersioningProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>}
WITH_SEPARATED_COMMENTS: Tuple[Type[sqlglot.expressions.Expression], ...] =
(<class 'sqlglot.expressions.Command'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Create'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Delete'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Drop'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.From'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Insert'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Join'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.MultitableInserts'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Select'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SetOperation'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Update'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Where'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.With'>)
EXCLUDE_COMMENTS: Tuple[Type[sqlglot.expressions.Expression], ...] =
(<class 'sqlglot.expressions.Binary'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SetOperation'>)
UNWRAPPED_INTERVAL_VALUES: Tuple[Type[sqlglot.expressions.Expression], ...] =
(<class 'sqlglot.expressions.Column'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Literal'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Neg'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Paren'>)
PARAMETERIZABLE_TEXT_TYPES =
{<Type.VARCHAR: 'VARCHAR'>, <Type.NVARCHAR: 'NVARCHAR'>, <Type.NCHAR: 'NCHAR'>, <Type.CHAR: 'CHAR'>}
703 def generate(self, expression: exp.Expression, copy: bool = True) -> str: 704 """ 705 Generates the SQL string corresponding to the given syntax tree. 706 707 Args: 708 expression: The syntax tree. 709 copy: Whether to copy the expression. The generator performs mutations so 710 it is safer to copy. 711 712 Returns: 713 The SQL string corresponding to `expression`. 714 """ 715 if copy: 716 expression = expression.copy() 717 718 expression = self.preprocess(expression) 719 720 self.unsupported_messages = [] 721 sql = self.sql(expression).strip() 722 723 if self.pretty: 724 sql = sql.replace(self.SENTINEL_LINE_BREAK, "\n") 725 726 if self.unsupported_level == ErrorLevel.IGNORE: 727 return sql 728 729 if self.unsupported_level == ErrorLevel.WARN: 730 for msg in self.unsupported_messages: 731 logger.warning(msg) 732 elif self.unsupported_level == ErrorLevel.RAISE and self.unsupported_messages: 733 raise UnsupportedError(concat_messages(self.unsupported_messages, self.max_unsupported)) 734 735 return sql
Generates the SQL string corresponding to the given syntax tree.
Arguments:
- expression: The syntax tree.
- copy: Whether to copy the expression. The generator performs mutations so it is safer to copy.
Returns:
The SQL string corresponding to
expression
.
def
preprocess( self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Expression) -> sqlglot.expressions.Expression:
737 def preprocess(self, expression: exp.Expression) -> exp.Expression: 738 """Apply generic preprocessing transformations to a given expression.""" 739 expression = self._move_ctes_to_top_level(expression) 740 741 if self.ENSURE_BOOLS: 742 from sqlglot.transforms import ensure_bools 743 744 expression = ensure_bools(expression) 745 746 return expression
Apply generic preprocessing transformations to a given expression.
def
maybe_comment( self, sql: str, expression: Optional[sqlglot.expressions.Expression] = None, comments: Optional[List[str]] = None, separated: bool = False) -> str:
775 def maybe_comment( 776 self, 777 sql: str, 778 expression: t.Optional[exp.Expression] = None, 779 comments: t.Optional[t.List[str]] = None, 780 separated: bool = False, 781 ) -> str: 782 comments = ( 783 ((expression and expression.comments) if comments is None else comments) # type: ignore 784 if self.comments 785 else None 786 ) 787 788 if not comments or isinstance(expression, self.EXCLUDE_COMMENTS): 789 return sql 790 791 comments_sql = " ".join( 792 f"/*{self.pad_comment(comment)}*/" for comment in comments if comment 793 ) 794 795 if not comments_sql: 796 return sql 797 798 comments_sql = self._replace_line_breaks(comments_sql) 799 800 if separated or isinstance(expression, self.WITH_SEPARATED_COMMENTS): 801 return ( 802 f"{self.sep()}{comments_sql}{sql}" 803 if not sql or sql[0].isspace() 804 else f"{comments_sql}{self.sep()}{sql}" 805 ) 806 807 return f"{sql} {comments_sql}"
809 def wrap(self, expression: exp.Expression | str) -> str: 810 this_sql = ( 811 self.sql(expression) 812 if isinstance(expression, exp.UNWRAPPED_QUERIES) 813 else self.sql(expression, "this") 814 ) 815 if not this_sql: 816 return "()" 817 818 this_sql = self.indent(this_sql, level=1, pad=0) 819 return f"({self.sep('')}{this_sql}{self.seg(')', sep='')}"
def
indent( self, sql: str, level: int = 0, pad: Optional[int] = None, skip_first: bool = False, skip_last: bool = False) -> str:
835 def indent( 836 self, 837 sql: str, 838 level: int = 0, 839 pad: t.Optional[int] = None, 840 skip_first: bool = False, 841 skip_last: bool = False, 842 ) -> str: 843 if not self.pretty or not sql: 844 return sql 845 846 pad = self.pad if pad is None else pad 847 lines = sql.split("\n") 848 849 return "\n".join( 850 ( 851 line 852 if (skip_first and i == 0) or (skip_last and i == len(lines) - 1) 853 else f"{' ' * (level * self._indent + pad)}{line}" 854 ) 855 for i, line in enumerate(lines) 856 )
def
sql( self, expression: Union[str, sqlglot.expressions.Expression, NoneType], key: Optional[str] = None, comment: bool = True) -> str:
858 def sql( 859 self, 860 expression: t.Optional[str | exp.Expression], 861 key: t.Optional[str] = None, 862 comment: bool = True, 863 ) -> str: 864 if not expression: 865 return "" 866 867 if isinstance(expression, str): 868 return expression 869 870 if key: 871 value = expression.args.get(key) 872 if value: 873 return self.sql(value) 874 return "" 875 876 transform = self.TRANSFORMS.get(expression.__class__) 877 878 if callable(transform): 879 sql = transform(self, expression) 880 elif isinstance(expression, exp.Expression): 881 exp_handler_name = f"{expression.key}_sql" 882 883 if hasattr(self, exp_handler_name): 884 sql = getattr(self, exp_handler_name)(expression) 885 elif isinstance(expression, exp.Func): 886 sql = self.function_fallback_sql(expression) 887 elif isinstance(expression, exp.Property): 888 sql = self.property_sql(expression) 889 else: 890 raise ValueError(f"Unsupported expression type {expression.__class__.__name__}") 891 else: 892 raise ValueError(f"Expected an Expression. Received {type(expression)}: {expression}") 893 894 return self.maybe_comment(sql, expression) if self.comments and comment else sql
901 def cache_sql(self, expression: exp.Cache) -> str: 902 lazy = " LAZY" if expression.args.get("lazy") else "" 903 table = self.sql(expression, "this") 904 options = expression.args.get("options") 905 options = f" OPTIONS({self.sql(options[0])} = {self.sql(options[1])})" if options else "" 906 sql = self.sql(expression, "expression") 907 sql = f" AS{self.sep()}{sql}" if sql else "" 908 sql = f"CACHE{lazy} TABLE {table}{options}{sql}" 909 return self.prepend_ctes(expression, sql)
911 def characterset_sql(self, expression: exp.CharacterSet) -> str: 912 if isinstance(expression.parent, exp.Cast): 913 return f"CHAR CHARACTER SET {self.sql(expression, 'this')}" 914 default = "DEFAULT " if expression.args.get("default") else "" 915 return f"{default}CHARACTER SET={self.sql(expression, 'this')}"
929 def column_sql(self, expression: exp.Column) -> str: 930 join_mark = " (+)" if expression.args.get("join_mark") else "" 931 932 if join_mark and not self.dialect.SUPPORTS_COLUMN_JOIN_MARKS: 933 join_mark = "" 934 self.unsupported("Outer join syntax using the (+) operator is not supported.") 935 936 return f"{self.column_parts(expression)}{join_mark}"
944 def columndef_sql(self, expression: exp.ColumnDef, sep: str = " ") -> str: 945 column = self.sql(expression, "this") 946 kind = self.sql(expression, "kind") 947 constraints = self.expressions(expression, key="constraints", sep=" ", flat=True) 948 exists = "IF NOT EXISTS " if expression.args.get("exists") else "" 949 kind = f"{sep}{kind}" if kind else "" 950 constraints = f" {constraints}" if constraints else "" 951 position = self.sql(expression, "position") 952 position = f" {position}" if position else "" 953 954 if expression.find(exp.ComputedColumnConstraint) and not self.COMPUTED_COLUMN_WITH_TYPE: 955 kind = "" 956 957 return f"{exists}{column}{kind}{constraints}{position}"
def
computedcolumnconstraint_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.ComputedColumnConstraint) -> str:
964 def computedcolumnconstraint_sql(self, expression: exp.ComputedColumnConstraint) -> str: 965 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 966 if expression.args.get("not_null"): 967 persisted = " PERSISTED NOT NULL" 968 elif expression.args.get("persisted"): 969 persisted = " PERSISTED" 970 else: 971 persisted = "" 972 return f"AS {this}{persisted}"
def
compresscolumnconstraint_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.CompressColumnConstraint) -> str:
def
generatedasidentitycolumnconstraint_sql( self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.GeneratedAsIdentityColumnConstraint) -> str:
985 def generatedasidentitycolumnconstraint_sql( 986 self, expression: exp.GeneratedAsIdentityColumnConstraint 987 ) -> str: 988 this = "" 989 if expression.this is not None: 990 on_null = " ON NULL" if expression.args.get("on_null") else "" 991 this = " ALWAYS" if expression.this else f" BY DEFAULT{on_null}" 992 993 start = expression.args.get("start") 994 start = f"START WITH {start}" if start else "" 995 increment = expression.args.get("increment") 996 increment = f" INCREMENT BY {increment}" if increment else "" 997 minvalue = expression.args.get("minvalue") 998 minvalue = f" MINVALUE {minvalue}" if minvalue else "" 999 maxvalue = expression.args.get("maxvalue") 1000 maxvalue = f" MAXVALUE {maxvalue}" if maxvalue else "" 1001 cycle = expression.args.get("cycle") 1002 cycle_sql = "" 1003 1004 if cycle is not None: 1005 cycle_sql = f"{' NO' if not cycle else ''} CYCLE" 1006 cycle_sql = cycle_sql.strip() if not start and not increment else cycle_sql 1007 1008 sequence_opts = "" 1009 if start or increment or cycle_sql: 1010 sequence_opts = f"{start}{increment}{minvalue}{maxvalue}{cycle_sql}" 1011 sequence_opts = f" ({sequence_opts.strip()})" 1012 1013 expr = self.sql(expression, "expression") 1014 expr = f"({expr})" if expr else "IDENTITY" 1015 1016 return f"GENERATED{this} AS {expr}{sequence_opts}"
def
generatedasrowcolumnconstraint_sql( self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.GeneratedAsRowColumnConstraint) -> str:
1018 def generatedasrowcolumnconstraint_sql( 1019 self, expression: exp.GeneratedAsRowColumnConstraint 1020 ) -> str: 1021 start = "START" if expression.args.get("start") else "END" 1022 hidden = " HIDDEN" if expression.args.get("hidden") else "" 1023 return f"GENERATED ALWAYS AS ROW {start}{hidden}"
def
periodforsystemtimeconstraint_sql( self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.PeriodForSystemTimeConstraint) -> str:
def
notnullcolumnconstraint_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.NotNullColumnConstraint) -> str:
def
transformcolumnconstraint_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.TransformColumnConstraint) -> str:
def
primarykeycolumnconstraint_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.PrimaryKeyColumnConstraint) -> str:
def
uniquecolumnconstraint_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.UniqueColumnConstraint) -> str:
1042 def uniquecolumnconstraint_sql(self, expression: exp.UniqueColumnConstraint) -> str: 1043 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 1044 this = f" {this}" if this else "" 1045 index_type = expression.args.get("index_type") 1046 index_type = f" USING {index_type}" if index_type else "" 1047 on_conflict = self.sql(expression, "on_conflict") 1048 on_conflict = f" {on_conflict}" if on_conflict else "" 1049 nulls_sql = " NULLS NOT DISTINCT" if expression.args.get("nulls") else "" 1050 return f"UNIQUE{nulls_sql}{this}{index_type}{on_conflict}"
1055 def create_sql(self, expression: exp.Create) -> str: 1056 kind = self.sql(expression, "kind") 1057 kind = self.dialect.INVERSE_CREATABLE_KIND_MAPPING.get(kind) or kind 1058 properties = expression.args.get("properties") 1059 properties_locs = self.locate_properties(properties) if properties else defaultdict() 1060 1061 this = self.createable_sql(expression, properties_locs) 1062 1063 properties_sql = "" 1064 if properties_locs.get(exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA) or properties_locs.get( 1065 exp.Properties.Location.POST_WITH 1066 ): 1067 properties_sql = self.sql( 1068 exp.Properties( 1069 expressions=[ 1070 *properties_locs[exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA], 1071 *properties_locs[exp.Properties.Location.POST_WITH], 1072 ] 1073 ) 1074 ) 1075 1076 if properties_locs.get(exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA): 1077 properties_sql = self.sep() + properties_sql 1078 elif not self.pretty: 1079 # Standalone POST_WITH properties need a leading whitespace in non-pretty mode 1080 properties_sql = f" {properties_sql}" 1081 1082 begin = " BEGIN" if expression.args.get("begin") else "" 1083 end = " END" if expression.args.get("end") else "" 1084 1085 expression_sql = self.sql(expression, "expression") 1086 if expression_sql: 1087 expression_sql = f"{begin}{self.sep()}{expression_sql}{end}" 1088 1089 if self.CREATE_FUNCTION_RETURN_AS or not isinstance(expression.expression, exp.Return): 1090 postalias_props_sql = "" 1091 if properties_locs.get(exp.Properties.Location.POST_ALIAS): 1092 postalias_props_sql = self.properties( 1093 exp.Properties( 1094 expressions=properties_locs[exp.Properties.Location.POST_ALIAS] 1095 ), 1096 wrapped=False, 1097 ) 1098 postalias_props_sql = f" {postalias_props_sql}" if postalias_props_sql else "" 1099 expression_sql = f" AS{postalias_props_sql}{expression_sql}" 1100 1101 postindex_props_sql = "" 1102 if properties_locs.get(exp.Properties.Location.POST_INDEX): 1103 postindex_props_sql = self.properties( 1104 exp.Properties(expressions=properties_locs[exp.Properties.Location.POST_INDEX]), 1105 wrapped=False, 1106 prefix=" ", 1107 ) 1108 1109 indexes = self.expressions(expression, key="indexes", indent=False, sep=" ") 1110 indexes = f" {indexes}" if indexes else "" 1111 index_sql = indexes + postindex_props_sql 1112 1113 replace = " OR REPLACE" if expression.args.get("replace") else "" 1114 refresh = " OR REFRESH" if expression.args.get("refresh") else "" 1115 unique = " UNIQUE" if expression.args.get("unique") else "" 1116 1117 clustered = expression.args.get("clustered") 1118 if clustered is None: 1119 clustered_sql = "" 1120 elif clustered: 1121 clustered_sql = " CLUSTERED COLUMNSTORE" 1122 else: 1123 clustered_sql = " NONCLUSTERED COLUMNSTORE" 1124 1125 postcreate_props_sql = "" 1126 if properties_locs.get(exp.Properties.Location.POST_CREATE): 1127 postcreate_props_sql = self.properties( 1128 exp.Properties(expressions=properties_locs[exp.Properties.Location.POST_CREATE]), 1129 sep=" ", 1130 prefix=" ", 1131 wrapped=False, 1132 ) 1133 1134 modifiers = "".join((clustered_sql, replace, refresh, unique, postcreate_props_sql)) 1135 1136 postexpression_props_sql = "" 1137 if properties_locs.get(exp.Properties.Location.POST_EXPRESSION): 1138 postexpression_props_sql = self.properties( 1139 exp.Properties( 1140 expressions=properties_locs[exp.Properties.Location.POST_EXPRESSION] 1141 ), 1142 sep=" ", 1143 prefix=" ", 1144 wrapped=False, 1145 ) 1146 1147 concurrently = " CONCURRENTLY" if expression.args.get("concurrently") else "" 1148 exists_sql = " IF NOT EXISTS" if expression.args.get("exists") else "" 1149 no_schema_binding = ( 1150 " WITH NO SCHEMA BINDING" if expression.args.get("no_schema_binding") else "" 1151 ) 1152 1153 clone = self.sql(expression, "clone") 1154 clone = f" {clone}" if clone else "" 1155 1156 expression_sql = f"CREATE{modifiers} {kind}{concurrently}{exists_sql} {this}{properties_sql}{expression_sql}{postexpression_props_sql}{index_sql}{no_schema_binding}{clone}" 1157 return self.prepend_ctes(expression, expression_sql)
1159 def sequenceproperties_sql(self, expression: exp.SequenceProperties) -> str: 1160 start = self.sql(expression, "start") 1161 start = f"START WITH {start}" if start else "" 1162 increment = self.sql(expression, "increment") 1163 increment = f" INCREMENT BY {increment}" if increment else "" 1164 minvalue = self.sql(expression, "minvalue") 1165 minvalue = f" MINVALUE {minvalue}" if minvalue else "" 1166 maxvalue = self.sql(expression, "maxvalue") 1167 maxvalue = f" MAXVALUE {maxvalue}" if maxvalue else "" 1168 owned = self.sql(expression, "owned") 1169 owned = f" OWNED BY {owned}" if owned else "" 1170 1171 cache = expression.args.get("cache") 1172 if cache is None: 1173 cache_str = "" 1174 elif cache is True: 1175 cache_str = " CACHE" 1176 else: 1177 cache_str = f" CACHE {cache}" 1178 1179 options = self.expressions(expression, key="options", flat=True, sep=" ") 1180 options = f" {options}" if options else "" 1181 1182 return f"{start}{increment}{minvalue}{maxvalue}{cache_str}{options}{owned}".lstrip()
1184 def clone_sql(self, expression: exp.Clone) -> str: 1185 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 1186 shallow = "SHALLOW " if expression.args.get("shallow") else "" 1187 keyword = "COPY" if expression.args.get("copy") and self.SUPPORTS_TABLE_COPY else "CLONE" 1188 return f"{shallow}{keyword} {this}"
1190 def describe_sql(self, expression: exp.Describe) -> str: 1191 style = expression.args.get("style") 1192 style = f" {style}" if style else "" 1193 partition = self.sql(expression, "partition") 1194 partition = f" {partition}" if partition else "" 1195 return f"DESCRIBE{style} {self.sql(expression, 'this')}{partition}"
1217 def cte_sql(self, expression: exp.CTE) -> str: 1218 alias = expression.args.get("alias") 1219 if alias: 1220 alias.add_comments(expression.pop_comments()) 1221 1222 alias_sql = self.sql(expression, "alias") 1223 1224 materialized = expression.args.get("materialized") 1225 if materialized is False: 1226 materialized = "NOT MATERIALIZED " 1227 elif materialized: 1228 materialized = "MATERIALIZED " 1229 1230 return f"{alias_sql} AS {materialized or ''}{self.wrap(expression)}"
1232 def tablealias_sql(self, expression: exp.TableAlias) -> str: 1233 alias = self.sql(expression, "this") 1234 columns = self.expressions(expression, key="columns", flat=True) 1235 columns = f"({columns})" if columns else "" 1236 1237 if columns and not self.SUPPORTS_TABLE_ALIAS_COLUMNS: 1238 columns = "" 1239 self.unsupported("Named columns are not supported in table alias.") 1240 1241 if not alias and not self.dialect.UNNEST_COLUMN_ONLY: 1242 alias = self._next_name() 1243 1244 return f"{alias}{columns}"
1264 def unicodestring_sql(self, expression: exp.UnicodeString) -> str: 1265 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 1266 escape = expression.args.get("escape") 1267 1268 if self.dialect.UNICODE_START: 1269 escape_substitute = r"\\\1" 1270 left_quote, right_quote = self.dialect.UNICODE_START, self.dialect.UNICODE_END 1271 else: 1272 escape_substitute = r"\\u\1" 1273 left_quote, right_quote = self.dialect.QUOTE_START, self.dialect.QUOTE_END 1274 1275 if escape: 1276 escape_pattern = re.compile(rf"{escape.name}(\d+)") 1277 escape_sql = f" UESCAPE {self.sql(escape)}" if self.SUPPORTS_UESCAPE else "" 1278 else: 1279 escape_pattern = ESCAPED_UNICODE_RE 1280 escape_sql = "" 1281 1282 if not self.dialect.UNICODE_START or (escape and not self.SUPPORTS_UESCAPE): 1283 this = escape_pattern.sub(escape_substitute, this) 1284 1285 return f"{left_quote}{this}{right_quote}{escape_sql}"
1297 def datatype_sql(self, expression: exp.DataType) -> str: 1298 nested = "" 1299 values = "" 1300 interior = self.expressions(expression, flat=True) 1301 1302 type_value = expression.this 1303 if type_value == exp.DataType.Type.USERDEFINED and expression.args.get("kind"): 1304 type_sql = self.sql(expression, "kind") 1305 else: 1306 type_sql = ( 1307 self.TYPE_MAPPING.get(type_value, type_value.value) 1308 if isinstance(type_value, exp.DataType.Type) 1309 else type_value 1310 ) 1311 1312 if interior: 1313 if expression.args.get("nested"): 1314 nested = f"{self.STRUCT_DELIMITER[0]}{interior}{self.STRUCT_DELIMITER[1]}" 1315 if expression.args.get("values") is not None: 1316 delimiters = ("[", "]") if type_value == exp.DataType.Type.ARRAY else ("(", ")") 1317 values = self.expressions(expression, key="values", flat=True) 1318 values = f"{delimiters[0]}{values}{delimiters[1]}" 1319 elif type_value == exp.DataType.Type.INTERVAL: 1320 nested = f" {interior}" 1321 else: 1322 nested = f"({interior})" 1323 1324 type_sql = f"{type_sql}{nested}{values}" 1325 if self.TZ_TO_WITH_TIME_ZONE and type_value in ( 1326 exp.DataType.Type.TIMETZ, 1327 exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMPTZ, 1328 ): 1329 type_sql = f"{type_sql} WITH TIME ZONE" 1330 1331 return type_sql
1333 def directory_sql(self, expression: exp.Directory) -> str: 1334 local = "LOCAL " if expression.args.get("local") else "" 1335 row_format = self.sql(expression, "row_format") 1336 row_format = f" {row_format}" if row_format else "" 1337 return f"{local}DIRECTORY {self.sql(expression, 'this')}{row_format}"
1339 def delete_sql(self, expression: exp.Delete) -> str: 1340 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 1341 this = f" FROM {this}" if this else "" 1342 using = self.sql(expression, "using") 1343 using = f" USING {using}" if using else "" 1344 cluster = self.sql(expression, "cluster") 1345 cluster = f" {cluster}" if cluster else "" 1346 where = self.sql(expression, "where") 1347 returning = self.sql(expression, "returning") 1348 limit = self.sql(expression, "limit") 1349 tables = self.expressions(expression, key="tables") 1350 tables = f" {tables}" if tables else "" 1351 if self.RETURNING_END: 1352 expression_sql = f"{this}{using}{cluster}{where}{returning}{limit}" 1353 else: 1354 expression_sql = f"{returning}{this}{using}{cluster}{where}{limit}" 1355 return self.prepend_ctes(expression, f"DELETE{tables}{expression_sql}")
1357 def drop_sql(self, expression: exp.Drop) -> str: 1358 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 1359 expressions = self.expressions(expression, flat=True) 1360 expressions = f" ({expressions})" if expressions else "" 1361 kind = expression.args["kind"] 1362 kind = self.dialect.INVERSE_CREATABLE_KIND_MAPPING.get(kind) or kind 1363 exists_sql = " IF EXISTS " if expression.args.get("exists") else " " 1364 concurrently_sql = " CONCURRENTLY" if expression.args.get("concurrently") else "" 1365 on_cluster = self.sql(expression, "cluster") 1366 on_cluster = f" {on_cluster}" if on_cluster else "" 1367 temporary = " TEMPORARY" if expression.args.get("temporary") else "" 1368 materialized = " MATERIALIZED" if expression.args.get("materialized") else "" 1369 cascade = " CASCADE" if expression.args.get("cascade") else "" 1370 constraints = " CONSTRAINTS" if expression.args.get("constraints") else "" 1371 purge = " PURGE" if expression.args.get("purge") else "" 1372 return f"DROP{temporary}{materialized} {kind}{concurrently_sql}{exists_sql}{this}{on_cluster}{expressions}{cascade}{constraints}{purge}"
1374 def set_operation(self, expression: exp.SetOperation) -> str: 1375 op_type = type(expression) 1376 op_name = op_type.key.upper() 1377 1378 distinct = expression.args.get("distinct") 1379 if ( 1380 distinct is False 1381 and op_type in (exp.Except, exp.Intersect) 1382 and not self.EXCEPT_INTERSECT_SUPPORT_ALL_CLAUSE 1383 ): 1384 self.unsupported(f"{op_name} ALL is not supported") 1385 1386 default_distinct = self.dialect.SET_OP_DISTINCT_BY_DEFAULT[op_type] 1387 1388 if distinct is None: 1389 distinct = default_distinct 1390 if distinct is None: 1391 self.unsupported(f"{op_name} requires DISTINCT or ALL to be specified") 1392 1393 if distinct is default_distinct: 1394 kind = "" 1395 else: 1396 kind = " DISTINCT" if distinct else " ALL" 1397 1398 by_name = " BY NAME" if expression.args.get("by_name") else "" 1399 return f"{op_name}{kind}{by_name}"
1401 def set_operations(self, expression: exp.SetOperation) -> str: 1402 if not self.SET_OP_MODIFIERS: 1403 limit = expression.args.get("limit") 1404 order = expression.args.get("order") 1405 1406 if limit or order: 1407 select = self._move_ctes_to_top_level( 1408 exp.subquery(expression, "_l_0", copy=False).select("*", copy=False) 1409 ) 1410 1411 if limit: 1412 select = select.limit(limit.pop(), copy=False) 1413 if order: 1414 select = select.order_by(order.pop(), copy=False) 1415 return self.sql(select) 1416 1417 sqls: t.List[str] = [] 1418 stack: t.List[t.Union[str, exp.Expression]] = [expression] 1419 1420 while stack: 1421 node = stack.pop() 1422 1423 if isinstance(node, exp.SetOperation): 1424 stack.append(node.expression) 1425 stack.append( 1426 self.maybe_comment( 1427 self.set_operation(node), comments=node.comments, separated=True 1428 ) 1429 ) 1430 stack.append(node.this) 1431 else: 1432 sqls.append(self.sql(node)) 1433 1434 this = self.sep().join(sqls) 1435 this = self.query_modifiers(expression, this) 1436 return self.prepend_ctes(expression, this)
1438 def fetch_sql(self, expression: exp.Fetch) -> str: 1439 direction = expression.args.get("direction") 1440 direction = f" {direction}" if direction else "" 1441 count = self.sql(expression, "count") 1442 count = f" {count}" if count else "" 1443 if expression.args.get("percent"): 1444 count = f"{count} PERCENT" 1445 with_ties_or_only = "WITH TIES" if expression.args.get("with_ties") else "ONLY" 1446 return f"{self.seg('FETCH')}{direction}{count} ROWS {with_ties_or_only}"
1448 def filter_sql(self, expression: exp.Filter) -> str: 1449 if self.AGGREGATE_FILTER_SUPPORTED: 1450 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 1451 where = self.sql(expression, "expression").strip() 1452 return f"{this} FILTER({where})" 1453 1454 agg = expression.this 1455 agg_arg = agg.this 1456 cond = expression.expression.this 1457 agg_arg.replace(exp.If(this=cond.copy(), true=agg_arg.copy())) 1458 return self.sql(agg)
1467 def indexparameters_sql(self, expression: exp.IndexParameters) -> str: 1468 using = self.sql(expression, "using") 1469 using = f" USING {using}" if using else "" 1470 columns = self.expressions(expression, key="columns", flat=True) 1471 columns = f"({columns})" if columns else "" 1472 partition_by = self.expressions(expression, key="partition_by", flat=True) 1473 partition_by = f" PARTITION BY {partition_by}" if partition_by else "" 1474 where = self.sql(expression, "where") 1475 include = self.expressions(expression, key="include", flat=True) 1476 if include: 1477 include = f" INCLUDE ({include})" 1478 with_storage = self.expressions(expression, key="with_storage", flat=True) 1479 with_storage = f" WITH ({with_storage})" if with_storage else "" 1480 tablespace = self.sql(expression, "tablespace") 1481 tablespace = f" USING INDEX TABLESPACE {tablespace}" if tablespace else "" 1482 on = self.sql(expression, "on") 1483 on = f" ON {on}" if on else "" 1484 1485 return f"{using}{columns}{include}{with_storage}{tablespace}{partition_by}{where}{on}"
1487 def index_sql(self, expression: exp.Index) -> str: 1488 unique = "UNIQUE " if expression.args.get("unique") else "" 1489 primary = "PRIMARY " if expression.args.get("primary") else "" 1490 amp = "AMP " if expression.args.get("amp") else "" 1491 name = self.sql(expression, "this") 1492 name = f"{name} " if name else "" 1493 table = self.sql(expression, "table") 1494 table = f"{self.INDEX_ON} {table}" if table else "" 1495 1496 index = "INDEX " if not table else "" 1497 1498 params = self.sql(expression, "params") 1499 return f"{unique}{primary}{amp}{index}{name}{table}{params}"
1501 def identifier_sql(self, expression: exp.Identifier) -> str: 1502 text = expression.name 1503 lower = text.lower() 1504 text = lower if self.normalize and not expression.quoted else text 1505 text = text.replace(self._identifier_end, self._escaped_identifier_end) 1506 if ( 1507 expression.quoted 1508 or self.dialect.can_identify(text, self.identify) 1509 or lower in self.RESERVED_KEYWORDS 1510 or (not self.dialect.IDENTIFIERS_CAN_START_WITH_DIGIT and text[:1].isdigit()) 1511 ): 1512 text = f"{self._identifier_start}{text}{self._identifier_end}" 1513 return text
1528 def inputoutputformat_sql(self, expression: exp.InputOutputFormat) -> str: 1529 input_format = self.sql(expression, "input_format") 1530 input_format = f"INPUTFORMAT {input_format}" if input_format else "" 1531 output_format = self.sql(expression, "output_format") 1532 output_format = f"OUTPUTFORMAT {output_format}" if output_format else "" 1533 return self.sep().join((input_format, output_format))
1542 def properties_sql(self, expression: exp.Properties) -> str: 1543 root_properties = [] 1544 with_properties = [] 1545 1546 for p in expression.expressions: 1547 p_loc = self.PROPERTIES_LOCATION[p.__class__] 1548 if p_loc == exp.Properties.Location.POST_WITH: 1549 with_properties.append(p) 1550 elif p_loc == exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA: 1551 root_properties.append(p) 1552 1553 root_props = self.root_properties(exp.Properties(expressions=root_properties)) 1554 with_props = self.with_properties(exp.Properties(expressions=with_properties)) 1555 1556 if root_props and with_props and not self.pretty: 1557 with_props = " " + with_props 1558 1559 return root_props + with_props
def
properties( self, properties: sqlglot.expressions.Properties, prefix: str = '', sep: str = ', ', suffix: str = '', wrapped: bool = True) -> str:
1566 def properties( 1567 self, 1568 properties: exp.Properties, 1569 prefix: str = "", 1570 sep: str = ", ", 1571 suffix: str = "", 1572 wrapped: bool = True, 1573 ) -> str: 1574 if properties.expressions: 1575 expressions = self.expressions(properties, sep=sep, indent=False) 1576 if expressions: 1577 expressions = self.wrap(expressions) if wrapped else expressions 1578 return f"{prefix}{' ' if prefix.strip() else ''}{expressions}{suffix}" 1579 return ""
1584 def locate_properties(self, properties: exp.Properties) -> t.DefaultDict: 1585 properties_locs = defaultdict(list) 1586 for p in properties.expressions: 1587 p_loc = self.PROPERTIES_LOCATION[p.__class__] 1588 if p_loc != exp.Properties.Location.UNSUPPORTED: 1589 properties_locs[p_loc].append(p) 1590 else: 1591 self.unsupported(f"Unsupported property {p.key}") 1592 1593 return properties_locs
def
property_name( self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Property, string_key: bool = False) -> str:
1600 def property_sql(self, expression: exp.Property) -> str: 1601 property_cls = expression.__class__ 1602 if property_cls == exp.Property: 1603 return f"{self.property_name(expression)}={self.sql(expression, 'value')}" 1604 1605 property_name = exp.Properties.PROPERTY_TO_NAME.get(property_cls) 1606 if not property_name: 1607 self.unsupported(f"Unsupported property {expression.key}") 1608 1609 return f"{property_name}={self.sql(expression, 'this')}"
1611 def likeproperty_sql(self, expression: exp.LikeProperty) -> str: 1612 if self.SUPPORTS_CREATE_TABLE_LIKE: 1613 options = " ".join(f"{e.name} {self.sql(e, 'value')}" for e in expression.expressions) 1614 options = f" {options}" if options else "" 1615 1616 like = f"LIKE {self.sql(expression, 'this')}{options}" 1617 if self.LIKE_PROPERTY_INSIDE_SCHEMA and not isinstance(expression.parent, exp.Schema): 1618 like = f"({like})" 1619 1620 return like 1621 1622 if expression.expressions: 1623 self.unsupported("Transpilation of LIKE property options is unsupported") 1624 1625 select = exp.select("*").from_(expression.this).limit(0) 1626 return f"AS {self.sql(select)}"
1633 def journalproperty_sql(self, expression: exp.JournalProperty) -> str: 1634 no = "NO " if expression.args.get("no") else "" 1635 local = expression.args.get("local") 1636 local = f"{local} " if local else "" 1637 dual = "DUAL " if expression.args.get("dual") else "" 1638 before = "BEFORE " if expression.args.get("before") else "" 1639 after = "AFTER " if expression.args.get("after") else "" 1640 return f"{no}{local}{dual}{before}{after}JOURNAL"
def
mergeblockratioproperty_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.MergeBlockRatioProperty) -> str:
1656 def mergeblockratioproperty_sql(self, expression: exp.MergeBlockRatioProperty) -> str: 1657 if expression.args.get("no"): 1658 return "NO MERGEBLOCKRATIO" 1659 if expression.args.get("default"): 1660 return "DEFAULT MERGEBLOCKRATIO" 1661 1662 percent = " PERCENT" if expression.args.get("percent") else "" 1663 return f"MERGEBLOCKRATIO={self.sql(expression, 'this')}{percent}"
1665 def datablocksizeproperty_sql(self, expression: exp.DataBlocksizeProperty) -> str: 1666 default = expression.args.get("default") 1667 minimum = expression.args.get("minimum") 1668 maximum = expression.args.get("maximum") 1669 if default or minimum or maximum: 1670 if default: 1671 prop = "DEFAULT" 1672 elif minimum: 1673 prop = "MINIMUM" 1674 else: 1675 prop = "MAXIMUM" 1676 return f"{prop} DATABLOCKSIZE" 1677 units = expression.args.get("units") 1678 units = f" {units}" if units else "" 1679 return f"DATABLOCKSIZE={self.sql(expression, 'size')}{units}"
def
blockcompressionproperty_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.BlockCompressionProperty) -> str:
1681 def blockcompressionproperty_sql(self, expression: exp.BlockCompressionProperty) -> str: 1682 autotemp = expression.args.get("autotemp") 1683 always = expression.args.get("always") 1684 default = expression.args.get("default") 1685 manual = expression.args.get("manual") 1686 never = expression.args.get("never") 1687 1688 if autotemp is not None: 1689 prop = f"AUTOTEMP({self.expressions(autotemp)})" 1690 elif always: 1691 prop = "ALWAYS" 1692 elif default: 1693 prop = "DEFAULT" 1694 elif manual: 1695 prop = "MANUAL" 1696 elif never: 1697 prop = "NEVER" 1698 return f"BLOCKCOMPRESSION={prop}"
def
isolatedloadingproperty_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.IsolatedLoadingProperty) -> str:
1700 def isolatedloadingproperty_sql(self, expression: exp.IsolatedLoadingProperty) -> str: 1701 no = expression.args.get("no") 1702 no = " NO" if no else "" 1703 concurrent = expression.args.get("concurrent") 1704 concurrent = " CONCURRENT" if concurrent else "" 1705 target = self.sql(expression, "target") 1706 target = f" {target}" if target else "" 1707 return f"WITH{no}{concurrent} ISOLATED LOADING{target}"
1709 def partitionboundspec_sql(self, expression: exp.PartitionBoundSpec) -> str: 1710 if isinstance(expression.this, list): 1711 return f"IN ({self.expressions(expression, key='this', flat=True)})" 1712 if expression.this: 1713 modulus = self.sql(expression, "this") 1714 remainder = self.sql(expression, "expression") 1715 return f"WITH (MODULUS {modulus}, REMAINDER {remainder})" 1716 1717 from_expressions = self.expressions(expression, key="from_expressions", flat=True) 1718 to_expressions = self.expressions(expression, key="to_expressions", flat=True) 1719 return f"FROM ({from_expressions}) TO ({to_expressions})"
1721 def partitionedofproperty_sql(self, expression: exp.PartitionedOfProperty) -> str: 1722 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 1723 1724 for_values_or_default = expression.expression 1725 if isinstance(for_values_or_default, exp.PartitionBoundSpec): 1726 for_values_or_default = f" FOR VALUES {self.sql(for_values_or_default)}" 1727 else: 1728 for_values_or_default = " DEFAULT" 1729 1730 return f"PARTITION OF {this}{for_values_or_default}"
1732 def lockingproperty_sql(self, expression: exp.LockingProperty) -> str: 1733 kind = expression.args.get("kind") 1734 this = f" {self.sql(expression, 'this')}" if expression.this else "" 1735 for_or_in = expression.args.get("for_or_in") 1736 for_or_in = f" {for_or_in}" if for_or_in else "" 1737 lock_type = expression.args.get("lock_type") 1738 override = " OVERRIDE" if expression.args.get("override") else "" 1739 return f"LOCKING {kind}{this}{for_or_in} {lock_type}{override}"
1741 def withdataproperty_sql(self, expression: exp.WithDataProperty) -> str: 1742 data_sql = f"WITH {'NO ' if expression.args.get('no') else ''}DATA" 1743 statistics = expression.args.get("statistics") 1744 statistics_sql = "" 1745 if statistics is not None: 1746 statistics_sql = f" AND {'NO ' if not statistics else ''}STATISTICS" 1747 return f"{data_sql}{statistics_sql}"
def
withsystemversioningproperty_sql( self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.WithSystemVersioningProperty) -> str:
1749 def withsystemversioningproperty_sql(self, expression: exp.WithSystemVersioningProperty) -> str: 1750 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 1751 this = f"HISTORY_TABLE={this}" if this else "" 1752 data_consistency: t.Optional[str] = self.sql(expression, "data_consistency") 1753 data_consistency = ( 1754 f"DATA_CONSISTENCY_CHECK={data_consistency}" if data_consistency else None 1755 ) 1756 retention_period: t.Optional[str] = self.sql(expression, "retention_period") 1757 retention_period = ( 1758 f"HISTORY_RETENTION_PERIOD={retention_period}" if retention_period else None 1759 ) 1760 1761 if this: 1762 on_sql = self.func("ON", this, data_consistency, retention_period) 1763 else: 1764 on_sql = "ON" if expression.args.get("on") else "OFF" 1765 1766 sql = f"SYSTEM_VERSIONING={on_sql}" 1767 1768 return f"WITH({sql})" if expression.args.get("with") else sql
1770 def insert_sql(self, expression: exp.Insert) -> str: 1771 hint = self.sql(expression, "hint") 1772 overwrite = expression.args.get("overwrite") 1773 1774 if isinstance(expression.this, exp.Directory): 1775 this = " OVERWRITE" if overwrite else " INTO" 1776 else: 1777 this = self.INSERT_OVERWRITE if overwrite else " INTO" 1778 1779 stored = self.sql(expression, "stored") 1780 stored = f" {stored}" if stored else "" 1781 alternative = expression.args.get("alternative") 1782 alternative = f" OR {alternative}" if alternative else "" 1783 ignore = " IGNORE" if expression.args.get("ignore") else "" 1784 is_function = expression.args.get("is_function") 1785 if is_function: 1786 this = f"{this} FUNCTION" 1787 this = f"{this} {self.sql(expression, 'this')}" 1788 1789 exists = " IF EXISTS" if expression.args.get("exists") else "" 1790 where = self.sql(expression, "where") 1791 where = f"{self.sep()}REPLACE WHERE {where}" if where else "" 1792 expression_sql = f"{self.sep()}{self.sql(expression, 'expression')}" 1793 on_conflict = self.sql(expression, "conflict") 1794 on_conflict = f" {on_conflict}" if on_conflict else "" 1795 by_name = " BY NAME" if expression.args.get("by_name") else "" 1796 returning = self.sql(expression, "returning") 1797 1798 if self.RETURNING_END: 1799 expression_sql = f"{expression_sql}{on_conflict}{returning}" 1800 else: 1801 expression_sql = f"{returning}{expression_sql}{on_conflict}" 1802 1803 partition_by = self.sql(expression, "partition") 1804 partition_by = f" {partition_by}" if partition_by else "" 1805 settings = self.sql(expression, "settings") 1806 settings = f" {settings}" if settings else "" 1807 1808 source = self.sql(expression, "source") 1809 source = f"TABLE {source}" if source else "" 1810 1811 sql = f"INSERT{hint}{alternative}{ignore}{this}{stored}{by_name}{exists}{partition_by}{settings}{where}{expression_sql}{source}" 1812 return self.prepend_ctes(expression, sql)
1830 def onconflict_sql(self, expression: exp.OnConflict) -> str: 1831 conflict = "ON DUPLICATE KEY" if expression.args.get("duplicate") else "ON CONFLICT" 1832 1833 constraint = self.sql(expression, "constraint") 1834 constraint = f" ON CONSTRAINT {constraint}" if constraint else "" 1835 1836 conflict_keys = self.expressions(expression, key="conflict_keys", flat=True) 1837 conflict_keys = f"({conflict_keys}) " if conflict_keys else " " 1838 action = self.sql(expression, "action") 1839 1840 expressions = self.expressions(expression, flat=True) 1841 if expressions: 1842 set_keyword = "SET " if self.DUPLICATE_KEY_UPDATE_WITH_SET else "" 1843 expressions = f" {set_keyword}{expressions}" 1844 1845 return f"{conflict}{constraint}{conflict_keys}{action}{expressions}"
def
rowformatdelimitedproperty_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.RowFormatDelimitedProperty) -> str:
1850 def rowformatdelimitedproperty_sql(self, expression: exp.RowFormatDelimitedProperty) -> str: 1851 fields = self.sql(expression, "fields") 1852 fields = f" FIELDS TERMINATED BY {fields}" if fields else "" 1853 escaped = self.sql(expression, "escaped") 1854 escaped = f" ESCAPED BY {escaped}" if escaped else "" 1855 items = self.sql(expression, "collection_items") 1856 items = f" COLLECTION ITEMS TERMINATED BY {items}" if items else "" 1857 keys = self.sql(expression, "map_keys") 1858 keys = f" MAP KEYS TERMINATED BY {keys}" if keys else "" 1859 lines = self.sql(expression, "lines") 1860 lines = f" LINES TERMINATED BY {lines}" if lines else "" 1861 null = self.sql(expression, "null") 1862 null = f" NULL DEFINED AS {null}" if null else "" 1863 return f"ROW FORMAT DELIMITED{fields}{escaped}{items}{keys}{lines}{null}"
1891 def table_sql(self, expression: exp.Table, sep: str = " AS ") -> str: 1892 table = self.table_parts(expression) 1893 only = "ONLY " if expression.args.get("only") else "" 1894 partition = self.sql(expression, "partition") 1895 partition = f" {partition}" if partition else "" 1896 version = self.sql(expression, "version") 1897 version = f" {version}" if version else "" 1898 alias = self.sql(expression, "alias") 1899 alias = f"{sep}{alias}" if alias else "" 1900 1901 sample = self.sql(expression, "sample") 1902 if self.dialect.ALIAS_POST_TABLESAMPLE: 1903 sample_pre_alias = sample 1904 sample_post_alias = "" 1905 else: 1906 sample_pre_alias = "" 1907 sample_post_alias = sample 1908 1909 hints = self.expressions(expression, key="hints", sep=" ") 1910 hints = f" {hints}" if hints and self.TABLE_HINTS else "" 1911 pivots = self.expressions(expression, key="pivots", sep="", flat=True) 1912 joins = self.indent( 1913 self.expressions(expression, key="joins", sep="", flat=True), skip_first=True 1914 ) 1915 laterals = self.expressions(expression, key="laterals", sep="") 1916 1917 file_format = self.sql(expression, "format") 1918 if file_format: 1919 pattern = self.sql(expression, "pattern") 1920 pattern = f", PATTERN => {pattern}" if pattern else "" 1921 file_format = f" (FILE_FORMAT => {file_format}{pattern})" 1922 1923 ordinality = expression.args.get("ordinality") or "" 1924 if ordinality: 1925 ordinality = f" WITH ORDINALITY{alias}" 1926 alias = "" 1927 1928 when = self.sql(expression, "when") 1929 if when: 1930 table = f"{table} {when}" 1931 1932 changes = self.sql(expression, "changes") 1933 changes = f" {changes}" if changes else "" 1934 1935 rows_from = self.expressions(expression, key="rows_from") 1936 if rows_from: 1937 table = f"ROWS FROM {self.wrap(rows_from)}" 1938 1939 return f"{only}{table}{changes}{partition}{version}{file_format}{sample_pre_alias}{alias}{hints}{pivots}{sample_post_alias}{joins}{laterals}{ordinality}"
def
tablesample_sql( self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.TableSample, tablesample_keyword: Optional[str] = None) -> str:
1941 def tablesample_sql( 1942 self, 1943 expression: exp.TableSample, 1944 tablesample_keyword: t.Optional[str] = None, 1945 ) -> str: 1946 method = self.sql(expression, "method") 1947 method = f"{method} " if method and self.TABLESAMPLE_WITH_METHOD else "" 1948 numerator = self.sql(expression, "bucket_numerator") 1949 denominator = self.sql(expression, "bucket_denominator") 1950 field = self.sql(expression, "bucket_field") 1951 field = f" ON {field}" if field else "" 1952 bucket = f"BUCKET {numerator} OUT OF {denominator}{field}" if numerator else "" 1953 seed = self.sql(expression, "seed") 1954 seed = f" {self.TABLESAMPLE_SEED_KEYWORD} ({seed})" if seed else "" 1955 1956 size = self.sql(expression, "size") 1957 if size and self.TABLESAMPLE_SIZE_IS_ROWS: 1958 size = f"{size} ROWS" 1959 1960 percent = self.sql(expression, "percent") 1961 if percent and not self.dialect.TABLESAMPLE_SIZE_IS_PERCENT: 1962 percent = f"{percent} PERCENT" 1963 1964 expr = f"{bucket}{percent}{size}" 1965 if self.TABLESAMPLE_REQUIRES_PARENS: 1966 expr = f"({expr})" 1967 1968 return f" {tablesample_keyword or self.TABLESAMPLE_KEYWORDS} {method}{expr}{seed}"
1970 def pivot_sql(self, expression: exp.Pivot) -> str: 1971 expressions = self.expressions(expression, flat=True) 1972 1973 if expression.this: 1974 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 1975 if not expressions: 1976 return f"UNPIVOT {this}" 1977 1978 on = f"{self.seg('ON')} {expressions}" 1979 using = self.expressions(expression, key="using", flat=True) 1980 using = f"{self.seg('USING')} {using}" if using else "" 1981 group = self.sql(expression, "group") 1982 return f"PIVOT {this}{on}{using}{group}" 1983 1984 alias = self.sql(expression, "alias") 1985 alias = f" AS {alias}" if alias else "" 1986 direction = self.seg("UNPIVOT" if expression.unpivot else "PIVOT") 1987 1988 field = self.sql(expression, "field") 1989 1990 include_nulls = expression.args.get("include_nulls") 1991 if include_nulls is not None: 1992 nulls = " INCLUDE NULLS " if include_nulls else " EXCLUDE NULLS " 1993 else: 1994 nulls = "" 1995 1996 default_on_null = self.sql(expression, "default_on_null") 1997 default_on_null = f" DEFAULT ON NULL ({default_on_null})" if default_on_null else "" 1998 return f"{direction}{nulls}({expressions} FOR {field}{default_on_null}){alias}"
2009 def update_sql(self, expression: exp.Update) -> str: 2010 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 2011 set_sql = self.expressions(expression, flat=True) 2012 from_sql = self.sql(expression, "from") 2013 where_sql = self.sql(expression, "where") 2014 returning = self.sql(expression, "returning") 2015 order = self.sql(expression, "order") 2016 limit = self.sql(expression, "limit") 2017 if self.RETURNING_END: 2018 expression_sql = f"{from_sql}{where_sql}{returning}" 2019 else: 2020 expression_sql = f"{returning}{from_sql}{where_sql}" 2021 sql = f"UPDATE {this} SET {set_sql}{expression_sql}{order}{limit}" 2022 return self.prepend_ctes(expression, sql)
2024 def values_sql(self, expression: exp.Values, values_as_table: bool = True) -> str: 2025 values_as_table = values_as_table and self.VALUES_AS_TABLE 2026 2027 # The VALUES clause is still valid in an `INSERT INTO ..` statement, for example 2028 if values_as_table or not expression.find_ancestor(exp.From, exp.Join): 2029 args = self.expressions(expression) 2030 alias = self.sql(expression, "alias") 2031 values = f"VALUES{self.seg('')}{args}" 2032 values = ( 2033 f"({values})" 2034 if self.WRAP_DERIVED_VALUES 2035 and (alias or isinstance(expression.parent, (exp.From, exp.Table))) 2036 else values 2037 ) 2038 return f"{values} AS {alias}" if alias else values 2039 2040 # Converts `VALUES...` expression into a series of select unions. 2041 alias_node = expression.args.get("alias") 2042 column_names = alias_node and alias_node.columns 2043 2044 selects: t.List[exp.Query] = [] 2045 2046 for i, tup in enumerate(expression.expressions): 2047 row = tup.expressions 2048 2049 if i == 0 and column_names: 2050 row = [ 2051 exp.alias_(value, column_name) for value, column_name in zip(row, column_names) 2052 ] 2053 2054 selects.append(exp.Select(expressions=row)) 2055 2056 if self.pretty: 2057 # This may result in poor performance for large-cardinality `VALUES` tables, due to 2058 # the deep nesting of the resulting exp.Unions. If this is a problem, either increase 2059 # `sys.setrecursionlimit` to avoid RecursionErrors, or don't set `pretty`. 2060 query = reduce(lambda x, y: exp.union(x, y, distinct=False, copy=False), selects) 2061 return self.subquery_sql(query.subquery(alias_node and alias_node.this, copy=False)) 2062 2063 alias = f" AS {self.sql(alias_node, 'this')}" if alias_node else "" 2064 unions = " UNION ALL ".join(self.sql(select) for select in selects) 2065 return f"({unions}){alias}"
2070 @unsupported_args("expressions") 2071 def into_sql(self, expression: exp.Into) -> str: 2072 temporary = " TEMPORARY" if expression.args.get("temporary") else "" 2073 unlogged = " UNLOGGED" if expression.args.get("unlogged") else "" 2074 return f"{self.seg('INTO')}{temporary or unlogged} {self.sql(expression, 'this')}"
2091 def group_sql(self, expression: exp.Group) -> str: 2092 group_by_all = expression.args.get("all") 2093 if group_by_all is True: 2094 modifier = " ALL" 2095 elif group_by_all is False: 2096 modifier = " DISTINCT" 2097 else: 2098 modifier = "" 2099 2100 group_by = self.op_expressions(f"GROUP BY{modifier}", expression) 2101 2102 grouping_sets = self.expressions(expression, key="grouping_sets") 2103 cube = self.expressions(expression, key="cube") 2104 rollup = self.expressions(expression, key="rollup") 2105 2106 groupings = csv( 2107 self.seg(grouping_sets) if grouping_sets else "", 2108 self.seg(cube) if cube else "", 2109 self.seg(rollup) if rollup else "", 2110 self.seg("WITH TOTALS") if expression.args.get("totals") else "", 2111 sep=self.GROUPINGS_SEP, 2112 ) 2113 2114 if ( 2115 expression.expressions 2116 and groupings 2117 and groupings.strip() not in ("WITH CUBE", "WITH ROLLUP") 2118 ): 2119 group_by = f"{group_by}{self.GROUPINGS_SEP}" 2120 2121 return f"{group_by}{groupings}"
2127 def connect_sql(self, expression: exp.Connect) -> str: 2128 start = self.sql(expression, "start") 2129 start = self.seg(f"START WITH {start}") if start else "" 2130 nocycle = " NOCYCLE" if expression.args.get("nocycle") else "" 2131 connect = self.sql(expression, "connect") 2132 connect = self.seg(f"CONNECT BY{nocycle} {connect}") 2133 return start + connect
2138 def join_sql(self, expression: exp.Join) -> str: 2139 if not self.SEMI_ANTI_JOIN_WITH_SIDE and expression.kind in ("SEMI", "ANTI"): 2140 side = None 2141 else: 2142 side = expression.side 2143 2144 op_sql = " ".join( 2145 op 2146 for op in ( 2147 expression.method, 2148 "GLOBAL" if expression.args.get("global") else None, 2149 side, 2150 expression.kind, 2151 expression.hint if self.JOIN_HINTS else None, 2152 ) 2153 if op 2154 ) 2155 match_cond = self.sql(expression, "match_condition") 2156 match_cond = f" MATCH_CONDITION ({match_cond})" if match_cond else "" 2157 on_sql = self.sql(expression, "on") 2158 using = expression.args.get("using") 2159 2160 if not on_sql and using: 2161 on_sql = csv(*(self.sql(column) for column in using)) 2162 2163 this = expression.this 2164 this_sql = self.sql(this) 2165 2166 exprs = self.expressions(expression) 2167 if exprs: 2168 this_sql = f"{this_sql},{self.seg(exprs)}" 2169 2170 if on_sql: 2171 on_sql = self.indent(on_sql, skip_first=True) 2172 space = self.seg(" " * self.pad) if self.pretty else " " 2173 if using: 2174 on_sql = f"{space}USING ({on_sql})" 2175 else: 2176 on_sql = f"{space}ON {on_sql}" 2177 elif not op_sql: 2178 if isinstance(this, exp.Lateral) and this.args.get("cross_apply") is not None: 2179 return f" {this_sql}" 2180 2181 return f", {this_sql}" 2182 2183 if op_sql != "STRAIGHT_JOIN": 2184 op_sql = f"{op_sql} JOIN" if op_sql else "JOIN" 2185 2186 return f"{self.seg(op_sql)} {this_sql}{match_cond}{on_sql}"
2193 def lateral_op(self, expression: exp.Lateral) -> str: 2194 cross_apply = expression.args.get("cross_apply") 2195 2196 # https://www.mssqltips.com/sqlservertip/1958/sql-server-cross-apply-and-outer-apply/ 2197 if cross_apply is True: 2198 op = "INNER JOIN " 2199 elif cross_apply is False: 2200 op = "LEFT JOIN " 2201 else: 2202 op = "" 2203 2204 return f"{op}LATERAL"
2206 def lateral_sql(self, expression: exp.Lateral) -> str: 2207 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 2208 2209 if expression.args.get("view"): 2210 alias = expression.args["alias"] 2211 columns = self.expressions(alias, key="columns", flat=True) 2212 table = f" {alias.name}" if alias.name else "" 2213 columns = f" AS {columns}" if columns else "" 2214 op_sql = self.seg(f"LATERAL VIEW{' OUTER' if expression.args.get('outer') else ''}") 2215 return f"{op_sql}{self.sep()}{this}{table}{columns}" 2216 2217 alias = self.sql(expression, "alias") 2218 alias = f" AS {alias}" if alias else "" 2219 return f"{self.lateral_op(expression)} {this}{alias}"
2221 def limit_sql(self, expression: exp.Limit, top: bool = False) -> str: 2222 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 2223 2224 args = [ 2225 self._simplify_unless_literal(e) if self.LIMIT_ONLY_LITERALS else e 2226 for e in (expression.args.get(k) for k in ("offset", "expression")) 2227 if e 2228 ] 2229 2230 args_sql = ", ".join(self.sql(e) for e in args) 2231 args_sql = f"({args_sql})" if top and any(not e.is_number for e in args) else args_sql 2232 expressions = self.expressions(expression, flat=True) 2233 expressions = f" BY {expressions}" if expressions else "" 2234 2235 return f"{this}{self.seg('TOP' if top else 'LIMIT')} {args_sql}{expressions}"
2237 def offset_sql(self, expression: exp.Offset) -> str: 2238 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 2239 value = expression.expression 2240 value = self._simplify_unless_literal(value) if self.LIMIT_ONLY_LITERALS else value 2241 expressions = self.expressions(expression, flat=True) 2242 expressions = f" BY {expressions}" if expressions else "" 2243 return f"{this}{self.seg('OFFSET')} {self.sql(value)}{expressions}"
2245 def setitem_sql(self, expression: exp.SetItem) -> str: 2246 kind = self.sql(expression, "kind") 2247 kind = f"{kind} " if kind else "" 2248 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 2249 expressions = self.expressions(expression) 2250 collate = self.sql(expression, "collate") 2251 collate = f" COLLATE {collate}" if collate else "" 2252 global_ = "GLOBAL " if expression.args.get("global") else "" 2253 return f"{global_}{kind}{this}{expressions}{collate}"
2255 def set_sql(self, expression: exp.Set) -> str: 2256 expressions = ( 2257 f" {self.expressions(expression, flat=True)}" if expression.expressions else "" 2258 ) 2259 tag = " TAG" if expression.args.get("tag") else "" 2260 return f"{'UNSET' if expression.args.get('unset') else 'SET'}{tag}{expressions}"
2265 def lock_sql(self, expression: exp.Lock) -> str: 2266 if not self.LOCKING_READS_SUPPORTED: 2267 self.unsupported("Locking reads using 'FOR UPDATE/SHARE' are not supported") 2268 return "" 2269 2270 lock_type = "FOR UPDATE" if expression.args["update"] else "FOR SHARE" 2271 expressions = self.expressions(expression, flat=True) 2272 expressions = f" OF {expressions}" if expressions else "" 2273 wait = expression.args.get("wait") 2274 2275 if wait is not None: 2276 if isinstance(wait, exp.Literal): 2277 wait = f" WAIT {self.sql(wait)}" 2278 else: 2279 wait = " NOWAIT" if wait else " SKIP LOCKED" 2280 2281 return f"{lock_type}{expressions}{wait or ''}"
def
escape_str(self, text: str, escape_backslash: bool = True) -> str:
2289 def escape_str(self, text: str, escape_backslash: bool = True) -> str: 2290 if self.dialect.ESCAPED_SEQUENCES: 2291 to_escaped = self.dialect.ESCAPED_SEQUENCES 2292 text = "".join( 2293 to_escaped.get(ch, ch) if escape_backslash or ch != "\\" else ch for ch in text 2294 ) 2295 2296 return self._replace_line_breaks(text).replace( 2297 self.dialect.QUOTE_END, self._escaped_quote_end 2298 )
2300 def loaddata_sql(self, expression: exp.LoadData) -> str: 2301 local = " LOCAL" if expression.args.get("local") else "" 2302 inpath = f" INPATH {self.sql(expression, 'inpath')}" 2303 overwrite = " OVERWRITE" if expression.args.get("overwrite") else "" 2304 this = f" INTO TABLE {self.sql(expression, 'this')}" 2305 partition = self.sql(expression, "partition") 2306 partition = f" {partition}" if partition else "" 2307 input_format = self.sql(expression, "input_format") 2308 input_format = f" INPUTFORMAT {input_format}" if input_format else "" 2309 serde = self.sql(expression, "serde") 2310 serde = f" SERDE {serde}" if serde else "" 2311 return f"LOAD DATA{local}{inpath}{overwrite}{this}{partition}{input_format}{serde}"
2319 def order_sql(self, expression: exp.Order, flat: bool = False) -> str: 2320 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 2321 this = f"{this} " if this else this 2322 siblings = "SIBLINGS " if expression.args.get("siblings") else "" 2323 return self.op_expressions(f"{this}ORDER {siblings}BY", expression, flat=this or flat) # type: ignore
2325 def withfill_sql(self, expression: exp.WithFill) -> str: 2326 from_sql = self.sql(expression, "from") 2327 from_sql = f" FROM {from_sql}" if from_sql else "" 2328 to_sql = self.sql(expression, "to") 2329 to_sql = f" TO {to_sql}" if to_sql else "" 2330 step_sql = self.sql(expression, "step") 2331 step_sql = f" STEP {step_sql}" if step_sql else "" 2332 interpolated_values = [ 2333 f"{self.sql(e, 'alias')} AS {self.sql(e, 'this')}" 2334 if isinstance(e, exp.Alias) 2335 else self.sql(e, "this") 2336 for e in expression.args.get("interpolate") or [] 2337 ] 2338 interpolate = ( 2339 f" INTERPOLATE ({', '.join(interpolated_values)})" if interpolated_values else "" 2340 ) 2341 return f"WITH FILL{from_sql}{to_sql}{step_sql}{interpolate}"
2352 def ordered_sql(self, expression: exp.Ordered) -> str: 2353 desc = expression.args.get("desc") 2354 asc = not desc 2355 2356 nulls_first = expression.args.get("nulls_first") 2357 nulls_last = not nulls_first 2358 nulls_are_large = self.dialect.NULL_ORDERING == "nulls_are_large" 2359 nulls_are_small = self.dialect.NULL_ORDERING == "nulls_are_small" 2360 nulls_are_last = self.dialect.NULL_ORDERING == "nulls_are_last" 2361 2362 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 2363 2364 sort_order = " DESC" if desc else (" ASC" if desc is False else "") 2365 nulls_sort_change = "" 2366 if nulls_first and ( 2367 (asc and nulls_are_large) or (desc and nulls_are_small) or nulls_are_last 2368 ): 2369 nulls_sort_change = " NULLS FIRST" 2370 elif ( 2371 nulls_last 2372 and ((asc and nulls_are_small) or (desc and nulls_are_large)) 2373 and not nulls_are_last 2374 ): 2375 nulls_sort_change = " NULLS LAST" 2376 2377 # If the NULLS FIRST/LAST clause is unsupported, we add another sort key to simulate it 2378 if nulls_sort_change and not self.NULL_ORDERING_SUPPORTED: 2379 window = expression.find_ancestor(exp.Window, exp.Select) 2380 if isinstance(window, exp.Window) and window.args.get("spec"): 2381 self.unsupported( 2382 f"'{nulls_sort_change.strip()}' translation not supported in window functions" 2383 ) 2384 nulls_sort_change = "" 2385 elif ( 2386 self.NULL_ORDERING_SUPPORTED is False 2387 and (isinstance(expression.find_ancestor(exp.AggFunc, exp.Select), exp.AggFunc)) 2388 and ( 2389 (asc and nulls_sort_change == " NULLS LAST") 2390 or (desc and nulls_sort_change == " NULLS FIRST") 2391 ) 2392 ): 2393 self.unsupported( 2394 f"'{nulls_sort_change.strip()}' translation not supported for aggregate functions with {sort_order} sort order" 2395 ) 2396 nulls_sort_change = "" 2397 elif self.NULL_ORDERING_SUPPORTED is None: 2398 if expression.this.is_int: 2399 self.unsupported( 2400 f"'{nulls_sort_change.strip()}' translation not supported with positional ordering" 2401 ) 2402 elif not isinstance(expression.this, exp.Rand): 2403 null_sort_order = " DESC" if nulls_sort_change == " NULLS FIRST" else "" 2404 this = f"CASE WHEN {this} IS NULL THEN 1 ELSE 0 END{null_sort_order}, {this}" 2405 nulls_sort_change = "" 2406 2407 with_fill = self.sql(expression, "with_fill") 2408 with_fill = f" {with_fill}" if with_fill else "" 2409 2410 return f"{this}{sort_order}{nulls_sort_change}{with_fill}"
2420 def matchrecognize_sql(self, expression: exp.MatchRecognize) -> str: 2421 partition = self.partition_by_sql(expression) 2422 order = self.sql(expression, "order") 2423 measures = self.expressions(expression, key="measures") 2424 measures = self.seg(f"MEASURES{self.seg(measures)}") if measures else "" 2425 rows = self.sql(expression, "rows") 2426 rows = self.seg(rows) if rows else "" 2427 after = self.sql(expression, "after") 2428 after = self.seg(after) if after else "" 2429 pattern = self.sql(expression, "pattern") 2430 pattern = self.seg(f"PATTERN ({pattern})") if pattern else "" 2431 definition_sqls = [ 2432 f"{self.sql(definition, 'alias')} AS {self.sql(definition, 'this')}" 2433 for definition in expression.args.get("define", []) 2434 ] 2435 definitions = self.expressions(sqls=definition_sqls) 2436 define = self.seg(f"DEFINE{self.seg(definitions)}") if definitions else "" 2437 body = "".join( 2438 ( 2439 partition, 2440 order, 2441 measures, 2442 rows, 2443 after, 2444 pattern, 2445 define, 2446 ) 2447 ) 2448 alias = self.sql(expression, "alias") 2449 alias = f" {alias}" if alias else "" 2450 return f"{self.seg('MATCH_RECOGNIZE')} {self.wrap(body)}{alias}"
2452 def query_modifiers(self, expression: exp.Expression, *sqls: str) -> str: 2453 limit = expression.args.get("limit") 2454 2455 if self.LIMIT_FETCH == "LIMIT" and isinstance(limit, exp.Fetch): 2456 limit = exp.Limit(expression=exp.maybe_copy(limit.args.get("count"))) 2457 elif self.LIMIT_FETCH == "FETCH" and isinstance(limit, exp.Limit): 2458 limit = exp.Fetch(direction="FIRST", count=exp.maybe_copy(limit.expression)) 2459 2460 return csv( 2461 *sqls, 2462 *[self.sql(join) for join in expression.args.get("joins") or []], 2463 self.sql(expression, "connect"), 2464 self.sql(expression, "match"), 2465 *[self.sql(lateral) for lateral in expression.args.get("laterals") or []], 2466 self.sql(expression, "prewhere"), 2467 self.sql(expression, "where"), 2468 self.sql(expression, "group"), 2469 self.sql(expression, "having"), 2470 *[gen(self, expression) for gen in self.AFTER_HAVING_MODIFIER_TRANSFORMS.values()], 2471 self.sql(expression, "order"), 2472 *self.offset_limit_modifiers(expression, isinstance(limit, exp.Fetch), limit), 2473 *self.after_limit_modifiers(expression), 2474 self.options_modifier(expression), 2475 sep="", 2476 )
def
offset_limit_modifiers( self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Expression, fetch: bool, limit: Union[sqlglot.expressions.Fetch, sqlglot.expressions.Limit, NoneType]) -> List[str]:
2485 def offset_limit_modifiers( 2486 self, expression: exp.Expression, fetch: bool, limit: t.Optional[exp.Fetch | exp.Limit] 2487 ) -> t.List[str]: 2488 return [ 2489 self.sql(expression, "offset") if fetch else self.sql(limit), 2490 self.sql(limit) if fetch else self.sql(expression, "offset"), 2491 ]
2498 def select_sql(self, expression: exp.Select) -> str: 2499 into = expression.args.get("into") 2500 if not self.SUPPORTS_SELECT_INTO and into: 2501 into.pop() 2502 2503 hint = self.sql(expression, "hint") 2504 distinct = self.sql(expression, "distinct") 2505 distinct = f" {distinct}" if distinct else "" 2506 kind = self.sql(expression, "kind") 2507 2508 limit = expression.args.get("limit") 2509 if isinstance(limit, exp.Limit) and self.LIMIT_IS_TOP: 2510 top = self.limit_sql(limit, top=True) 2511 limit.pop() 2512 else: 2513 top = "" 2514 2515 expressions = self.expressions(expression) 2516 2517 if kind: 2518 if kind in self.SELECT_KINDS: 2519 kind = f" AS {kind}" 2520 else: 2521 if kind == "STRUCT": 2522 expressions = self.expressions( 2523 sqls=[ 2524 self.sql( 2525 exp.Struct( 2526 expressions=[ 2527 exp.PropertyEQ(this=e.args.get("alias"), expression=e.this) 2528 if isinstance(e, exp.Alias) 2529 else e 2530 for e in expression.expressions 2531 ] 2532 ) 2533 ) 2534 ] 2535 ) 2536 kind = "" 2537 2538 operation_modifiers = self.expressions(expression, key="operation_modifiers", sep=" ") 2539 operation_modifiers = f"{self.sep()}{operation_modifiers}" if operation_modifiers else "" 2540 2541 # We use LIMIT_IS_TOP as a proxy for whether DISTINCT should go first because tsql and Teradata 2542 # are the only dialects that use LIMIT_IS_TOP and both place DISTINCT first. 2543 top_distinct = f"{distinct}{hint}{top}" if self.LIMIT_IS_TOP else f"{top}{hint}{distinct}" 2544 expressions = f"{self.sep()}{expressions}" if expressions else expressions 2545 sql = self.query_modifiers( 2546 expression, 2547 f"SELECT{top_distinct}{operation_modifiers}{kind}{expressions}", 2548 self.sql(expression, "into", comment=False), 2549 self.sql(expression, "from", comment=False), 2550 ) 2551 2552 # If both the CTE and SELECT clauses have comments, generate the latter earlier 2553 if expression.args.get("with"): 2554 sql = self.maybe_comment(sql, expression) 2555 expression.pop_comments() 2556 2557 sql = self.prepend_ctes(expression, sql) 2558 2559 if not self.SUPPORTS_SELECT_INTO and into: 2560 if into.args.get("temporary"): 2561 table_kind = " TEMPORARY" 2562 elif self.SUPPORTS_UNLOGGED_TABLES and into.args.get("unlogged"): 2563 table_kind = " UNLOGGED" 2564 else: 2565 table_kind = "" 2566 sql = f"CREATE{table_kind} TABLE {self.sql(into.this)} AS {sql}" 2567 2568 return sql
2580 def star_sql(self, expression: exp.Star) -> str: 2581 except_ = self.expressions(expression, key="except", flat=True) 2582 except_ = f"{self.seg(self.STAR_EXCEPT)} ({except_})" if except_ else "" 2583 replace = self.expressions(expression, key="replace", flat=True) 2584 replace = f"{self.seg('REPLACE')} ({replace})" if replace else "" 2585 rename = self.expressions(expression, key="rename", flat=True) 2586 rename = f"{self.seg('RENAME')} ({rename})" if rename else "" 2587 return f"*{except_}{replace}{rename}"
2603 def subquery_sql(self, expression: exp.Subquery, sep: str = " AS ") -> str: 2604 alias = self.sql(expression, "alias") 2605 alias = f"{sep}{alias}" if alias else "" 2606 sample = self.sql(expression, "sample") 2607 if self.dialect.ALIAS_POST_TABLESAMPLE and sample: 2608 alias = f"{sample}{alias}" 2609 2610 # Set to None so it's not generated again by self.query_modifiers() 2611 expression.set("sample", None) 2612 2613 pivots = self.expressions(expression, key="pivots", sep="", flat=True) 2614 sql = self.query_modifiers(expression, self.wrap(expression), alias, pivots) 2615 return self.prepend_ctes(expression, sql)
2621 def unnest_sql(self, expression: exp.Unnest) -> str: 2622 args = self.expressions(expression, flat=True) 2623 2624 alias = expression.args.get("alias") 2625 offset = expression.args.get("offset") 2626 2627 if self.UNNEST_WITH_ORDINALITY: 2628 if alias and isinstance(offset, exp.Expression): 2629 alias.append("columns", offset) 2630 2631 if alias and self.dialect.UNNEST_COLUMN_ONLY: 2632 columns = alias.columns 2633 alias = self.sql(columns[0]) if columns else "" 2634 else: 2635 alias = self.sql(alias) 2636 2637 alias = f" AS {alias}" if alias else alias 2638 if self.UNNEST_WITH_ORDINALITY: 2639 suffix = f" WITH ORDINALITY{alias}" if offset else alias 2640 else: 2641 if isinstance(offset, exp.Expression): 2642 suffix = f"{alias} WITH OFFSET AS {self.sql(offset)}" 2643 elif offset: 2644 suffix = f"{alias} WITH OFFSET" 2645 else: 2646 suffix = alias 2647 2648 return f"UNNEST({args}){suffix}"
2657 def window_sql(self, expression: exp.Window) -> str: 2658 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 2659 partition = self.partition_by_sql(expression) 2660 order = expression.args.get("order") 2661 order = self.order_sql(order, flat=True) if order else "" 2662 spec = self.sql(expression, "spec") 2663 alias = self.sql(expression, "alias") 2664 over = self.sql(expression, "over") or "OVER" 2665 2666 this = f"{this} {'AS' if expression.arg_key == 'windows' else over}" 2667 2668 first = expression.args.get("first") 2669 if first is None: 2670 first = "" 2671 else: 2672 first = "FIRST" if first else "LAST" 2673 2674 if not partition and not order and not spec and alias: 2675 return f"{this} {alias}" 2676 2677 args = " ".join(arg for arg in (alias, first, partition, order, spec) if arg) 2678 return f"{this} ({args})"
def
partition_by_sql( self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Window | sqlglot.expressions.MatchRecognize) -> str:
2684 def windowspec_sql(self, expression: exp.WindowSpec) -> str: 2685 kind = self.sql(expression, "kind") 2686 start = csv(self.sql(expression, "start"), self.sql(expression, "start_side"), sep=" ") 2687 end = ( 2688 csv(self.sql(expression, "end"), self.sql(expression, "end_side"), sep=" ") 2689 or "CURRENT ROW" 2690 ) 2691 return f"{kind} BETWEEN {start} AND {end}"
def
bracket_offset_expressions( self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Bracket, index_offset: Optional[int] = None) -> List[sqlglot.expressions.Expression]:
2704 def bracket_offset_expressions( 2705 self, expression: exp.Bracket, index_offset: t.Optional[int] = None 2706 ) -> t.List[exp.Expression]: 2707 return apply_index_offset( 2708 expression.this, 2709 expression.expressions, 2710 (index_offset or self.dialect.INDEX_OFFSET) - expression.args.get("offset", 0), 2711 )
2721 def any_sql(self, expression: exp.Any) -> str: 2722 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 2723 if isinstance(expression.this, (*exp.UNWRAPPED_QUERIES, exp.Paren)): 2724 if isinstance(expression.this, exp.UNWRAPPED_QUERIES): 2725 this = self.wrap(this) 2726 return f"ANY{this}" 2727 return f"ANY {this}"
2732 def case_sql(self, expression: exp.Case) -> str: 2733 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 2734 statements = [f"CASE {this}" if this else "CASE"] 2735 2736 for e in expression.args["ifs"]: 2737 statements.append(f"WHEN {self.sql(e, 'this')}") 2738 statements.append(f"THEN {self.sql(e, 'true')}") 2739 2740 default = self.sql(expression, "default") 2741 2742 if default: 2743 statements.append(f"ELSE {default}") 2744 2745 statements.append("END") 2746 2747 if self.pretty and self.too_wide(statements): 2748 return self.indent("\n".join(statements), skip_first=True, skip_last=True) 2749 2750 return " ".join(statements)
2767 def trim_sql(self, expression: exp.Trim) -> str: 2768 trim_type = self.sql(expression, "position") 2769 2770 if trim_type == "LEADING": 2771 func_name = "LTRIM" 2772 elif trim_type == "TRAILING": 2773 func_name = "RTRIM" 2774 else: 2775 func_name = "TRIM" 2776 2777 return self.func(func_name, expression.this, expression.expression)
def
convert_concat_args( self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Concat | sqlglot.expressions.ConcatWs) -> List[sqlglot.expressions.Expression]:
2779 def convert_concat_args(self, expression: exp.Concat | exp.ConcatWs) -> t.List[exp.Expression]: 2780 args = expression.expressions 2781 if isinstance(expression, exp.ConcatWs): 2782 args = args[1:] # Skip the delimiter 2783 2784 if self.dialect.STRICT_STRING_CONCAT and expression.args.get("safe"): 2785 args = [exp.cast(e, exp.DataType.Type.TEXT) for e in args] 2786 2787 if not self.dialect.CONCAT_COALESCE and expression.args.get("coalesce"): 2788 args = [exp.func("coalesce", e, exp.Literal.string("")) for e in args] 2789 2790 return args
2792 def concat_sql(self, expression: exp.Concat) -> str: 2793 expressions = self.convert_concat_args(expression) 2794 2795 # Some dialects don't allow a single-argument CONCAT call 2796 if not self.SUPPORTS_SINGLE_ARG_CONCAT and len(expressions) == 1: 2797 return self.sql(expressions[0]) 2798 2799 return self.func("CONCAT", *expressions)
2810 def foreignkey_sql(self, expression: exp.ForeignKey) -> str: 2811 expressions = self.expressions(expression, flat=True) 2812 reference = self.sql(expression, "reference") 2813 reference = f" {reference}" if reference else "" 2814 delete = self.sql(expression, "delete") 2815 delete = f" ON DELETE {delete}" if delete else "" 2816 update = self.sql(expression, "update") 2817 update = f" ON UPDATE {update}" if update else "" 2818 return f"FOREIGN KEY ({expressions}){reference}{delete}{update}"
2820 def primarykey_sql(self, expression: exp.ForeignKey) -> str: 2821 expressions = self.expressions(expression, flat=True) 2822 options = self.expressions(expression, key="options", flat=True, sep=" ") 2823 options = f" {options}" if options else "" 2824 return f"PRIMARY KEY ({expressions}){options}"
2837 def jsonpath_sql(self, expression: exp.JSONPath) -> str: 2838 path = self.expressions(expression, sep="", flat=True).lstrip(".") 2839 2840 if expression.args.get("escape"): 2841 path = self.escape_str(path) 2842 2843 if self.QUOTE_JSON_PATH: 2844 path = f"{self.dialect.QUOTE_START}{path}{self.dialect.QUOTE_END}" 2845 2846 return path
2848 def json_path_part(self, expression: int | str | exp.JSONPathPart) -> str: 2849 if isinstance(expression, exp.JSONPathPart): 2850 transform = self.TRANSFORMS.get(expression.__class__) 2851 if not callable(transform): 2852 self.unsupported(f"Unsupported JSONPathPart type {expression.__class__.__name__}") 2853 return "" 2854 2855 return transform(self, expression) 2856 2857 if isinstance(expression, int): 2858 return str(expression) 2859 2860 if self.JSON_PATH_SINGLE_QUOTE_ESCAPE: 2861 escaped = expression.replace("'", "\\'") 2862 escaped = f"\\'{expression}\\'" 2863 else: 2864 escaped = expression.replace('"', '\\"') 2865 escaped = f'"{escaped}"' 2866 2867 return escaped
def
jsonobject_sql( self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.JSONObject | sqlglot.expressions.JSONObjectAgg) -> str:
2872 def jsonobject_sql(self, expression: exp.JSONObject | exp.JSONObjectAgg) -> str: 2873 null_handling = expression.args.get("null_handling") 2874 null_handling = f" {null_handling}" if null_handling else "" 2875 2876 unique_keys = expression.args.get("unique_keys") 2877 if unique_keys is not None: 2878 unique_keys = f" {'WITH' if unique_keys else 'WITHOUT'} UNIQUE KEYS" 2879 else: 2880 unique_keys = "" 2881 2882 return_type = self.sql(expression, "return_type") 2883 return_type = f" RETURNING {return_type}" if return_type else "" 2884 encoding = self.sql(expression, "encoding") 2885 encoding = f" ENCODING {encoding}" if encoding else "" 2886 2887 return self.func( 2888 "JSON_OBJECT" if isinstance(expression, exp.JSONObject) else "JSON_OBJECTAGG", 2889 *expression.expressions, 2890 suffix=f"{null_handling}{unique_keys}{return_type}{encoding})", 2891 )
2896 def jsonarray_sql(self, expression: exp.JSONArray) -> str: 2897 null_handling = expression.args.get("null_handling") 2898 null_handling = f" {null_handling}" if null_handling else "" 2899 return_type = self.sql(expression, "return_type") 2900 return_type = f" RETURNING {return_type}" if return_type else "" 2901 strict = " STRICT" if expression.args.get("strict") else "" 2902 return self.func( 2903 "JSON_ARRAY", *expression.expressions, suffix=f"{null_handling}{return_type}{strict})" 2904 )
2906 def jsonarrayagg_sql(self, expression: exp.JSONArrayAgg) -> str: 2907 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 2908 order = self.sql(expression, "order") 2909 null_handling = expression.args.get("null_handling") 2910 null_handling = f" {null_handling}" if null_handling else "" 2911 return_type = self.sql(expression, "return_type") 2912 return_type = f" RETURNING {return_type}" if return_type else "" 2913 strict = " STRICT" if expression.args.get("strict") else "" 2914 return self.func( 2915 "JSON_ARRAYAGG", 2916 this, 2917 suffix=f"{order}{null_handling}{return_type}{strict})", 2918 )
2920 def jsoncolumndef_sql(self, expression: exp.JSONColumnDef) -> str: 2921 path = self.sql(expression, "path") 2922 path = f" PATH {path}" if path else "" 2923 nested_schema = self.sql(expression, "nested_schema") 2924 2925 if nested_schema: 2926 return f"NESTED{path} {nested_schema}" 2927 2928 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 2929 kind = self.sql(expression, "kind") 2930 kind = f" {kind}" if kind else "" 2931 return f"{this}{kind}{path}"
2936 def jsontable_sql(self, expression: exp.JSONTable) -> str: 2937 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 2938 path = self.sql(expression, "path") 2939 path = f", {path}" if path else "" 2940 error_handling = expression.args.get("error_handling") 2941 error_handling = f" {error_handling}" if error_handling else "" 2942 empty_handling = expression.args.get("empty_handling") 2943 empty_handling = f" {empty_handling}" if empty_handling else "" 2944 schema = self.sql(expression, "schema") 2945 return self.func( 2946 "JSON_TABLE", this, suffix=f"{path}{error_handling}{empty_handling} {schema})" 2947 )
2949 def openjsoncolumndef_sql(self, expression: exp.OpenJSONColumnDef) -> str: 2950 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 2951 kind = self.sql(expression, "kind") 2952 path = self.sql(expression, "path") 2953 path = f" {path}" if path else "" 2954 as_json = " AS JSON" if expression.args.get("as_json") else "" 2955 return f"{this} {kind}{path}{as_json}"
2957 def openjson_sql(self, expression: exp.OpenJSON) -> str: 2958 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 2959 path = self.sql(expression, "path") 2960 path = f", {path}" if path else "" 2961 expressions = self.expressions(expression) 2962 with_ = ( 2963 f" WITH ({self.seg(self.indent(expressions), sep='')}{self.seg(')', sep='')}" 2964 if expressions 2965 else "" 2966 ) 2967 return f"OPENJSON({this}{path}){with_}"
2969 def in_sql(self, expression: exp.In) -> str: 2970 query = expression.args.get("query") 2971 unnest = expression.args.get("unnest") 2972 field = expression.args.get("field") 2973 is_global = " GLOBAL" if expression.args.get("is_global") else "" 2974 2975 if query: 2976 in_sql = self.sql(query) 2977 elif unnest: 2978 in_sql = self.in_unnest_op(unnest) 2979 elif field: 2980 in_sql = self.sql(field) 2981 else: 2982 in_sql = f"({self.expressions(expression, flat=True)})" 2983 2984 return f"{self.sql(expression, 'this')}{is_global} IN {in_sql}"
2989 def interval_sql(self, expression: exp.Interval) -> str: 2990 unit = self.sql(expression, "unit") 2991 if not self.INTERVAL_ALLOWS_PLURAL_FORM: 2992 unit = self.TIME_PART_SINGULARS.get(unit, unit) 2993 unit = f" {unit}" if unit else "" 2994 2995 if self.SINGLE_STRING_INTERVAL: 2996 this = expression.this.name if expression.this else "" 2997 return f"INTERVAL '{this}{unit}'" if this else f"INTERVAL{unit}" 2998 2999 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 3000 if this: 3001 unwrapped = isinstance(expression.this, self.UNWRAPPED_INTERVAL_VALUES) 3002 this = f" {this}" if unwrapped else f" ({this})" 3003 3004 return f"INTERVAL{this}{unit}"
3009 def reference_sql(self, expression: exp.Reference) -> str: 3010 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 3011 expressions = self.expressions(expression, flat=True) 3012 expressions = f"({expressions})" if expressions else "" 3013 options = self.expressions(expression, key="options", flat=True, sep=" ") 3014 options = f" {options}" if options else "" 3015 return f"REFERENCES {this}{expressions}{options}"
3017 def anonymous_sql(self, expression: exp.Anonymous) -> str: 3018 # We don't normalize qualified functions such as a.b.foo(), because they can be case-sensitive 3019 parent = expression.parent 3020 is_qualified = isinstance(parent, exp.Dot) and expression is parent.expression 3021 return self.func( 3022 self.sql(expression, "this"), *expression.expressions, normalize=not is_qualified 3023 )
3043 def pivotalias_sql(self, expression: exp.PivotAlias) -> str: 3044 alias = expression.args["alias"] 3045 3046 identifier_alias = isinstance(alias, exp.Identifier) 3047 literal_alias = isinstance(alias, exp.Literal) 3048 3049 if identifier_alias and not self.UNPIVOT_ALIASES_ARE_IDENTIFIERS: 3050 alias.replace(exp.Literal.string(alias.output_name)) 3051 elif not identifier_alias and literal_alias and self.UNPIVOT_ALIASES_ARE_IDENTIFIERS: 3052 alias.replace(exp.to_identifier(alias.output_name)) 3053 3054 return self.alias_sql(expression)
def
and_sql( self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.And, stack: Optional[List[str | sqlglot.expressions.Expression]] = None) -> str:
def
or_sql( self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Or, stack: Optional[List[str | sqlglot.expressions.Expression]] = None) -> str:
def
xor_sql( self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Xor, stack: Optional[List[str | sqlglot.expressions.Expression]] = None) -> str:
def
connector_sql( self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Connector, op: str, stack: Optional[List[str | sqlglot.expressions.Expression]] = None) -> str:
3092 def connector_sql( 3093 self, 3094 expression: exp.Connector, 3095 op: str, 3096 stack: t.Optional[t.List[str | exp.Expression]] = None, 3097 ) -> str: 3098 if stack is not None: 3099 if expression.expressions: 3100 stack.append(self.expressions(expression, sep=f" {op} ")) 3101 else: 3102 stack.append(expression.right) 3103 if expression.comments and self.comments: 3104 for comment in expression.comments: 3105 if comment: 3106 op += f" /*{self.pad_comment(comment)}*/" 3107 stack.extend((op, expression.left)) 3108 return op 3109 3110 stack = [expression] 3111 sqls: t.List[str] = [] 3112 ops = set() 3113 3114 while stack: 3115 node = stack.pop() 3116 if isinstance(node, exp.Connector): 3117 ops.add(getattr(self, f"{node.key}_sql")(node, stack)) 3118 else: 3119 sql = self.sql(node) 3120 if sqls and sqls[-1] in ops: 3121 sqls[-1] += f" {sql}" 3122 else: 3123 sqls.append(sql) 3124 3125 sep = "\n" if self.pretty and self.too_wide(sqls) else " " 3126 return sep.join(sqls)
def
cast_sql( self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Cast, safe_prefix: Optional[str] = None) -> str:
3146 def cast_sql(self, expression: exp.Cast, safe_prefix: t.Optional[str] = None) -> str: 3147 format_sql = self.sql(expression, "format") 3148 format_sql = f" FORMAT {format_sql}" if format_sql else "" 3149 to_sql = self.sql(expression, "to") 3150 to_sql = f" {to_sql}" if to_sql else "" 3151 action = self.sql(expression, "action") 3152 action = f" {action}" if action else "" 3153 return f"{safe_prefix or ''}CAST({self.sql(expression, 'this')} AS{to_sql}{format_sql}{action})"
3167 def comment_sql(self, expression: exp.Comment) -> str: 3168 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 3169 kind = expression.args["kind"] 3170 materialized = " MATERIALIZED" if expression.args.get("materialized") else "" 3171 exists_sql = " IF EXISTS " if expression.args.get("exists") else " " 3172 expression_sql = self.sql(expression, "expression") 3173 return f"COMMENT{exists_sql}ON{materialized} {kind} {this} IS {expression_sql}"
3175 def mergetreettlaction_sql(self, expression: exp.MergeTreeTTLAction) -> str: 3176 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 3177 delete = " DELETE" if expression.args.get("delete") else "" 3178 recompress = self.sql(expression, "recompress") 3179 recompress = f" RECOMPRESS {recompress}" if recompress else "" 3180 to_disk = self.sql(expression, "to_disk") 3181 to_disk = f" TO DISK {to_disk}" if to_disk else "" 3182 to_volume = self.sql(expression, "to_volume") 3183 to_volume = f" TO VOLUME {to_volume}" if to_volume else "" 3184 return f"{this}{delete}{recompress}{to_disk}{to_volume}"
3186 def mergetreettl_sql(self, expression: exp.MergeTreeTTL) -> str: 3187 where = self.sql(expression, "where") 3188 group = self.sql(expression, "group") 3189 aggregates = self.expressions(expression, key="aggregates") 3190 aggregates = self.seg("SET") + self.seg(aggregates) if aggregates else "" 3191 3192 if not (where or group or aggregates) and len(expression.expressions) == 1: 3193 return f"TTL {self.expressions(expression, flat=True)}" 3194 3195 return f"TTL{self.seg(self.expressions(expression))}{where}{group}{aggregates}"
3212 def altercolumn_sql(self, expression: exp.AlterColumn) -> str: 3213 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 3214 3215 dtype = self.sql(expression, "dtype") 3216 if dtype: 3217 collate = self.sql(expression, "collate") 3218 collate = f" COLLATE {collate}" if collate else "" 3219 using = self.sql(expression, "using") 3220 using = f" USING {using}" if using else "" 3221 return f"ALTER COLUMN {this} SET DATA TYPE {dtype}{collate}{using}" 3222 3223 default = self.sql(expression, "default") 3224 if default: 3225 return f"ALTER COLUMN {this} SET DEFAULT {default}" 3226 3227 comment = self.sql(expression, "comment") 3228 if comment: 3229 return f"ALTER COLUMN {this} COMMENT {comment}" 3230 3231 allow_null = expression.args.get("allow_null") 3232 drop = expression.args.get("drop") 3233 3234 if not drop and not allow_null: 3235 self.unsupported("Unsupported ALTER COLUMN syntax") 3236 3237 if allow_null is not None: 3238 keyword = "DROP" if drop else "SET" 3239 return f"ALTER COLUMN {this} {keyword} NOT NULL" 3240 3241 return f"ALTER COLUMN {this} DROP DEFAULT"
3249 def altersortkey_sql(self, expression: exp.AlterSortKey) -> str: 3250 compound = " COMPOUND" if expression.args.get("compound") else "" 3251 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 3252 expressions = self.expressions(expression, flat=True) 3253 expressions = f"({expressions})" if expressions else "" 3254 return f"ALTER{compound} SORTKEY {this or expressions}"
3256 def alterrename_sql(self, expression: exp.AlterRename) -> str: 3257 if not self.RENAME_TABLE_WITH_DB: 3258 # Remove db from tables 3259 expression = expression.transform( 3260 lambda n: exp.table_(n.this) if isinstance(n, exp.Table) else n 3261 ).assert_is(exp.AlterRename) 3262 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 3263 return f"RENAME TO {this}"
3275 def alter_sql(self, expression: exp.Alter) -> str: 3276 actions = expression.args["actions"] 3277 3278 if isinstance(actions[0], exp.ColumnDef): 3279 actions = self.add_column_sql(expression) 3280 elif isinstance(actions[0], exp.Schema): 3281 actions = self.expressions(expression, key="actions", prefix="ADD COLUMNS ") 3282 elif isinstance(actions[0], exp.Delete): 3283 actions = self.expressions(expression, key="actions", flat=True) 3284 elif isinstance(actions[0], exp.Query): 3285 actions = "AS " + self.expressions(expression, key="actions") 3286 else: 3287 actions = self.expressions(expression, key="actions", flat=True) 3288 3289 exists = " IF EXISTS" if expression.args.get("exists") else "" 3290 on_cluster = self.sql(expression, "cluster") 3291 on_cluster = f" {on_cluster}" if on_cluster else "" 3292 only = " ONLY" if expression.args.get("only") else "" 3293 options = self.expressions(expression, key="options") 3294 options = f", {options}" if options else "" 3295 kind = self.sql(expression, "kind") 3296 not_valid = " NOT VALID" if expression.args.get("not_valid") else "" 3297 3298 return f"ALTER {kind}{exists}{only} {self.sql(expression, 'this')}{on_cluster} {actions}{not_valid}{options}"
3300 def add_column_sql(self, expression: exp.Alter) -> str: 3301 if self.ALTER_TABLE_INCLUDE_COLUMN_KEYWORD: 3302 return self.expressions( 3303 expression, 3304 key="actions", 3305 prefix="ADD COLUMN ", 3306 skip_first=True, 3307 ) 3308 return f"ADD {self.expressions(expression, key='actions', flat=True)}"
3318 def distinct_sql(self, expression: exp.Distinct) -> str: 3319 this = self.expressions(expression, flat=True) 3320 3321 if not self.MULTI_ARG_DISTINCT and len(expression.expressions) > 1: 3322 case = exp.case() 3323 for arg in expression.expressions: 3324 case = case.when(arg.is_(exp.null()), exp.null()) 3325 this = self.sql(case.else_(f"({this})")) 3326 3327 this = f" {this}" if this else "" 3328 3329 on = self.sql(expression, "on") 3330 on = f" ON {on}" if on else "" 3331 return f"DISTINCT{this}{on}"
3360 def div_sql(self, expression: exp.Div) -> str: 3361 l, r = expression.left, expression.right 3362 3363 if not self.dialect.SAFE_DIVISION and expression.args.get("safe"): 3364 r.replace(exp.Nullif(this=r.copy(), expression=exp.Literal.number(0))) 3365 3366 if self.dialect.TYPED_DIVISION and not expression.args.get("typed"): 3367 if not l.is_type(*exp.DataType.REAL_TYPES) and not r.is_type(*exp.DataType.REAL_TYPES): 3368 l.replace(exp.cast(l.copy(), to=exp.DataType.Type.DOUBLE)) 3369 3370 elif not self.dialect.TYPED_DIVISION and expression.args.get("typed"): 3371 if l.is_type(*exp.DataType.INTEGER_TYPES) and r.is_type(*exp.DataType.INTEGER_TYPES): 3372 return self.sql( 3373 exp.cast( 3374 l / r, 3375 to=exp.DataType.Type.BIGINT, 3376 ) 3377 ) 3378 3379 return self.binary(expression, "/")
3467 def log_sql(self, expression: exp.Log) -> str: 3468 this = expression.this 3469 expr = expression.expression 3470 3471 if self.dialect.LOG_BASE_FIRST is False: 3472 this, expr = expr, this 3473 elif self.dialect.LOG_BASE_FIRST is None and expr: 3474 if this.name in ("2", "10"): 3475 return self.func(f"LOG{this.name}", expr) 3476 3477 self.unsupported(f"Unsupported logarithm with base {self.sql(this)}") 3478 3479 return self.func("LOG", this, expr)
3488 def binary(self, expression: exp.Binary, op: str) -> str: 3489 sqls: t.List[str] = [] 3490 stack: t.List[t.Union[str, exp.Expression]] = [expression] 3491 binary_type = type(expression) 3492 3493 while stack: 3494 node = stack.pop() 3495 3496 if type(node) is binary_type: 3497 op_func = node.args.get("operator") 3498 if op_func: 3499 op = f"OPERATOR({self.sql(op_func)})" 3500 3501 stack.append(node.right) 3502 stack.append(f" {self.maybe_comment(op, comments=node.comments)} ") 3503 stack.append(node.left) 3504 else: 3505 sqls.append(self.sql(node)) 3506 3507 return "".join(sqls)
3509 def function_fallback_sql(self, expression: exp.Func) -> str: 3510 args = [] 3511 3512 for key in expression.arg_types: 3513 arg_value = expression.args.get(key) 3514 3515 if isinstance(arg_value, list): 3516 for value in arg_value: 3517 args.append(value) 3518 elif arg_value is not None: 3519 args.append(arg_value) 3520 3521 if self.normalize_functions: 3522 name = expression.sql_name() 3523 else: 3524 name = (expression._meta and expression.meta.get("name")) or expression.sql_name() 3525 3526 return self.func(name, *args)
def
func( self, name: str, *args: Union[str, sqlglot.expressions.Expression, NoneType], prefix: str = '(', suffix: str = ')', normalize: bool = True) -> str:
3528 def func( 3529 self, 3530 name: str, 3531 *args: t.Optional[exp.Expression | str], 3532 prefix: str = "(", 3533 suffix: str = ")", 3534 normalize: bool = True, 3535 ) -> str: 3536 name = self.normalize_func(name) if normalize else name 3537 return f"{name}{prefix}{self.format_args(*args)}{suffix}"
def
format_args( self, *args: Union[str, sqlglot.expressions.Expression, NoneType], sep: str = ', ') -> str:
3539 def format_args(self, *args: t.Optional[str | exp.Expression], sep: str = ", ") -> str: 3540 arg_sqls = tuple( 3541 self.sql(arg) for arg in args if arg is not None and not isinstance(arg, bool) 3542 ) 3543 if self.pretty and self.too_wide(arg_sqls): 3544 return self.indent( 3545 "\n" + f"{sep.strip()}\n".join(arg_sqls) + "\n", skip_first=True, skip_last=True 3546 ) 3547 return sep.join(arg_sqls)
def
format_time( self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Expression, inverse_time_mapping: Optional[Dict[str, str]] = None, inverse_time_trie: Optional[Dict] = None) -> Optional[str]:
3552 def format_time( 3553 self, 3554 expression: exp.Expression, 3555 inverse_time_mapping: t.Optional[t.Dict[str, str]] = None, 3556 inverse_time_trie: t.Optional[t.Dict] = None, 3557 ) -> t.Optional[str]: 3558 return format_time( 3559 self.sql(expression, "format"), 3560 inverse_time_mapping or self.dialect.INVERSE_TIME_MAPPING, 3561 inverse_time_trie or self.dialect.INVERSE_TIME_TRIE, 3562 )
def
expressions( self, expression: Optional[sqlglot.expressions.Expression] = None, key: Optional[str] = None, sqls: Optional[Collection[Union[str, sqlglot.expressions.Expression]]] = None, flat: bool = False, indent: bool = True, skip_first: bool = False, skip_last: bool = False, sep: str = ', ', prefix: str = '', dynamic: bool = False, new_line: bool = False) -> str:
3564 def expressions( 3565 self, 3566 expression: t.Optional[exp.Expression] = None, 3567 key: t.Optional[str] = None, 3568 sqls: t.Optional[t.Collection[str | exp.Expression]] = None, 3569 flat: bool = False, 3570 indent: bool = True, 3571 skip_first: bool = False, 3572 skip_last: bool = False, 3573 sep: str = ", ", 3574 prefix: str = "", 3575 dynamic: bool = False, 3576 new_line: bool = False, 3577 ) -> str: 3578 expressions = expression.args.get(key or "expressions") if expression else sqls 3579 3580 if not expressions: 3581 return "" 3582 3583 if flat: 3584 return sep.join(sql for sql in (self.sql(e) for e in expressions) if sql) 3585 3586 num_sqls = len(expressions) 3587 result_sqls = [] 3588 3589 for i, e in enumerate(expressions): 3590 sql = self.sql(e, comment=False) 3591 if not sql: 3592 continue 3593 3594 comments = self.maybe_comment("", e) if isinstance(e, exp.Expression) else "" 3595 3596 if self.pretty: 3597 if self.leading_comma: 3598 result_sqls.append(f"{sep if i > 0 else ''}{prefix}{sql}{comments}") 3599 else: 3600 result_sqls.append( 3601 f"{prefix}{sql}{(sep.rstrip() if comments else sep) if i + 1 < num_sqls else ''}{comments}" 3602 ) 3603 else: 3604 result_sqls.append(f"{prefix}{sql}{comments}{sep if i + 1 < num_sqls else ''}") 3605 3606 if self.pretty and (not dynamic or self.too_wide(result_sqls)): 3607 if new_line: 3608 result_sqls.insert(0, "") 3609 result_sqls.append("") 3610 result_sql = "\n".join(s.rstrip() for s in result_sqls) 3611 else: 3612 result_sql = "".join(result_sqls) 3613 3614 return ( 3615 self.indent(result_sql, skip_first=skip_first, skip_last=skip_last) 3616 if indent 3617 else result_sql 3618 )
def
op_expressions( self, op: str, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Expression, flat: bool = False) -> str:
3620 def op_expressions(self, op: str, expression: exp.Expression, flat: bool = False) -> str: 3621 flat = flat or isinstance(expression.parent, exp.Properties) 3622 expressions_sql = self.expressions(expression, flat=flat) 3623 if flat: 3624 return f"{op} {expressions_sql}" 3625 return f"{self.seg(op)}{self.sep() if expressions_sql else ''}{expressions_sql}"
3627 def naked_property(self, expression: exp.Property) -> str: 3628 property_name = exp.Properties.PROPERTY_TO_NAME.get(expression.__class__) 3629 if not property_name: 3630 self.unsupported(f"Unsupported property {expression.__class__.__name__}") 3631 return f"{property_name} {self.sql(expression, 'this')}"
3639 def userdefinedfunction_sql(self, expression: exp.UserDefinedFunction) -> str: 3640 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 3641 expressions = self.no_identify(self.expressions, expression) 3642 expressions = ( 3643 self.wrap(expressions) if expression.args.get("wrapped") else f" {expressions}" 3644 ) 3645 return f"{this}{expressions}" if expressions.strip() != "" else this
3655 def when_sql(self, expression: exp.When) -> str: 3656 matched = "MATCHED" if expression.args["matched"] else "NOT MATCHED" 3657 source = " BY SOURCE" if self.MATCHED_BY_SOURCE and expression.args.get("source") else "" 3658 condition = self.sql(expression, "condition") 3659 condition = f" AND {condition}" if condition else "" 3660 3661 then_expression = expression.args.get("then") 3662 if isinstance(then_expression, exp.Insert): 3663 this = self.sql(then_expression, "this") 3664 this = f"INSERT {this}" if this else "INSERT" 3665 then = self.sql(then_expression, "expression") 3666 then = f"{this} VALUES {then}" if then else this 3667 elif isinstance(then_expression, exp.Update): 3668 if isinstance(then_expression.args.get("expressions"), exp.Star): 3669 then = f"UPDATE {self.sql(then_expression, 'expressions')}" 3670 else: 3671 then = f"UPDATE SET {self.expressions(then_expression, flat=True)}" 3672 else: 3673 then = self.sql(then_expression) 3674 return f"WHEN {matched}{source}{condition} THEN {then}"
3676 def merge_sql(self, expression: exp.Merge) -> str: 3677 table = expression.this 3678 table_alias = "" 3679 3680 hints = table.args.get("hints") 3681 if hints and table.alias and isinstance(hints[0], exp.WithTableHint): 3682 # T-SQL syntax is MERGE ... <target_table> [WITH (<merge_hint>)] [[AS] table_alias] 3683 table_alias = f" AS {self.sql(table.args['alias'].pop())}" 3684 3685 this = self.sql(table) 3686 using = f"USING {self.sql(expression, 'using')}" 3687 on = f"ON {self.sql(expression, 'on')}" 3688 expressions = self.expressions(expression, sep=" ", indent=False) 3689 returning = self.sql(expression, "returning") 3690 if returning: 3691 expressions = f"{expressions}{returning}" 3692 3693 sep = self.sep() 3694 3695 return self.prepend_ctes( 3696 expression, 3697 f"MERGE INTO {this}{table_alias}{sep}{using}{sep}{on}{sep}{expressions}", 3698 )
3704 def tonumber_sql(self, expression: exp.ToNumber) -> str: 3705 if not self.SUPPORTS_TO_NUMBER: 3706 self.unsupported("Unsupported TO_NUMBER function") 3707 return self.sql(exp.cast(expression.this, exp.DataType.Type.DOUBLE)) 3708 3709 fmt = expression.args.get("format") 3710 if not fmt: 3711 self.unsupported("Conversion format is required for TO_NUMBER") 3712 return self.sql(exp.cast(expression.this, exp.DataType.Type.DOUBLE)) 3713 3714 return self.func("TO_NUMBER", expression.this, fmt)
3716 def dictproperty_sql(self, expression: exp.DictProperty) -> str: 3717 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 3718 kind = self.sql(expression, "kind") 3719 settings_sql = self.expressions(expression, key="settings", sep=" ") 3720 args = f"({self.sep('')}{settings_sql}{self.seg(')', sep='')}" if settings_sql else "()" 3721 return f"{this}({kind}{args})"
3736 def distributedbyproperty_sql(self, expression: exp.DistributedByProperty) -> str: 3737 expressions = self.expressions(expression, flat=True) 3738 expressions = f" {self.wrap(expressions)}" if expressions else "" 3739 buckets = self.sql(expression, "buckets") 3740 kind = self.sql(expression, "kind") 3741 buckets = f" BUCKETS {buckets}" if buckets else "" 3742 order = self.sql(expression, "order") 3743 return f"DISTRIBUTED BY {kind}{expressions}{buckets}{order}"
3748 def clusteredbyproperty_sql(self, expression: exp.ClusteredByProperty) -> str: 3749 expressions = self.expressions(expression, key="expressions", flat=True) 3750 sorted_by = self.expressions(expression, key="sorted_by", flat=True) 3751 sorted_by = f" SORTED BY ({sorted_by})" if sorted_by else "" 3752 buckets = self.sql(expression, "buckets") 3753 return f"CLUSTERED BY ({expressions}){sorted_by} INTO {buckets} BUCKETS"
3755 def anyvalue_sql(self, expression: exp.AnyValue) -> str: 3756 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 3757 having = self.sql(expression, "having") 3758 3759 if having: 3760 this = f"{this} HAVING {'MAX' if expression.args.get('max') else 'MIN'} {having}" 3761 3762 return self.func("ANY_VALUE", this)
3764 def querytransform_sql(self, expression: exp.QueryTransform) -> str: 3765 transform = self.func("TRANSFORM", *expression.expressions) 3766 row_format_before = self.sql(expression, "row_format_before") 3767 row_format_before = f" {row_format_before}" if row_format_before else "" 3768 record_writer = self.sql(expression, "record_writer") 3769 record_writer = f" RECORDWRITER {record_writer}" if record_writer else "" 3770 using = f" USING {self.sql(expression, 'command_script')}" 3771 schema = self.sql(expression, "schema") 3772 schema = f" AS {schema}" if schema else "" 3773 row_format_after = self.sql(expression, "row_format_after") 3774 row_format_after = f" {row_format_after}" if row_format_after else "" 3775 record_reader = self.sql(expression, "record_reader") 3776 record_reader = f" RECORDREADER {record_reader}" if record_reader else "" 3777 return f"{transform}{row_format_before}{record_writer}{using}{schema}{row_format_after}{record_reader}"
3779 def indexconstraintoption_sql(self, expression: exp.IndexConstraintOption) -> str: 3780 key_block_size = self.sql(expression, "key_block_size") 3781 if key_block_size: 3782 return f"KEY_BLOCK_SIZE = {key_block_size}" 3783 3784 using = self.sql(expression, "using") 3785 if using: 3786 return f"USING {using}" 3787 3788 parser = self.sql(expression, "parser") 3789 if parser: 3790 return f"WITH PARSER {parser}" 3791 3792 comment = self.sql(expression, "comment") 3793 if comment: 3794 return f"COMMENT {comment}" 3795 3796 visible = expression.args.get("visible") 3797 if visible is not None: 3798 return "VISIBLE" if visible else "INVISIBLE" 3799 3800 engine_attr = self.sql(expression, "engine_attr") 3801 if engine_attr: 3802 return f"ENGINE_ATTRIBUTE = {engine_attr}" 3803 3804 secondary_engine_attr = self.sql(expression, "secondary_engine_attr") 3805 if secondary_engine_attr: 3806 return f"SECONDARY_ENGINE_ATTRIBUTE = {secondary_engine_attr}" 3807 3808 self.unsupported("Unsupported index constraint option.") 3809 return ""
3815 def indexcolumnconstraint_sql(self, expression: exp.IndexColumnConstraint) -> str: 3816 kind = self.sql(expression, "kind") 3817 kind = f"{kind} INDEX" if kind else "INDEX" 3818 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 3819 this = f" {this}" if this else "" 3820 index_type = self.sql(expression, "index_type") 3821 index_type = f" USING {index_type}" if index_type else "" 3822 expressions = self.expressions(expression, flat=True) 3823 expressions = f" ({expressions})" if expressions else "" 3824 options = self.expressions(expression, key="options", sep=" ") 3825 options = f" {options}" if options else "" 3826 return f"{kind}{this}{index_type}{expressions}{options}"
3828 def nvl2_sql(self, expression: exp.Nvl2) -> str: 3829 if self.NVL2_SUPPORTED: 3830 return self.function_fallback_sql(expression) 3831 3832 case = exp.Case().when( 3833 expression.this.is_(exp.null()).not_(copy=False), 3834 expression.args["true"], 3835 copy=False, 3836 ) 3837 else_cond = expression.args.get("false") 3838 if else_cond: 3839 case.else_(else_cond, copy=False) 3840 3841 return self.sql(case)
3843 def comprehension_sql(self, expression: exp.Comprehension) -> str: 3844 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 3845 expr = self.sql(expression, "expression") 3846 iterator = self.sql(expression, "iterator") 3847 condition = self.sql(expression, "condition") 3848 condition = f" IF {condition}" if condition else "" 3849 return f"{this} FOR {expr} IN {iterator}{condition}"
3857 def predict_sql(self, expression: exp.Predict) -> str: 3858 model = self.sql(expression, "this") 3859 model = f"MODEL {model}" 3860 table = self.sql(expression, "expression") 3861 table = f"TABLE {table}" if not isinstance(expression.expression, exp.Subquery) else table 3862 parameters = self.sql(expression, "params_struct") 3863 return self.func("PREDICT", model, table, parameters or None)
3875 def toarray_sql(self, expression: exp.ToArray) -> str: 3876 arg = expression.this 3877 if not arg.type: 3878 from sqlglot.optimizer.annotate_types import annotate_types 3879 3880 arg = annotate_types(arg) 3881 3882 if arg.is_type(exp.DataType.Type.ARRAY): 3883 return self.sql(arg) 3884 3885 cond_for_null = arg.is_(exp.null()) 3886 return self.sql(exp.func("IF", cond_for_null, exp.null(), exp.array(arg, copy=False)))
3902 def tsordstodate_sql(self, expression: exp.TsOrDsToDate) -> str: 3903 this = expression.this 3904 time_format = self.format_time(expression) 3905 3906 if time_format and time_format not in (self.dialect.TIME_FORMAT, self.dialect.DATE_FORMAT): 3907 return self.sql( 3908 exp.cast( 3909 exp.StrToTime(this=this, format=expression.args["format"]), 3910 exp.DataType.Type.DATE, 3911 ) 3912 ) 3913 3914 if isinstance(this, exp.TsOrDsToDate) or this.is_type(exp.DataType.Type.DATE): 3915 return self.sql(this) 3916 3917 return self.sql(exp.cast(this, exp.DataType.Type.DATE))
3929 def lastday_sql(self, expression: exp.LastDay) -> str: 3930 if self.LAST_DAY_SUPPORTS_DATE_PART: 3931 return self.function_fallback_sql(expression) 3932 3933 unit = expression.text("unit") 3934 if unit and unit != "MONTH": 3935 self.unsupported("Date parts are not supported in LAST_DAY.") 3936 3937 return self.func("LAST_DAY", expression.this)
3946 def arrayany_sql(self, expression: exp.ArrayAny) -> str: 3947 if self.CAN_IMPLEMENT_ARRAY_ANY: 3948 filtered = exp.ArrayFilter(this=expression.this, expression=expression.expression) 3949 filtered_not_empty = exp.ArraySize(this=filtered).neq(0) 3950 original_is_empty = exp.ArraySize(this=expression.this).eq(0) 3951 return self.sql(exp.paren(original_is_empty.or_(filtered_not_empty))) 3952 3953 from sqlglot.dialects import Dialect 3954 3955 # SQLGlot's executor supports ARRAY_ANY, so we don't wanna warn for the SQLGlot dialect 3956 if self.dialect.__class__ != Dialect: 3957 self.unsupported("ARRAY_ANY is unsupported") 3958 3959 return self.function_fallback_sql(expression)
3961 def struct_sql(self, expression: exp.Struct) -> str: 3962 expression.set( 3963 "expressions", 3964 [ 3965 exp.alias_(e.expression, e.name if e.this.is_string else e.this) 3966 if isinstance(e, exp.PropertyEQ) 3967 else e 3968 for e in expression.expressions 3969 ], 3970 ) 3971 3972 return self.function_fallback_sql(expression)
3980 def truncatetable_sql(self, expression: exp.TruncateTable) -> str: 3981 target = "DATABASE" if expression.args.get("is_database") else "TABLE" 3982 tables = f" {self.expressions(expression)}" 3983 3984 exists = " IF EXISTS" if expression.args.get("exists") else "" 3985 3986 on_cluster = self.sql(expression, "cluster") 3987 on_cluster = f" {on_cluster}" if on_cluster else "" 3988 3989 identity = self.sql(expression, "identity") 3990 identity = f" {identity} IDENTITY" if identity else "" 3991 3992 option = self.sql(expression, "option") 3993 option = f" {option}" if option else "" 3994 3995 partition = self.sql(expression, "partition") 3996 partition = f" {partition}" if partition else "" 3997 3998 return f"TRUNCATE {target}{exists}{tables}{on_cluster}{identity}{option}{partition}"
4002 def convert_sql(self, expression: exp.Convert) -> str: 4003 to = expression.this 4004 value = expression.expression 4005 style = expression.args.get("style") 4006 safe = expression.args.get("safe") 4007 strict = expression.args.get("strict") 4008 4009 if not to or not value: 4010 return "" 4011 4012 # Retrieve length of datatype and override to default if not specified 4013 if not seq_get(to.expressions, 0) and to.this in self.PARAMETERIZABLE_TEXT_TYPES: 4014 to = exp.DataType.build(to.this, expressions=[exp.Literal.number(30)], nested=False) 4015 4016 transformed: t.Optional[exp.Expression] = None 4017 cast = exp.Cast if strict else exp.TryCast 4018 4019 # Check whether a conversion with format (T-SQL calls this 'style') is applicable 4020 if isinstance(style, exp.Literal) and style.is_int: 4021 from sqlglot.dialects.tsql import TSQL 4022 4023 style_value = style.name 4024 converted_style = TSQL.CONVERT_FORMAT_MAPPING.get(style_value) 4025 if not converted_style: 4026 self.unsupported(f"Unsupported T-SQL 'style' value: {style_value}") 4027 4028 fmt = exp.Literal.string(converted_style) 4029 4030 if to.this == exp.DataType.Type.DATE: 4031 transformed = exp.StrToDate(this=value, format=fmt) 4032 elif to.this == exp.DataType.Type.DATETIME: 4033 transformed = exp.StrToTime(this=value, format=fmt) 4034 elif to.this in self.PARAMETERIZABLE_TEXT_TYPES: 4035 transformed = cast(this=exp.TimeToStr(this=value, format=fmt), to=to, safe=safe) 4036 elif to.this == exp.DataType.Type.TEXT: 4037 transformed = exp.TimeToStr(this=value, format=fmt) 4038 4039 if not transformed: 4040 transformed = cast(this=value, to=to, safe=safe) 4041 4042 return self.sql(transformed)
4098 def copyparameter_sql(self, expression: exp.CopyParameter) -> str: 4099 option = self.sql(expression, "this") 4100 4101 if expression.expressions: 4102 upper = option.upper() 4103 4104 # Snowflake FILE_FORMAT options are separated by whitespace 4105 sep = " " if upper == "FILE_FORMAT" else ", " 4106 4107 # Databricks copy/format options do not set their list of values with EQ 4108 op = " " if upper in ("COPY_OPTIONS", "FORMAT_OPTIONS") else " = " 4109 values = self.expressions(expression, flat=True, sep=sep) 4110 return f"{option}{op}({values})" 4111 4112 value = self.sql(expression, "expression") 4113 4114 if not value: 4115 return option 4116 4117 op = " = " if self.COPY_PARAMS_EQ_REQUIRED else " " 4118 4119 return f"{option}{op}{value}"
4121 def credentials_sql(self, expression: exp.Credentials) -> str: 4122 cred_expr = expression.args.get("credentials") 4123 if isinstance(cred_expr, exp.Literal): 4124 # Redshift case: CREDENTIALS <string> 4125 credentials = self.sql(expression, "credentials") 4126 credentials = f"CREDENTIALS {credentials}" if credentials else "" 4127 else: 4128 # Snowflake case: CREDENTIALS = (...) 4129 credentials = self.expressions(expression, key="credentials", flat=True, sep=" ") 4130 credentials = f"CREDENTIALS = ({credentials})" if cred_expr is not None else "" 4131 4132 storage = self.sql(expression, "storage") 4133 storage = f"STORAGE_INTEGRATION = {storage}" if storage else "" 4134 4135 encryption = self.expressions(expression, key="encryption", flat=True, sep=" ") 4136 encryption = f" ENCRYPTION = ({encryption})" if encryption else "" 4137 4138 iam_role = self.sql(expression, "iam_role") 4139 iam_role = f"IAM_ROLE {iam_role}" if iam_role else "" 4140 4141 region = self.sql(expression, "region") 4142 region = f" REGION {region}" if region else "" 4143 4144 return f"{credentials}{storage}{encryption}{iam_role}{region}"
4146 def copy_sql(self, expression: exp.Copy) -> str: 4147 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 4148 this = f" INTO {this}" if self.COPY_HAS_INTO_KEYWORD else f" {this}" 4149 4150 credentials = self.sql(expression, "credentials") 4151 credentials = self.seg(credentials) if credentials else "" 4152 kind = self.seg("FROM" if expression.args.get("kind") else "TO") 4153 files = self.expressions(expression, key="files", flat=True) 4154 4155 sep = ", " if self.dialect.COPY_PARAMS_ARE_CSV else " " 4156 params = self.expressions( 4157 expression, 4158 key="params", 4159 sep=sep, 4160 new_line=True, 4161 skip_last=True, 4162 skip_first=True, 4163 indent=self.COPY_PARAMS_ARE_WRAPPED, 4164 ) 4165 4166 if params: 4167 if self.COPY_PARAMS_ARE_WRAPPED: 4168 params = f" WITH ({params})" 4169 elif not self.pretty: 4170 params = f" {params}" 4171 4172 return f"COPY{this}{kind} {files}{credentials}{params}"
4177 def datadeletionproperty_sql(self, expression: exp.DataDeletionProperty) -> str: 4178 on_sql = "ON" if expression.args.get("on") else "OFF" 4179 filter_col: t.Optional[str] = self.sql(expression, "filter_column") 4180 filter_col = f"FILTER_COLUMN={filter_col}" if filter_col else None 4181 retention_period: t.Optional[str] = self.sql(expression, "retention_period") 4182 retention_period = f"RETENTION_PERIOD={retention_period}" if retention_period else None 4183 4184 if filter_col or retention_period: 4185 on_sql = self.func("ON", filter_col, retention_period) 4186 4187 return f"DATA_DELETION={on_sql}"
def
maskingpolicycolumnconstraint_sql( self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.MaskingPolicyColumnConstraint) -> str:
4189 def maskingpolicycolumnconstraint_sql( 4190 self, expression: exp.MaskingPolicyColumnConstraint 4191 ) -> str: 4192 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 4193 expressions = self.expressions(expression, flat=True) 4194 expressions = f" USING ({expressions})" if expressions else "" 4195 return f"MASKING POLICY {this}{expressions}"
4205 def scoperesolution_sql(self, expression: exp.ScopeResolution) -> str: 4206 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 4207 expr = expression.expression 4208 4209 if isinstance(expr, exp.Func): 4210 # T-SQL's CLR functions are case sensitive 4211 expr = f"{self.sql(expr, 'this')}({self.format_args(*expr.expressions)})" 4212 else: 4213 expr = self.sql(expression, "expression") 4214 4215 return self.scope_resolution(expr, this)
4223 def rand_sql(self, expression: exp.Rand) -> str: 4224 lower = self.sql(expression, "lower") 4225 upper = self.sql(expression, "upper") 4226 4227 if lower and upper: 4228 return f"({upper} - {lower}) * {self.func('RAND', expression.this)} + {lower}" 4229 return self.func("RAND", expression.this)
4231 def changes_sql(self, expression: exp.Changes) -> str: 4232 information = self.sql(expression, "information") 4233 information = f"INFORMATION => {information}" 4234 at_before = self.sql(expression, "at_before") 4235 at_before = f"{self.seg('')}{at_before}" if at_before else "" 4236 end = self.sql(expression, "end") 4237 end = f"{self.seg('')}{end}" if end else "" 4238 4239 return f"CHANGES ({information}){at_before}{end}"
4241 def pad_sql(self, expression: exp.Pad) -> str: 4242 prefix = "L" if expression.args.get("is_left") else "R" 4243 4244 fill_pattern = self.sql(expression, "fill_pattern") or None 4245 if not fill_pattern and self.PAD_FILL_PATTERN_IS_REQUIRED: 4246 fill_pattern = "' '" 4247 4248 return self.func(f"{prefix}PAD", expression.this, expression.expression, fill_pattern)
def
explodinggenerateseries_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.ExplodingGenerateSeries) -> str:
4254 def explodinggenerateseries_sql(self, expression: exp.ExplodingGenerateSeries) -> str: 4255 generate_series = exp.GenerateSeries(**expression.args) 4256 4257 parent = expression.parent 4258 if isinstance(parent, (exp.Alias, exp.TableAlias)): 4259 parent = parent.parent 4260 4261 if self.SUPPORTS_EXPLODING_PROJECTIONS and not isinstance(parent, (exp.Table, exp.Unnest)): 4262 return self.sql(exp.Unnest(expressions=[generate_series])) 4263 4264 if isinstance(parent, exp.Select): 4265 self.unsupported("GenerateSeries projection unnesting is not supported.") 4266 4267 return self.sql(generate_series)
def
arrayconcat_sql( self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.ArrayConcat, name: str = 'ARRAY_CONCAT') -> str:
4269 def arrayconcat_sql(self, expression: exp.ArrayConcat, name: str = "ARRAY_CONCAT") -> str: 4270 exprs = expression.expressions 4271 if not self.ARRAY_CONCAT_IS_VAR_LEN: 4272 rhs = reduce(lambda x, y: exp.ArrayConcat(this=x, expressions=[y]), exprs) 4273 else: 4274 rhs = self.expressions(expression) 4275 4276 return self.func(name, expression.this, rhs or None)
4278 def converttimezone_sql(self, expression: exp.ConvertTimezone) -> str: 4279 if self.SUPPORTS_CONVERT_TIMEZONE: 4280 return self.function_fallback_sql(expression) 4281 4282 source_tz = expression.args.get("source_tz") 4283 target_tz = expression.args.get("target_tz") 4284 timestamp = expression.args.get("timestamp") 4285 4286 if source_tz and timestamp: 4287 timestamp = exp.AtTimeZone( 4288 this=exp.cast(timestamp, exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMPNTZ), zone=source_tz 4289 ) 4290 4291 expr = exp.AtTimeZone(this=timestamp, zone=target_tz) 4292 4293 return self.sql(expr)
4295 def json_sql(self, expression: exp.JSON) -> str: 4296 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 4297 this = f" {this}" if this else "" 4298 4299 _with = expression.args.get("with") 4300 4301 if _with is None: 4302 with_sql = "" 4303 elif not _with: 4304 with_sql = " WITHOUT" 4305 else: 4306 with_sql = " WITH" 4307 4308 unique_sql = " UNIQUE KEYS" if expression.args.get("unique") else "" 4309 4310 return f"JSON{this}{with_sql}{unique_sql}"
4312 def jsonvalue_sql(self, expression: exp.JSONValue) -> str: 4313 def _generate_on_options(arg: t.Any) -> str: 4314 return arg if isinstance(arg, str) else f"DEFAULT {self.sql(arg)}" 4315 4316 path = self.sql(expression, "path") 4317 returning = self.sql(expression, "returning") 4318 returning = f" RETURNING {returning}" if returning else "" 4319 4320 on_condition = self.sql(expression, "on_condition") 4321 on_condition = f" {on_condition}" if on_condition else "" 4322 4323 return self.func("JSON_VALUE", expression.this, f"{path}{returning}{on_condition}")
4325 def conditionalinsert_sql(self, expression: exp.ConditionalInsert) -> str: 4326 else_ = "ELSE " if expression.args.get("else_") else "" 4327 condition = self.sql(expression, "expression") 4328 condition = f"WHEN {condition} THEN " if condition else else_ 4329 insert = self.sql(expression, "this")[len("INSERT") :].strip() 4330 return f"{condition}{insert}"
4338 def oncondition_sql(self, expression: exp.OnCondition) -> str: 4339 # Static options like "NULL ON ERROR" are stored as strings, in contrast to "DEFAULT <expr> ON ERROR" 4340 empty = expression.args.get("empty") 4341 empty = ( 4342 f"DEFAULT {empty} ON EMPTY" 4343 if isinstance(empty, exp.Expression) 4344 else self.sql(expression, "empty") 4345 ) 4346 4347 error = expression.args.get("error") 4348 error = ( 4349 f"DEFAULT {error} ON ERROR" 4350 if isinstance(error, exp.Expression) 4351 else self.sql(expression, "error") 4352 ) 4353 4354 if error and empty: 4355 error = ( 4356 f"{empty} {error}" 4357 if self.dialect.ON_CONDITION_EMPTY_BEFORE_ERROR 4358 else f"{error} {empty}" 4359 ) 4360 empty = "" 4361 4362 null = self.sql(expression, "null") 4363 4364 return f"{empty}{error}{null}"
4366 def jsonexists_sql(self, expression: exp.JSONExists) -> str: 4367 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 4368 path = self.sql(expression, "path") 4369 4370 passing = self.expressions(expression, "passing") 4371 passing = f" PASSING {passing}" if passing else "" 4372 4373 on_condition = self.sql(expression, "on_condition") 4374 on_condition = f" {on_condition}" if on_condition else "" 4375 4376 path = f"{path}{passing}{on_condition}" 4377 4378 return self.func("JSON_EXISTS", this, path)
4380 def arrayagg_sql(self, expression: exp.ArrayAgg) -> str: 4381 array_agg = self.function_fallback_sql(expression) 4382 4383 # Add a NULL FILTER on the column to mimic the results going from a dialect that excludes nulls 4384 # on ARRAY_AGG (e.g Spark) to one that doesn't (e.g. DuckDB) 4385 if self.dialect.ARRAY_AGG_INCLUDES_NULLS and expression.args.get("nulls_excluded"): 4386 parent = expression.parent 4387 if isinstance(parent, exp.Filter): 4388 parent_cond = parent.expression.this 4389 parent_cond.replace(parent_cond.and_(expression.this.is_(exp.null()).not_())) 4390 else: 4391 this = expression.this 4392 # Do not add the filter if the input is not a column (e.g. literal, struct etc) 4393 if this.find(exp.Column): 4394 # DISTINCT is already present in the agg function, do not propagate it to FILTER as well 4395 this_sql = ( 4396 self.expressions(this) 4397 if isinstance(this, exp.Distinct) 4398 else self.sql(expression, "this") 4399 ) 4400 4401 array_agg = f"{array_agg} FILTER(WHERE {this_sql} IS NOT NULL)" 4402 4403 return array_agg
4411 def grant_sql(self, expression: exp.Grant) -> str: 4412 privileges_sql = self.expressions(expression, key="privileges", flat=True) 4413 4414 kind = self.sql(expression, "kind") 4415 kind = f" {kind}" if kind else "" 4416 4417 securable = self.sql(expression, "securable") 4418 securable = f" {securable}" if securable else "" 4419 4420 principals = self.expressions(expression, key="principals", flat=True) 4421 4422 grant_option = " WITH GRANT OPTION" if expression.args.get("grant_option") else "" 4423 4424 return f"GRANT {privileges_sql} ON{kind}{securable} TO {principals}{grant_option}"
4448 def overlay_sql(self, expression: exp.Overlay): 4449 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 4450 expr = self.sql(expression, "expression") 4451 from_sql = self.sql(expression, "from") 4452 for_sql = self.sql(expression, "for") 4453 for_sql = f" FOR {for_sql}" if for_sql else "" 4454 4455 return f"OVERLAY({this} PLACING {expr} FROM {from_sql}{for_sql})"
@unsupported_args('format')
def
todouble_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.ToDouble) -> str:
4461 def string_sql(self, expression: exp.String) -> str: 4462 this = expression.this 4463 zone = expression.args.get("zone") 4464 4465 if zone: 4466 # This is a BigQuery specific argument for STRING(<timestamp_expr>, <time_zone>) 4467 # BigQuery stores timestamps internally as UTC, so ConvertTimezone is used with UTC 4468 # set for source_tz to transpile the time conversion before the STRING cast 4469 this = exp.ConvertTimezone( 4470 source_tz=exp.Literal.string("UTC"), target_tz=zone, timestamp=this 4471 ) 4472 4473 return self.sql(exp.cast(this, exp.DataType.Type.VARCHAR))
def
overflowtruncatebehavior_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.OverflowTruncateBehavior) -> str:
4483 def overflowtruncatebehavior_sql(self, expression: exp.OverflowTruncateBehavior) -> str: 4484 filler = self.sql(expression, "this") 4485 filler = f" {filler}" if filler else "" 4486 with_count = "WITH COUNT" if expression.args.get("with_count") else "WITHOUT COUNT" 4487 return f"TRUNCATE{filler} {with_count}"
4489 def unixseconds_sql(self, expression: exp.UnixSeconds) -> str: 4490 if self.SUPPORTS_UNIX_SECONDS: 4491 return self.function_fallback_sql(expression) 4492 4493 start_ts = exp.cast( 4494 exp.Literal.string("1970-01-01 00:00:00+00"), to=exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMPTZ 4495 ) 4496 4497 return self.sql( 4498 exp.TimestampDiff(this=expression.this, expression=start_ts, unit=exp.var("SECONDS")) 4499 )
4501 def arraysize_sql(self, expression: exp.ArraySize) -> str: 4502 dim = expression.expression 4503 4504 # For dialects that don't support the dimension arg, we can safely transpile it's default value (1st dimension) 4505 if dim and self.ARRAY_SIZE_DIM_REQUIRED is None: 4506 if not (dim.is_int and dim.name == "1"): 4507 self.unsupported("Cannot transpile dimension argument for ARRAY_LENGTH") 4508 dim = None 4509 4510 # If dimension is required but not specified, default initialize it 4511 if self.ARRAY_SIZE_DIM_REQUIRED and not dim: 4512 dim = exp.Literal.number(1) 4513 4514 return self.func(self.ARRAY_SIZE_NAME, expression.this, dim)